The list of the largest economies in the world, according to various financial organizations, on this moment includes the United States, China, Germany (which is considered the strongest in terms of economic indicators in Europe), France and the United Kingdom. Izvestia studied the key indicators of the economy - GDP, the volume of international reserves, external public debt and consumer prices - of these and other countries in order to compare them with indicators Russian Federation.
Key indicator of the economy
The value of gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the most important economic indicators for any country. It is according to him, first of all, that experts determine the largest economies. However, due to the fact that each national economy has its own unique characteristics, it is almost impossible to compare the values of GDP in its pure form. Most often, when compiling international ratings, GDP is used, calculated at purchasing power parity (PPP) - in this case, the price level in the country is taken into account, as well as the purchasing power of the national currency.
In the ranking of countries in terms of GDP, calculated on the basis of PPP, Russia is inferior to several of the largest economies in the world, but only slightly. Moreover, both according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Russian Federation in 2016 ranked sixth in the ranking. At the same time, the IMF estimated the country's GDP at the end of 2015 at $ 3.7 billion, and the World Bank at $ 3.6 billion. However, in both lists, 2014 was recognized as the most successful for Russia since 2013 - then the country's GDP reached its maximum results.
China ($ 19.7 billion), the United States ($ 18.3 billion) and India ($ 7.9 billion) are at the top of the list of the largest economies according to last year's data. The top five also includes Japan ($ 4.8 billion) and Germany ($ 3.8 billion). Great Britain and France are inferior to the Russian Federation, occupying the ninth and tenth lines of the rating, respectively.
However, GDP does not always directly affect the standard of living in the country. So, in the spring of 2016, the publication compiled a list of the 25 richest countries in the world, based on data from the IMF and the World Bank. The USA took the ninth place in it, Germany - 18th, France - the last, 25th. China, already then considered one of the strongest economies in the world, was not included in the list.
External public debt: when the last lines of the rating are for the better
The GDP indicator is also used to compare the external public debt in different countries Oh. For the most objective comparison, most often it is not the amount of public debt itself that is used, but the percentage that the public debt is from the country's total GDP.
At the same time, Russia is among the countries with the lowest external public debt. So, in 2015, according to the IMF, our country was on the 171st line of the rating, which included 186 countries. The total amount of the RF government debt was estimated at 17%. Japan, which is in the "big seven", was in the lead in this rating with an indicator of 248% (the top three also included Greece - 178.4% and Lebanon - 139.1%), the United States occupied 12th place with an indicator of 105.8 %, Germany - 44th with 71%.
In 2016, also according to the IMF, the largest national debt still remained with Japan, which occupied the first line of the rating, and the US national debt increased - the country rose from 12th to 9th line, Germany took 51st line, having improved its positions by seven points. The state debt of the Russian Federation also increased to 18%, but the country still remained in the twenty countries with the lowest external public debt and even improved its position, dropping from 171st to 173rd line.
International reserves
At the same time, in terms of the volume of international reserves, Russia is among the leading countries. According to the same IMF, at the end of 2016, the international reserves of the Russian Federation were estimated at $ 385 billion, and the country itself was ranked sixth in the ranking.
The top five included China, Japan, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan. At the same time, such economically developed countries as Germany, France, Great Britain and the United States were in 11th, 14th, 16th and 18th places, respectively.
Underestimated Big Mac
However, ordinary citizens of any country are primarily interested not in complex indicators and serious international ratings, but in the level of wages and the level of consumer prices with which they have to deal every day.
In Russia now the minimum wage is 7.5 thousand rubles, and in a number of regions it can fluctuate - for example, in the Republic of Sakha the size of the minimum wage reaches 15.4 thousand rubles, and in Kabardino-Balkaria - 10 thousand. From July 1, 2017 will be increased to 7.8 thousand rubles.
