1. On outline map mark the extreme points of the mainland and determine their coordinates.
m. York: 10.4 ° S sh. and 142 ° E e. Extreme northern point.
m. South-East: 39 ° S. sh. and 146 ° E. e. Extreme southern point.
m.Steep Point: 26 ° S sh. and 113 ° S. e. Extreme western point.
M. Byron: 28 ° S sh. and 153 ° E e. Extreme eastern point.
2. On the map, mark with numbers: Great Dividing Range (1), Mount Kosciuszko (2); Bays of Carpentaria (3), Great Australian (4); the Murray River (5). Darling (6); Lake Eyre (7). For work use physical map Australia.
Since the metropolis has the main financial, political and cultural center of Australia. To the south are such beaches as Bondi, Bronte, Kugi, Tamarama, Marubra. In the summer, the population doubles in size and you can easily spot it at the edge of the beaches, in natural pools, or on the grill around the edges of Bondi and Manly, the busiest beaches.
Punctuality is one of the hallmarks of Sydney public transport... The city has a port called Darling Harbor, from where the ferry departs from more than 7 different destinations such as the North Beaches, Zoologiko among other beaches near the city. Nearby, in Sydney Harbor, there are also icons such as the Opera House, Harbor Bridge and the Bridge, where a countdown and fireworks display on New Year's Eve.
3. Fill in the table For work, use the material study guide(§ 36).
Australian Studies
4. Analyze the maps of the atlas "Building crust"And" Australia and Oceania ". Define:
- a) what tectonic structures lie at the base of the continent: Australian Platform and Fold Region;
- b) what forms of relief correspond to the platform: Central Lowlands, Western Australian Highlands;
- c) what forms of relief correspond to folding areas: Great Dividing Range.
5. Analyze the maps of the Atlas "Structure of the Earth's Crust" and "Australia and Oceania". Answer the questions.
Not to mention the Sydney Ridge, where the Blue Monts, with its Sisters of Trees, stand three mountains nestled in the middle of the Blue Montays Valley, with beauty and dizzying serenity. Back in the Blue Mountains, you can go some more and take a very adventurous tour of the Jenolan Caves. Temperatures in Sydney are very pleasant, moderate and can be compared to Brazil. The rains spread throughout the year without being a very rainy city.
In the south, we have Bondi and Marubra who never leave this question. The unemployment rate in Australia is very low. There are many job offers in the newspapers in various fields. The data show that over the past 7 years, the quality of life of Australians has improved from year to year.
What is the most ancient part of the Australian mainland? Australian platform.
Why are the most diverse and large deposits minerals are concentrated within the Australian plate?
This part of the continent is the most ancient, sedimentary minerals are confined to the folded cover, and ore minerals are confined to the protrusions of the Crystalline basement.
The Australian economy is very diversified, it operates in several sectors: industry develops activities related to the primary sector, such as food production, wine, tobacco, mineral exploration, as well as activities that require higher technologies such as machinery and equipment, chemical , metallurgical, metallurgical and petrochemical industries.
The country exports products such as beef, wheat, wool, and minerals such as bauxite, lead, nickel, manganese, tungsten, as well as gold and silver. The significant economic growth in the country is also explained by low inflation, which during the 1990s was 2.3% per year and remains low. This is the result of the strong performance of the economy.
Why are ore minerals predominant in eastern Australia?
Ore minerals are confined to the folded area.
6. Review the Australia profile provided and record the results explaining the reasons for the differences.
Explanation: h - height in meters above sea level.
7. Analyze the maps of the Atlas "Structure of the Earth's Crust" and "Australia and Oceania". Write a description of the relief of Australia according to the proposed plan.
One of the sectors that generates most jobs in Australia is tourism, with over 500,000 direct jobs. Many international students are involved in the tourism industry. When friends and family visit them, they stay at hotels, travel, frequent dining, and other expenses that keep the industry spinning.
Australia has been known to be a country of fortune in the past and although recently it has not been insured against economic crises, the fact is that the country ranks 52nd in the world in terms of population and 13th in terms of economy. Much of this is due to the abundance of agricultural activity and mineral resources that are not found in the rest of the world.
Landforms available on the mainland: plateaus, plains, lowlands, mountains.
Prevailing landforms: plains.
Relation between relief and tectonic structure: plains, lowlands, plateaus are confined to the Australian platform; to the folded area - folded-block mountains.