The approach to the formation and determination of the minimum wage level varies from country to country. In addition, in some states (such as Switzerland or Italy), the concept of a minimum wage does not officially exist at all. For comparison, in the United States, the minimum wage approved by the state is at the level of $ 7.25 per hour, but the states can set the rate on their own. In most cases it is higher than indicated, but in Georgia and Wyoming it is lower for people with disabilities.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) compiles a ranking on an annual basis that compares the average real minimum wages in different countries. According to this rating, in 2016 Russia closed the list of 32 countries, and the average minimum wage received in the country in 2016 was estimated by the OECD at $ 1.3 thousand. In 2015, this figure was $ 1.4 thousand, in 2013 and in 2014 - almost $ 1.5 thousand. The leaders in this rating were Australia, Belgium and Canada. The top ten also includes France and Germany. The United States took 27th place.
According to the report presented An international organization labor in 2009, Russia was ranked 37th out of 72 countries, while China was on 57th line, the USA, France and Germany - on 4th, 11th and 13th, respectively.
One of the most popular ways to compare consumer prices around the world is the so-called Big Mac Index. In 2016, Russia entered the top five countries with the most low prices for this sandwich - after Venezuela, Ukraine and India. The most expensive Big Mac, as of 2016, was sold in Switzerland. Based on the data of this popular rating The Economist experts in the winter of 2016 found the ruble (as well as the currencies of several other countries) undervalued by almost 70%.
Consent to the processing of personal data
In order for the employees of FINARDI LLC (INN 7719874730, OGRN 1147746352500), as well as the company's partners to choose the most suitable and advantageous offer for you and then contact you, you need your consent to the processing of your personal data specified by you in the application. They will be seen only by employees of FINARDI LLC and their partners.
Personal data - what is it?
This is any information that relates to you as a subject of personal data, including: last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth, address, contacts and other data that are provided for by Federal Law No. 152 "On Personal Data"
Why and who needs your personal data?
If you give your consent to the processing of your personal data:
1. Your operator will be FINARDI LLC (INN 7719874730, OGRN 1147746352500).
2. The purpose of the processing of personal data is to provide services for the selection of a loan solution for you, as well as the possibility of feedback with you.
3. Users of your personal data will be exclusively employees of FINARDI LLC, as well as partners of the company, and no one else.
4. You have the right in any way to express to FINARDI LLC your desire to delete your personal data from the company's repositories.
Your consent
By giving your consent to the processing of your personal and contact data left on this site as an application for a loan or a request to contact you, you confirm that:
1. carefully read the terms of processing of your personal data by FINARDI LLC and fully agree with them;
2. all the data you provide belongs to you personally;
3. you give consent to FINARDI LLC to process your personal data contained in the completed application form;
4. agree to receive service mailing and notifications by available means of telephone communication, SMS-messages and e-mail (you can unsubscribe at any time in any form using any communication method by contacting FINARDI LLC);
5.have become familiar with the fact that this agreement is valid indefinitely and can be revoked by sending a free-form application to e-mail [email protected] site marked in the subject "Refusal of cooperation".
Such a concept appeared in the time of Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher. Studying the satisfaction of human needs, he used the word "economics". This concept at that time meant the principles or laws of economic management, which is still relevant today. But still, a lot of time has passed since that moment, and now science with this name covers almost all areas of human life.
Many scientists have devoted their entire lives to the study of such a science as economics. Basically, bright achievements in this science were achieved by people with outstanding abilities in mathematics and It is so multifaceted that it has many subsections, which today have formed as separate types of sciences.
There is no single correct definition
There are quite a few approaches to what this concept means, and we can say that they are all partially correct. Most scientific textbooks say that economics is a science that studies the needs of people for additional benefits, the processes of their creation and increase.
But this definition is not entirely correct, since it does not cover all facets of this science. If we study the concept more objectively, we can conclude that economics is a science that studies the relationship between manufacturers, suppliers, buyers, as well as market relations, the efficiency of resource use and other areas that relate to means of production and economic activity.
This is a system of connections
This definition is quite complex for a common man in the street. The simplified version sounds like this: "The economy is a system of connections at all levels of the life of society, through the study of which it is possible to increase the efficiency of activities and satisfy the needs of all subjects of economic relations."
We can say that economics studies the relationship of people in the process of production, spending, use, redistribution of any resources or funds.
In principle, every modern person will be able to continue the phrase "Economy is ...", since everyone meets with its manifestations on a regular basis. How to spend resources correctly, where to buy raw materials, to whom to sell? There are many more such questions, and they have to be answered daily.
State and international level
Economics is studied both at the international level and at the state level. In the field of international economy, economists study the interaction of different countries, unions, associations with each other, which are looking for ways to rationally spend resources to meet their needs.
If we consider the state level, then we can say that the country's economy is a set of relationships between subjects of economic relations with each other, the use of resources and means of production at the level of one single country. When approached on this scale, science is reduced to the study of the intra-market indicators of a particular country. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the state economy is not just a science. There is an indicator that is used to determine the level of development of a country, assess the quality of life of the population, as well as in various economic studies.
It can also be said that the country's economy is a complex system that consists of several spheres: social, economic, organizational and other interrelationships formed at the state level.
Government is responsible
The government of a country is responsible for the level economic development... From this point of view, we can say that the state in the economy is a development stimulating or growth-retarding governing body that directly affects the economy through the adoption of legislative reforms that regulate both domestic and foreign markets.
Each country has its own scientists who study the state economy. So, analyzing modern indicators, domestic experts agree that the Russian economy is one of the most competitive.According to various sources, its place in the world is on the 6-8th position. The last two years have not been the best for the Russian Federation in terms of economic development.
We are rich not only in oil
For some reason, in the United States and Europe, most politicians believe that the Russian economy is only oil. This type of raw material, of course, is a large part of all the income of the Russian Federation, but there are a lot of other resources, as well as goods that the country successfully sells in foreign markets in large volumes. For example, gas, weapons, agricultural products are always in demand abroad and also make up a significant share in the country's total income.
The country's economy is the object of study by many specialists in the economic field. Everyone argues that development is far from straightforward, but cyclical is inherent in it, that is, over time, peak levels of development will be observed on an ongoing basis, but after them there will certainly be recessions.
What is the scale?
In research, one should also keep in mind what the levels of the economy are. In simple terms, this is the scale of the processes that are being analyzed. Depending on the scale, macro- and microeconomics can be distinguished.
According to the level of development, countries are divided into the following groups:
Developed (USA, Japan, France and other states with developed relationships at all levels of economic processes);
Developing (India, Brazil, etc.);
Least Africa and others that are just at the stage of creating developed economic ties).
Although all these groups are not axioms. When assessing the level of development according to different indicators, the rating of countries will change. For example, Russia cannot be definitely classified as a developed or developing country. With different approaches in the analysis, its rating will fluctuate, but only within these two groups.
Science has different areas of study
It is imperative to pay attention to such a direction as the social economy. This is a type of economy aimed at studying the relationships of the population, protecting the rights of those segments of the population that are limited and needy.
In this area, satisfaction with the development of the country and the level of one's well-being is becoming a very important indicator. When studying the economy from this side, it becomes clear the importance of the correct distribution of not only the results of labor, but also material resources and other factors of production.
You need to understand that in any case, in the formation of people's own incomes, a class division will arise: the rich, with an average income, or the poor. In order to bridge the gap, it is imperative for the state to intervene in economic processes. Through the adoption of appropriate laws and regulations (taxes, subsidies, subsidies), such resources should be redistributed.
A few final words
Economics as a science is quite subjective; it does not have absolutely correct theories, laws and principles. All observations must be proven. From generation to generation, all theories of correct economic development were challenged by new scientists who came to science. Those principles that were once proved by well-known experts are no longer considered relevant today.
The world is constantly changing, and with it - and human thinking. If earlier it was possible to say with confidence that demand gives rise to supply, then today the statement will already be incorrect. Also, the past ideas about the price of products and services are already incorrect: the price does not always consist of production costs + expected profit.
The modern economy is approaching globalization, acquiring more and more complex forms. The modern understanding of the works of K. Marx is completely different, and many of his statements have long been disputed.
Chapter xi. State, law and economy § 1. Correlation between the state and the economy in historically different social systems
The question of the relationship between the state and the economy has practically always existed, since the first state appeared, and will exist as long as the state exists. This is one of the "eternal" questions that each time in a new way confronts each new state organization, both at the initial stages of its emergence and formation, and at subsequent stages of its development.
Naturally, he faces each type of state in different ways. It is solved in completely different ways in relation to, say, a slave-owning and feudal state. At the same time, it is not so much about the different level of economic development as about its different types and character. The economy, which existed along with the slave state and correlated with it, inevitably presupposed the existence of a huge mass of slave people absolutely powerless and completely dependent on the state. The economy of the feudal society and the state was guided by semi-powerless serf labor.