Features of the placement of minerals: oil deposits are confined to the marginal shelf, ore minerals are confined to the crystalline basement of the platform, and coal is located in the foothill troughs.
There has never been much movement in the mining industry since the gold rush. If you want to see the real Boom situation in a city that is feeling this fever, head to Porto Headland, a city of only 20,000, near the desert in Western Australia, where a 3-bedroom home is worth $ 1 million.
Many people admit that the lack of work force in Perth, such as a lack of taxis, a shortage of people to serve in restaurants and a shortage of labor in general, are a reflection of labor migration to the mining sector.Professionals in all areas of the Western Australia region and other Australian states are abandoning their professional activity to perform in the mining industry due to the high wages.
The influence of the features of the relief on human life and economic activity: influenced the specialization of the economy; plains and lowlands are occupied by pastures; the enormous size of the pastures, due to the flatness of the territory, shaped the development of farmer settlement.
8. Complete the Australian climate change factors chart.
Another sign of this boom in this region of Western Australia is the lack of people who want to join the Australian army because the army's salaries are much less than the mining workers, who currently earn over A $ 100,000 a year.
For example, many electronics engineers come from England to get jobs in Australia, as labor shortages in these mining areas are evident. These regions produce an average of 1,000 tons of iron per day, which makes the mining companies at full capacity.
9. Mark the correct answers with the plus sign.
Average annual quantity precipitation in central Australia is:
- 1000-1200 mm;
- 500-700 mm;
- 200-250 mm.
In Australia largest area occupies a climatic zone:
- subequatorial;
- tropical;
- subtropical;
- moderate.
10. Fill in the table using the material from the training manual (§ 37) and atlas maps (from 9, 35).
In Queensland, the same phenomenon is observed in some mining areas. Miners' production capacity has nearly tripled over the past decade, but Australia continues to struggle with supplies to China. The Australian national economy benefits greatly from this. China's demand has really done a lot to keep Australia from the crises that.
Methodological Proposals for Risk and Adaptation Research: Experiences in Brazil and Australia. In this article, the authors discuss the use of focus groups and scenario planning with stakeholders and researchers as methodological tools in qualitative risk research, both for assessing perceptions, defining requirements, discussing proposals and solutions, and for facilitating community participation by checking data production. and in addressing the risks associated with extreme events and environmental changes.
Characteristics of the climatic zones of Australia
| Climatic zone | Geographical position | Dominant air masses | Average temperatures | Average annual rainfall | ||
| in winter | summer | in winter | summer | |||
| Subequatorial | northern and northeastern parts | tropical | equatorial | + 28 ° C | 1000-1500 mm | |
| Tropical | 20 ° S - 35 ° S | tropical | + 10 ° C - + 15 ° C | + 20 ° C - + 30 ° C | 1000-1500 mm - 250-300 mm | |
| Subtropical | southwestern, southern and southeastern parts | moderate | tropical | + 10 ° C | + 24 ° C | 500-1000 mm |
| Moderate | central and southern Tasmania | moderate | + 8 ° C | + 17 ° C | 1000 mm | |
11. Analyze the diagram that demonstrates the influence of climate factors on the climate in Australia, and answer the questions.
These studies show that the methodological tools studied achieved the proposed objectives, which, in particular, facilitated closer dialogue and articulation between scientists and stakeholders. In this article, the authors discuss the use of focus groups and scenario planning with stakeholders and researchers as methodological risk tools, both for comparing perceptions, identifying requirements, discussing proposals and solutions, and for facilitating the participation of the at-large community of couples in data production and confrontation. risks associated with extreme events and environmental changes.
What are the Similarities Between Australia's Climate and South Africa?
The climate is hot and dry, max. precipitation on the west coast.
What explains the predominance of a dry and hot climate in Australia?
The position of most of the territories in tropical belt, dryness is due to the borier role of the Great Dividing Range.
Why don't the seasons in Australia coincide with the seasons in our area?
Research shows that the methodological tools studied achieved the proposed objectives, facilitating, in particular, closer dialogue and articulation between scientists and stakeholders. Key words: qualitative methods; Compilation of knowledge; Environmental changes; Brazil; Australia.
Although these studies were conducted independently, these studies focused on similar goals and strategies, as both researchers chose to adopt qualitative and participatory methods that involved stakeholders and researchers to assess perceptions, identify requirements, discuss proposals and solutions, and seek participation. in data production and overcoming risks.
Australia is located in the other hemisphere and in other climatic zones.