The solution to the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy can be carried out at two different levels and considered in two planes: general theoretical and applied, practical.
Consideration of the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy at the general theoretical level means identifying the general laws of their development, interconnection and interaction, regardless of their types and characters; identification and study of evolutionary trends characteristic of them at different stages and stages of history; solving the traditional question of priority, or rather - the primary or secondary nature of the state and the economy in relation to each other *(337) .
In domestic and foreign scientific literature, the question of the relationship between the state and the economy at the general theoretical level has been and is being resolved far from the same. In some cases, priority is given to the economy over the state and politics. In others, on the contrary, it is the state and politics in front of the economy. In the third cases, a certain parity is seen in the relations between the state and the economy. It is believed that the state is capable of exerting the same influence on the economy as the economy on the state.
The most acute and protracted disputes traditionally arose and continue to be waged around the first position, proceeding, on the one hand, from the relative independence of the state as an integral part of the political structure ("politics") in relation to the economy and the economy - to the state, politics, and on the other - from the primacy of the economy over the state and politics.
This point of view, set forth in its fullest form in numerous works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism and their followers, is not without reason called Marxist. Pre-revolutionary domestic and foreign critics often called it not "Marxism", but "economic materialism", adding "filling" gaps in the argumentation of the terms "vulgar", "dogmatic", etc. *(338)
Its modern critics avoid such epithets, but do not miss the opportunity to talk about the "ideologization" of the concept shared by their opponents, about its unscientific nature, the dubiousness of its conclusions, etc. "As an advantage of the Marxist-Leninist approach to solving economic issues," said in one of the courses of lectures on the theory of state and law, - its scientific character was invariably called. However, the fact that the theory and methodology were ideologized made any conclusions and recommendations scientifically questionable " *(339) .
The authors of this judgment are undoubtedly right when they talk about the "ideologization" of this theory or approach to solving the problem of the relationship between the state and the economy. The world has not yet had and does not have such a political, economic or sociological theory that could be classified as non-ideologized.
However, they are very far from the truth, when, contrary to well-known historical facts, they categorically state that "any conclusions and recommendations" that followed from a given theory or approach were scientifically dubious. More than half a century of domination and widespread use of this theory in the practical activities of the USSR and other countries, such as China, which in a historically short period of time have turned from underdeveloped to highly industrialized and technologically advanced countries, rejects these and other similar judgments.
Of course, it is possible and necessary to argue with those provisions of the theory of the primacy of the economy over the state and politics, which absolutize the economic factor, try to explain all phenomena and events occurring in society only by economic reasons, identify the "social" with the "economic", etc. But one cannot dispute what has been repeatedly confirmed by life itself, by the centuries-old history of the development of human society, and in this sense has become obvious. Namely - that economic development ultimately, in general, determines the main trends and directions of the political, ideological, spiritual development of society, and not vice versa.
The emergence of slave labor inevitably determines the emergence of a slave-owning state, the labor of serfs and artisans - the emergence feudal state, hired labor of workers - the capitalist state. This is how the economic and state development, and not vice versa.
Of course, the process of interrelation and interdependence of the state and the economy cannot be presented oversimplified, as a kind of straightforward, one-sided process. This is a very complex process, which is influenced not only by economic, but also by political, spiritual, ideological, national, ethnic and many other factors that go beyond the direct relationship between the state and the economy. The reverse influence of the state on the economy plays an extremely important role in this.
"The economic movement," noted in this connection in the Marxist literature, "by and large will pave its way, but it will also experience the opposite effect of the political movement, which it itself created and which has relative independence." *(340) .
In what direction can the "political movement", personified to a large extent by the state and law, be able to reversely influence the economy, the "economic movement"? Answering this question in one of his letters to K. Schmidt, F. Engels explained: a political movement in the person of state power can act on the economy in three directions. Namely - state power can act in the same direction as economic development - then development goes faster. State power can act in the opposite direction - then it sooner or later fails. Finally, it can put obstacles to economic development in certain directions and push it in other directions - then the result of such an impact may ultimately be adequate to one of the previous ones.