12. What impact on the natural and climatic conditions of Australia can have the disappearance of the Great Dividing Range in the eastern part of the continent? Provide evidence to support your hypothesis.
Moist air masses will be able to penetrate inland. In the east and central parts the mainland will receive more precipitation.
With a view to contributing to the current theoretical and methodological debate on research tools in risk research, this article proposes to point out the possibilities and limitations of adopting these qualitative methods based on research conducted at two specific locations.
Research context. In Brazil, especially where 26.6% of the population lives in the municipalities of the coastal zone, studies show the possible consequences associated with the occurrence of extreme events in these regions, such as coastal erosion; damage to coast guards, sanitation and urbanization; structural or operational damage to ports and terminals; exposure of covert canals or structural damage to open canals, in particular.
13. It is known that Australia is a continent with a poorly developed river network. Explain the reasons for this phenomenon.
The weak development of the river network is due to the dry climate.
14. Using the atlas maps (pp. 34-35), write a description of the Murray (or Darling) River according to the proposed plan.
- River: Murray.
- Source: originates in the Great Dividing Range.
- Flow direction: from east to west.
- The terrain through which it flows: upper reaches-mountain, Wednesday. downstream - plains.
- The nature of the current depending on the relief: the upper reaches are characterized by a fast current, rapids; on a flat territory, the river is wide and meandering.
- Estuary: flows into the Great Australian Bight.
- Left tributaries: -
- Right tributaries: Darling.
- Food type: rain.
- Factors affecting the type of food: the river flows through an area located in the subtropical climatic zone with a continental and evenly humid climate.
- Mode: summer flood.
- Factors affecting the regime: due to rainfall, the precipitation regime, which is characterized by a summer max.
- The value of the river in the formation of the nature of the mainland: the presence of a waterway in the arid climate of the mainland plays an important role; in the valley of the river and tributaries, a richer flora and fauna is formed.
- The value of the river in life and economic activity human: the Murray Basin and its tributaries contain 80% of the irrigated land.
15. Complete the Australian and Oceania Natural Areas schematic using the thematic maps and pictures.
Some of these impacts can already be observed in the coastal area of São Paulo, which has 16 cities and a population of 007 inhabitants. Similar to what happens in urban areas around the world and in Brazil, roughly half of Australia's population lives less than seven kilometers from the coastal zone, and about 30% of the population lives less than two kilometers from the sea.
An example of such urban centers is the coastal city of Cardwell, located in Queensland, in the northeastern region of Australia, with an area of 4.9 km 2 and a population of 176 people. It is from these similarities in terms of socio-ecological vulnerability in the face of extreme events and environmental change and dialogue between researchers involved in two research projects conducted at these two locations that this article explores the adoption of two qualitative methods in risk research, seeking to point out their capabilities and limitations.
- Natural area: savannah
- Soil: red-brown
- Plants: 1
- Animals: 1
- Natural area: deserts and semi-deserts
- Soils: sands, gray desert
- Plants: 3
- Animals: 3
- Natural area: hard-leaved forests and shrubs
- Soils: red and red-brown
- Plants: 4
- Animals: 4
16. Using the textbook (§ 39), draw up bar charts that show the ratio of urban to rural population in Australia. Vertical scale: 1 cm 15%.
Focus groups and scenario planning? research tools and interaction. Focus groups and scenario planning have been adopted in studies undertaken to propose collaborative research based on adaptations of action research and intervention research principles.
Action research involves creating practical knowledge that is useful to people in their daily lives, and understanding that, based on this knowledge, people and communities themselves, and in particular environmental issues, can improve their well-being and establish more sustainable relationships with environment in which they live.
86% - urban; 14% - rural.
17. Establish and explain the pattern to which the placement obeys largest cities across the country.
Largest cities territories are located on the coasts and in the river valleys - the western, southeastern and eastern coasts.
Intervention research, which is a variant of action research, begins with an integrated knowledge production perspective that takes into account both the implications for research and practice in order to foster transformations in the reality being studied. This interaction process begins even at the negotiation stage between a research project led by researchers and projects of stakeholders. The second stage is called cross-fertilization because it includes opportunities for crosslinking between specific designs and requirements, with the result that the final design should be mutually beneficial to both the research team and stakeholders.
18. Answer the questions.
On what grounds is Australia ranked among the developed countries of the world? Are these signs decisive in characterizing the level of a country's development? Prove it.