In addition to these, there may be other "intermediate" directions of the influence of state power on the economy. However, they are not the point. The essence of the provision under consideration is that it not only details and develops, but also confirms the correctness of the thesis about the primacy of the economy in its relationship with the state and politics.
Naturally, in the theory that justifies the primacy of the economy over the state and politics, there are many blank spots and negative aspects. But there are also many "valuable sides" in it, according to its critics. In general, it is reliable, adequately reflects reality, gives a correct idea of the relationship between the state and the economy, of the processes taking place in society.
Recognizing the existence of "valuable sides" in the concept under consideration, one of the pre-revolutionary critics, Professor I.V. Mikhailovsky wrote that when "economic materialism" emphasizes the importance of the economic principle in history, in the state and law, he asserts the truth, but when he denies the independence of other facts, "he is completely wrong." Indeed, the entire spiritual life of mankind needs a material basis, it is impossible without this basis. *(341) .
So, the author summed up, "part of the truth of economic materialism lies in the fact that among other factors in the history of culture there is also an economic factor, which has not yet been paid enough attention to." "Economic materialism is also right in another respect. Undoubtedly, human needs, worries about obtaining means of livelihood are of a special, prevailing character, because before thinking about any kind of spiritual life, a person must drink, eat, dress, have a home. " It is impossible to live "a human life for someone who is forced to work physically in a terrible environment for more than twelve hours a day in order not to starve to death. Such a person will eventually lose his human appearance, no matter how much spiritual wealth he possesses." Hence, the author made the final conclusion, "the enormous importance of the economic situation in the life of mankind" *(342) .
The problem of the relationship between the state and the economy can and should be considered not only in general theoretical, but also in a purely applied, practical plan in relation to clarifying and solving a specific issue, achieving a specific goal, determining the nature of the relationship of a particular state with a specific economy corresponding to it. ...
Consideration of this problem in applied, practical, as well as in general theoretical terms, is a very complex and multifaceted task. A huge scientific and popular literature is devoted to its solution. However, the topic is still relevant. There are many reasons for this. The main ones as applied, for example, to the modern Russian state, law and economy, are the generalization and use of foreign and domestic experience to determine the optimal ways and forms of their interaction.
The initial prerequisites for this, as well as when considering the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy in historically different social systems, are as follows.
First. The state and the economy are complex, multifaceted phenomena, covering, accordingly, not only the sphere of the political and material life of society, but also having a huge impact on all its other spheres. The opinion that the state is a "purely" superstructure, and the economy is a "purely" basic phenomenon, which is common in domestic and foreign special literature, does not "work" in this case. Historical experience shows that the state in any social formation is simultaneously the subject of the most diverse - economic, political, social, ideological and other relations, and in this sense it is not only a superstructure or already - political, but also an economic, ideological and other phenomenon. The economy also, influencing other spheres of society, acts as a multifaceted phenomenon. And so - in all countries without exception.
In practical terms, this means that the relationship between the state and the economy must be monitored not only in the field of politics and economics, but also in other spheres of society.
Second. When considering the relationship between the state and the economy, attention should be paid primarily to the factors that determine the nature of this relationship in various historical conditions, and to the limits of the mutual influence of the state on the economy and the economy on the state. In the conditions of the existence of various social systems, they are far from the same.
In practical terms, this means that it would be more effective and justified to use the accumulated experience in modern Russia to study the nature of the relationship between the state and the economy, not in general, but in relation to a specific historical era and country, to a strictly defined social system. The experience of the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan and other countries is of particular importance.
Third. The relationship between the state and the economy in any country and socio-political system is not a passive, but an active two-way process of their interconnection and interaction, where each of the parties, depending on the prevailing circumstances, can play a decisive or definable role. However, the leading role ultimately belongs to the economy.
And fourth. When analyzing the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy in historically different social systems in practical terms (to solve similar problems in relation to modern Russia), it seems more appropriate to go not along the traditional path, which involves the study of the state and the economy from the slave state and law up to the present day, but on a different path. Namely - along the way of their classification and research, depending on the degree of development of the market structure in the country.