High level GDP per capita, high share of services in the structure of the economy, developed industry. When applied to Australia, these indicators do reflect the level of development of the country. However, high GDP is provided not by the service sector, but by the extractive industry, and the share of agriculture is also high.
It should also be emphasized that the interaction between researchers and stakeholders during the course of research should be aimed at collective learning and gaining knowledge from the exchange of information. This generated knowledge includes local knowledge that should deliver results to stakeholder demands; meta-knowledge, which refers to the knowledge gained from research on stakeholder groups and their representation, including knowledge of local social dynamics and practices, past experiences, perceptions of the problems and issues discussed, elements that interfere with perception, opportunities for dialogue between social groups, etc .; in addition to published knowledge, which refers to the knowledge obtained by researchers from their research purposes.
19. Make up “ business card"The state.
AUSTRALIAN UNION
Capital: Canberra
Population: 19 million
Form of government: state within the commonwealth (parliamentary monarchy)
State language: English
Mainstream religion: Christianity
20. Answer the question.
Why is the nature of Oceania so different from the nature of Australia?
The small size of the islands has led to a strong influence on the ocean climate. On the islands of Oceania, there is no extreme cold or extreme heat. Oceania is dominated by flat land, while Australia is dominated by mountains.
21. Solve the "Australia" puzzle.
1. Capital (Canberra). 2. Marsupial animal (Kangaroo). 3. River (Murray). 4. A tree with leafless filamentous branches (Casuarin). 5. Representative of the indigenous population (Aboriginal). 6. Mountain peak(Woodruff). 7. Combat and hunting weapons (Boomerang). 8. Island off the north coast of Australia (Kangaroo). 9. Peninsula (Arnhemland).
Australia is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. It is the driest continent on earth, a third of the entire territory is desert. The length (from north to south) is approximately 3,700 km, the width is 4,000 km. The continent is located in the southern and eastern hemispheres, washed by the seas of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Australia includes 6 states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia - and 2 territories: Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory.
To the west of the watershed ridge lies a mostly flat area with several low mountain ranges like the Flinders in South Australia and McDonell near Alice Springs. The center of the continent is mainly a sparsely populated desert. To the east are the Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands ruled by Australia, as well as the Antarctic section around Mawson Station.
Australia is located in a part of the world called Australia and Oceania. Australia is a continent located between the Indian Ocean and southern part The Pacific is the only state in the world that occupies an entire continent. It is the driest continent on earth, a third of the entire territory is desert. Length (from north to south) about 3,700 km, width 4,000 km. The continent is located in the southern and eastern hemispheres, washed by the seas of the Pacific and Indian oceans.
The population as of June 9, 2015 is 23,934,883, most of which live in cities on the east coast.
Australia is one of the developed countries, being the thirteenth largest economy in the world, and has the sixth largest GDP per capita in the world. Major Public Holidays - 26 January Australia Day, 27 February Australia's Beautiful Birthday Festival, 21 March Australia Harmony Day, 1 June Australia Founding Day, 8 June Queen's Birthday in Australia, 6 September Father's Day in Australia. The state symbols of Australia are the coat of arms, flag, anthem and the Star of the Commonwealth. The form of government in Australia is a constitutional monarchy. The Australian Union is a constitutional monarchy, in the form of government it is a federation consisting of states, each of which has its own constitution, government and administration. The Northern Territory and the Territory of the Federal Capital, in which a special management system has been established, are allocated to special administrative units. The Commonwealth of Australia is a dominion of the Commonwealth. The current constitution was adopted in 1900.
Characteristics of the geographical location of Australia
Australia is the smallest continent on Earth. Together with the adjacent islands, it is entirely located in southern hemisphere... The name of this continent, discovered and inhabited later than others, comes from the Latin word australis - southern.
The southern tropic crosses Australia so that a smaller part of the mainland is located to the north of it. Extreme points mainland in the north - Cape York (10 ° 41 "S), in the south - Cape South East Point (39 ° 11" N), in the west - Cape Steep Point (113 ° 05 "E d.), in the east - Cape Byron (153 ° 34 "E). The length of Australia from north to south is 3200 km, from west to east is about 4100 km, the area is 7614.5 thousand km2 (Romanov A.A. 2006).
The modern name of the continent appeared on the maps relatively recently - in the early 1920s. XIX century. Before that, certain parts of the continent were called by names received from the discoverers. So, the Dutch called the northern lands New Holland, the first English colony in the east was called New South Wales. It was only when the captain of the Royal Navy Matthew Flinders sailed around the mainland that the name "Australia" appeared.
In the north, off the coast of Australia, there are the islands of Melville, Bathurst, Groote Island and others, smaller, in the south - the islands of Tasmania, King, Flinders and Kangaroo located within the continental shelf. In the west, the largest island is Derk Hartog, in the east, Fraser.
Australia is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is not connected by land with any other continent. Therefore, Australia, also bearing in mind its small size, is sometimes called the mainland-island.
Australia's nature is more peculiar than the nature of all other continents, except for Antarctica. It is distinguished by the antiquity of landscapes, originality, endemism and antiquity. organic world, especially the development and change of natural conditions by man.
To the north and east of Australia, in the Southwest Pacific Ocean, there are many large and small islands of mainland, coral and volcanic origin. The totality of these islands is called Oceania. The total area of the islands of Oceania is approximately 1.3 million km2.
Oceania is usually divided into several parts.
The largest western islands the ones closest to Australia, excluding New Zealand, are called Melanesia. Melanesia includes New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, etc.
New Zealand, located much to the south, is especially distinguished.
Small islands north of Melanesia and west of 177 ° E (Mariana, Karolinsky, Marshalls, etc.) are called Micronesia.
All other islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean east of 177 ° E. belong to Polynesia. These are the islands of Hawaiian, Line, Society, etc.
This division is historical and ethnographic, it does not coincide with the division of Oceania according to genetic and physical-geographical characteristics.
The island arc from New Guinea to New Zealand, including the Fiji islands in the east with water basins separating the islands and the mainland, is an extension of the Pacific island arcs.
Climate formation and the formation of the organic world, these islands are closely related to Australia, being in relation to it in about the same position as the East Asian islands in relation to Eurasia, although in this case the similarity of the nature of the islands with the nature of the mainland is expressed to a somewhat lesser extent. The islands of the open part of the Pacific Ocean are genetically related to the oceanic crust and have never experienced the influence of large areas of land in the course of their existence. Their nature is distinguished by great originality and typical oceanic features (Malakhovsky K.V. 2009).
The main sea trade routes run away from Australia.
From the north, Australia is washed by the epicontinental seas of Timor and Arafura. In addition, in the north is one of the largest bays on the mainland - Carpentaria. A strip of shallow water stretches along the western and southern coasts of the mainland, which are washed by the waters Indian Ocean... In the east, Australia is adjacent to the Coral and Tasmanovo Seas, which are deep basins with oceanic or transitional crust and great depths (over 5000 m). No less deep are the Melanesian, Novokaledonskaya, and other basins, separating underwater uplifts and ridges with continental and coral islands located on them. From the outside, and partly from the side of the seas, troughs (Vityaz, Tonga, Karmadek, etc.) stretch along the island arcs with maximum depths of more than 9 and even 10 thousand m.
East Timor, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea are located to the north of the Commonwealth of Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands to the northeast, and New Zealand to the southeast.
Seaports in Australia.
Melbourne is the largest port on the southeast coast of Australia at the mouth of the river. Yarra, which flows into Port Philip Bay. Occupies an area and water area of 27 km2. 3 canals with shallow water depths from 10.4 to 11.2 m lead to berthing facilities on the banks of the river. Yarra. There are more than 80 berths and piers in the port of Melbourne and the naval base, of which 25 are specialized, including 6 are designed for handling containers, 13 - for servicing ro-ro ships, 3 - tankers up to 274 m long. The length of the mooring front is more than 15 km with depths up to 11.9 m. The naval base ensures the basing of ships up to and including cruisers.
Fremantle is a major port in Australia on the west coast at the mouth of the Swan River. It has 2 harbors - external and internal (protected by two breakwaters), into which channels with a depth of 11-13.7 m lead. The length of the mooring front is more than 4 km with a depth of up to 17.3 m. There are 3 deep-water anchorages in the outer harbor of the port of Fremantle. The main sea cargoes brought in through the port are mainly wheat and wool, while oil is imported. The total volume of sea cargo passing through the Australian port of Fremantle is over 14.3 million tons.
Port Hedland is a major Australian port on the northwest coast. The main facilities of Port Hedland are located in a sheltered harbor, which is entered through a channel 244 m wide and 12.8 m deep. The length of the quay front is 1.3 km with a depth of 11.2-17.9 m.