In accordance with this criterion, exclusively for practical purposes of researching market relations and the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy in historically different social systems, the latter can be rather conditionally subdivided into the following three groups:
a) systems in which market elements are completely or almost completely absent;
b) systems with emerging market relations, following the path of the formation of market institutions; and
c) systems with a highly developed market economy.
Each of the identified groups of social systems is characterized by its own specific relationship between the state and the economy, its forms and methods of interaction, its own principles of interconnection, the limits of influence on each other. Theoretically and practically, this is typical for any of those that took place in the history of human development, for currently existing or just emerging social systems.
The historical experience of Russia and other countries clearly indicates that the world does not have a common model, a certain template or pattern in the relationship between the state and the economy, suitable for all social systems without exception. There are only general patterns, historical trends and general principles for the development of the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy.
As for the specific types of relations between the state and the economy, they are formed either within the framework of each individual social system or within the aforementioned groups of social systems.
The characteristic features of the relationship that arise between the state and the economy, within the first group of social systems in which there are no traditional market relations, are as follows.
First, the undoubted domination of state ownership over all forms of ownership. Article II of the 1977 USSR Constitution, considering state property as "the common property of the entire Soviet people", quite clearly defined that this form of property is "the main form of socialist property." In the same article, the provision was enshrined in accordance with which "the land, its subsoil, waters, forests are in the exclusive ownership of the state," and it was also proclaimed that the state owned the main means of production in industry, construction and agriculture, means of transport and communications , banks, property of trade, communal and other enterprises organized by the state, the main urban housing stock, as well as "other property necessary for the implementation of the tasks of the state."
Similar provisions, legislating the dominant role of the state and state property over other forms of ownership, are contained in the constitutions of some other countries.
Secondly, an important feature of the relations between the state and the economy existing within the considered group of social systems is their rigid "attachment" to each other, lack of flexibility and, as a consequence, long-term strategic stability and efficiency.
The tight connection and "attachment" of the state and the economy to each other have a positive meaning only in emergency situations (war, catastrophe on a national scale, etc.), when the maximum concentration of all resources available in the country, political, economic and spiritual forces is required in the shortest possible time ... In the conditions of ordinary, everyday life at the present stage of the development of society, such a rigid connection is fraught with the loss of dynamism, initiative and efficiency in the development of the state and the economy. It predetermines in the future the inevitability of stagnant tendencies, as well as the "overflow" of crisis phenomena from the state sphere into the economic sphere, and vice versa.
Third, the excessive centralization of economic levers in the hands of the state and the concentration of the entire mechanism of economic management in central government structures should also be referred to among the features characteristic of the relationship between the state and the economy that exist within the framework of "non-market" social systems. As a consequence of all this - the inevitable swelling of the economic management apparatus, the growth of bureaucracy, the fall of professionalism, an unreasonable increase in the costs of maintaining a large army of bureaucrats. These negative phenomena are especially clearly manifested and develop in countries large in terms of territory, population and national economic complexes.
Fourthly, the strictly planned nature of the economy on a national scale and at the local level, as well as their detailed and strict regulation at all levels, is very characteristic of the relationship between the state and the economy of the social systems under consideration. It should be noted that the plan often acquires a regulatory and legal character, and the consequence of its observance or, conversely, a violation is given legal significance.
Fifth, relations between the state and other subjects of economic ties are not built on a partnership basis, but on the basis of direct instructions - subordination. Authoritarian methods prevail over the so-called liberal methods of economic management. The relationship between state bodies and economic structures is regulated primarily, respectively, not with the help of civil or commercial norms, but administrative and other, similar in nature, branches of law.
In addition to the aforementioned features inherent in the relationship between the state and the economy in the conditions of "non-market" social systems, there are other equally important features. They testify to the complete administrative-command subordination of economic structures to state structures, to the lack of relative independence and autonomy that is significant for their normal existence and development.
A somewhat different picture can be seen in the relationship between the state and the economy, existing within the transition from non-market to market social systems. Typical examples are modern Russia, some other CIS states, which until recently called themselves socialist the Baltic republics and the countries of Eastern Europe.