Sydney is a major port in Australia and the main naval base on the Tasman Sea coast in Port Jackson Bay. There are 2 approach channels leading to the port of Sydney - western and eastern, with depths of 12.8 and 13.7 m, respectively. The bulk of the 20.6 km quay front, with about 100 berths with depths of up to 13.5 m, is located in Walsh Bay and Darling Harbor. The naval base provides the basing of ships up to and including aircraft carriers. The following cargoes pass through the port of Sydney - export of coal, wool, grain, dairy products, meat, skins, fruits; import of oil, industrial equipment, cocoa (Pierce R.A. 2009).
General political situation in Australia
Australia is the Commonwealth state in which the supporters of the republican form of government have the strongest positions. The main law of the state is the constitution, approved by Queen Victoria in 1900. Other legislative acts also have constitutional force, for example, the Act on the Adoption of the Westminster Statute and the Australia Act (Sokolova M.V. 2009).
In Australia, the question of the republican form of government is often raised. In February 1998, the Constitutional Convention was held in Canberra, where a majority of delegates voted to transform Australia into a republic. In 1999, following the results of the convention, a referendum was held on the introduction of a republican form of government. 45.13% of the participants voted for the republic. According to a poll conducted in late 2005, 46% of Australians want Australia to become a republic. Only 34% believe that the British monarch should be the head of the country, while 52% do not want Prince Charles of Wales to become the next king, whom only 29% of Australian citizens want to see as the future head of the country. Many observers believe that Queen Elizabeth II will be the last British monarch to lead the Commonwealth of Australia. In March 2007, then Australian Prime Minister John Howard expressed doubts that Australia would become a republic as long as the current reigning Queen Elizabeth II was in power.
The head of the executive branch of government in Australia is the Prime Minister, currently Tony Abbott.
The formal head of state, Queen of the Commonwealth of Australia, is Elizabeth II. The Queen approves the Governor-General, who has the power to intervene in the event of a constitutional crisis, and in normal times plays an exclusively representative role. The Governor General is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Armed Forces, representing the Queen. According to the Constitution of Australia, despite the fact that Elizabeth II is in one person the Queen of Australia and Great Britain, her power and influence is exercised in completely different ways on the territory of the two countries (Senin V.S. 2008).
The Prime Minister is elected on behalf of the Governor General. Only the leader of a party or coalition with the support of a majority in the House of Representatives always becomes prime minister. The only time a senator became prime minister was when John Gorton was elected prime minister, who subsequently left his post in the Senate and became a member of the House of Representatives (there was also a time when Senator George Pearce was acting prime minister for seven months 1916 years while William Hughes was abroad).
The Australian Cabinet is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Australian Prime Minister. Ministers directly in the cabinet are called senior ministers. Only senior ministers participate in cabinet meetings, although other ministers may attend if their area of activity is on the agenda. Cabinet meetings are chaired by the prime minister
In recent decades, Australia's international relations have been based on close relations with the United States and New Zealand through the organization, with Southeast Asia through ASEAN, and Oceania through the Pacific Islands Forum. The main efforts of the state are aimed at liberalizing foreign trade. Australia provides assistance to many developing countries.
The government of John Howard, which was in power from 1996 to 2007, pursued a foreign policy aimed at the priority development of relations with Australia's traditional allies - the United States and Great Britain - at the expense of supporting international multilateral efforts within the UN. The government has advocated maintaining good-neighborly relations with regional powers such as China, Japan and Indonesia, although sometimes problems arise here, such as the situation around East Timor. Australia is increasing its participation in solving the internal problems of its neighbors - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Nauru In mid-January 2006, more than a year and a half negotiations between Australia and Timor Leste on the issue of gas and oil fields in the Timor Sea ended. The parties signed an agreement, as a result of which the profit from gas production will be divided according to the 50:50 scheme. The main share in the development of the field belongs to the Australian company Woodside Petroleum, as well as ConocoPhilips and Royal Dutch / Shell. The demarcation of the border between the states has not been carried out, and the parties also agreed to postpone the border agreement for fifty years in order to start exploiting a joint field located in the disputed area (Marco Moretti 2008).
The cultural composition of Australia is not very homogeneous, formed by migrants from the British Isles and from European countries, as well as the indigenous population of Australia by the aborigines.
There are no hotbeds of tension.
Thus, we conclude that the general level of economic development of Australia, its geographical position, as well as natural and climatic conditions significantly contributes to the attractiveness of this country as a vacation destination for both tourists from Russia and tourists from abroad.