The most essential features and characteristics of these systems are:
a) a gradual change in the nature of relations between government bodies and economic structures towards partnerships;
b) loss of the monopoly of the state and state property over the economy and other forms of property;
c) changing the methods of state influence on economic relations;
d) the gradual displacement of administrative methods of leadership and levers of influence on the economy by financial and similar means;
e) a sharp departure of government structures from planning in the development of the economy and the inevitable emergence of disorder and even chaos;
f) consistent reorientation of economic and state structures from national priorities to their own financial and other interests, to profit as the main driving factor in their becoming partnerships;
g) strengthening the role of taxes and tax police as a state means of financial influence of state structures on society and on economic structures;
h) the rapid increase in the importance of financial, civil, commercial, tax, banking and other branches of law directly related to the development of the economy.
Despite the fact that during the transition period the economic sphere of the state's activity is gradually narrowing, in general its role in regulating this process should not decrease. The state cannot and should not abandon the regulatory means of influencing the economy, from managing the process of transition from non-market to market relations.
The main directions of the economic activity of the state in this period must inevitably be reduced to the following: development of a common domestic and foreign economic policy on a national scale; legal support of emerging market relations; determination of the circle and legal status of subjects of economic relations; development of social policy and effective means of protecting the economic and other interests of the population; prohibition and suppression of the means of business and commerce that violate the law; creating the most favorable conditions for the development of domestic production, protecting it from unfair competition and protecting it from being crowded out by more developed foreign capital; regulating the procedure for resolving disputes arising in the field of economics and establishing legal responsibility for violation of the law.
The characteristic features of the relationship between the state and the economy under the conditions of the existence of the historically formed third group of market social systems are as follows:
a) the establishment of predominantly partnership relations between government and market structures;
b) minimal state intervention in the economy, the level of which for each country is, as a rule, different;
c) an organic combination of administrative and legal with financial and other "liberal" means of state influence on economic relations;
d) concentration in the hands of the state of only the minimum material resources that are objectively necessary for its normal existence and functioning;
e) complete concentration in the hands of the state of the financial and tax systems;
f) domination of private property over state and all other forms of property.
There is a huge scientific literature on the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy in the conditions of market relations. For this reason, there is no need to dwell here on the coverage of this issue.
At the end of 2016, there was an acceleration in the growth of the world economy and trade. The Russian economy is showing signs of overcoming the recession, which was caused by a double shock associated with the fall in oil prices and the introduction of economic sanctions. Tradable sectors, which benefited from relative price adjustments and stabilization of commodity prices in the second half of 2016, have become the main engines of economic growth, in part due to increased exports. Positive dynamics was also observed in non-tradable sectors: the decline in production volumes slowed down compared to 2015. The nascent positive momentum appears to have continued into early 2017.
A moderate recovery in the global economy is expected in 2017 due to continued robust growth in importing countries raw materials and a recovery in growth in commodity exporting countries. Russia in 2017-2019. economic growth rates are expected to be moderate (ranging between 1.3% and 1.4%) amid rising oil prices and macroeconomic stability.
In Russia, the adjustment in economic growth rates occurred earlier than in many other oil exporting countries, which reflects the impact of economic sanctions in the early stages and high level inflation associated with the introduction of a floating exchange rate regime. Pass-through effects on exchange rate movements are significant if monetary policy is not credible (Carriere-Swallow et al, 2016). The stabilization of the exchange rate and inflation contributed to a V-shaped economic recovery in 2016-17, reflecting the growing confidence in Russian monetary policy.
Despite unfavorable terms of trade in 2016 and continued restrictions on Russia's access to international capital markets, the balance of payments remained stable, with some weakening of the real effective ruble exchange rate. The current account surplus narrowed due to the weakening of the trade surplus under the influence of the decrease in export earnings - especially in the first half of the year. An additional negative factor for the trade balance was the recovery in import growth in the second half of 2016. Meanwhile, net capital outflows declined on the back of a decline in debt repayments. The pursuit of a relatively tight monetary policy contributed to the growth of interest in ruble assets and to the limitation of the outflow of net capital. In the first quarter of 2017, thanks to the improvement in the terms of trade, the state of the current account improved, which led to an increase in net capital outflows.
The unemployment rate fell slightly, inflation slowed down, and real salaries resumed. But at the same time, the level of poverty increased, because the restoration of real wages, which had begun, could not compensate for the fall in pension income. At the same time, the number of the extremely poor remains insignificant.
