Industry polymer materials(polymers)
This is the main petrochemical industry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber), where the initial stages of the technological process are tied to sources of raw materials, and subsequent processing is consumer-oriented and therefore can be carried out in other regions.
The laboratory produces hybrid organic inorganic materials and nanoporous materials in the form of layers based on sol-gel processes. In addition, composite materials, nanoadditives, nanocomposite and nanostructured materials, including coatings, as well as functional and protective layers, have been developed.
Polymer Physics Laboratory
The laboratory conducts research on the molecular structure of polymers, identification of polymers and polymeric materials, as well as physicochemical research on polymeric and composite materials. The laboratory conducts tests for viscoelastic properties, studies of physical and chemical transformations and studies of thermal degradation of polymer materials.
Changes in technology and raw material base chemistry of polymers (the transition from the previously used wastes of processing wood and agricultural raw materials to oil and gas), the development of pipeline transport have led to significant shifts in the geography of the industry.
Hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials are produced at oil refineries and gas-petrol plants, the main part of which is concentrated in the European part of the country. They are located in areas of oil and gas production (Volga region, Ural, North Caucasus, Western Siberia) or are oriented towards the consumer, located on the routes and at the end points of the main oil and gas pipelines (Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Tobolsk, etc.).
The laboratory carries out porosity measurements for powders and solids, including micro and mesopores, pore size distribution and specific surface area studies. It is also possible to study the surface acidity of catalytic materials and fully automated density measurements, providing very accurate volume and density measurements in a wide range of materials.
The laboratory conducts stability tests of suspensions, emulsions, aerosols and foams, wettability and free surface energy testing. Particle sizes and zeta potential are also possible. The laboratory measures and evaluates the main rheological properties of polymeric materials and their characteristic temperatures. In addition, preliminary studies of rheological materials are carried out, that is, determination of viscosity, including Bagley correction, determination of changes in material volume with pressure and temperature, and determination of melt strength.
There are several directions in polymer chemistry.
Production of synthetic resins and plastics the largest direction of the chemical industry, which historically developed in Central (Moscow, Vladimir), Volga (Kazan, Dzerzhinsk, Ufa), Ural (Nizhny Tagil, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), Siberian (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), Northwest(St. Petersburg), Yuzhny (Volgograd, Rostov regions and Krasnodar region), North Caucasian (Stavropol Territory) federal districts.
Stress Testing Laboratory
It is possible to manufacture materials on a small scale and on a semi-technical scale. In addition, the resulting materials can be textured by sandblasting with corundum grains. The laboratory tests the flammability of polymers and plastics, determines full specifications the process of burning plastics and the optical density of the emitted smoke. The combustion process can be observed with a thermal imaging camera.
Laboratory of Physicochemistry of Polymers. Apparatus for physical sorption Apparatus for chemical sorption Helium pycnometers Mercury porosimeter Optical microscope. Plastic processing laboratory. Extruder for micro-extruder Extruder for mini-extruder Single screw extruder Sandblasting machine. Aging test laboratory.
The largest Russian manufacturer of synthetic resins and plastics is Uralchimplast OJSC, the main production facilities of which are located in Nizhny Tagil ( Sverdlovsk region). The holding holds key positions in the markets of many types of goods chemical products.
Separate technologically dependent enterprises of the industry are usually monopoly suppliers and consumers of semi-finished products and are linked by product pipelines, for example, Sayanskkhimplast and Angarsk Polymer Plant (ethylene), Kazanorgsintez and Nizhnekamsk neftekhim (ethylene), Kaustik (Sterlitamak) and Salavatnefteorgsintez "(ethylene).
Chemical fiber and thread industry, which are artificial and synthetic, requires a large amount of raw materials, materials, fuel and water. Artificial fibers from natural polymers are used for the production of acetate and viscose. Plants for their production are located in Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, a plant is being restored in the city of Shuya (Ivanovo region).
Combines for the production of synthetic fibers (nylon, lavsan) operate in Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky. Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers is located in the cities of Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul. The main amount of chemical fibers (more than 2/3) is produced in the European part of the country, focusing on the location of the textile industry.
Synthetic rubber production
Rubber as a raw material is used for the manufacture of tires (65–70%) and industrial rubber goods (about 25%).
Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber initially arose on the basis of the use of ethyl alcohol from food raw materials - potatoes, grain (the cities of Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh, Kazan), then hydrolytic alcohol (Krasnoyarsk). Since the 1960s. they switched to hydrocarbon raw materials obtained during the processing of oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas. The main regions for the production of synthetic rubber are the Volga region (Togliatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), the Urals (Sterlitamak), southern Siberia (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk). The total capacity of synthetic rubber factories in the country is estimated at more than 2 million tons, and its production in 2011 was 1.4 million tons.
The leading company in the market of synthetic rubbers is SIBUR, which accounts for over 2/5 of their production in Russia. The company unites largest manufacturers synthetic rubber - Voronezhsintezkauchuk LLC, Togliattikauchuk LLC and Krasnoyarsk Synthetic Rubber Plant OJSC.
The production of synthetic rubber is close to the centers of tire and rubber production. There are whole complexes of interconnected industries: oil refining - synthetic rubber - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl); hydrolysis of wood - ethyl alcohol - synthetic rubber - tire production (Krasnoyarsk).
The chemical complex was most developed in four federal districts: Privolzhsky (the district's share in the total production of the chemical complex of the Russian Federation is 44%), Central (24%), Siberian (11%) and Yuzhny (10%).
In the chemical industry, the processes of territorial concentration and combination of production have been widely developed. The largest chemical nodes formed in a number of regions of the country: in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Altai, Perm and Krasnoyarsk territories, Tula, Tyumen, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Samara, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, which, on the one hand, greatly contributed to the social -economic development of these regions, but on the other hand, it significantly aggravated the ecological situation and the quality of life of the population. After all, the chemical complex is a major environmental pollutant: in terms of the discharge of polluted wastewater, it takes the 2nd place (in terms of the total volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere - 10th place) among the industries.
Over the past half century, the chemical industry has gone through a difficult path: from rapid development in the 1950s-1980s, when the industry created significant production potential, to a decline in the late 1980s, when the pace of capital construction dropped sharply, and in 1990 -th years investments in the industry have practically ceased.
Today, Russia's positions on the world market for chemical products differ significantly for different product groups. Thus, in the production of mineral fertilizers, the domestic chemical industry is one of the world leaders: it holds the third place. In terms of production of synthetic rubbers, Russia ranks 4th in the world (10% of world production), but only 13th place in the production of polypropylene (1–2%), and 19th place for petrochemical products (1%). The release of many advanced types of chemical products, even necessary for the most Russian economy, is insignificant or absent altogether.
At the same time, the production of products of relatively deep processing stagnated as a whole, which led to the seizure of the Russian market by foreign manufacturers, as a result of which, since the beginning of the 2000s. Russia has become a net importer of chemical products.
The future of the Russian chemical industry is closely related to the prospects for the development of the world market for chemical products. According to experts, by 2030 it may exceed $ 4 trillion, due to the growth of the world's population. Taking into account the current trends, the average annual growth in the turnover of chemical products is forecasted until 2030 for China at the level of 13%, India - 11, Russia - 5, the European Union (EU) - 4, and the USA - 3%. At this time, the main direction of the development of chemistry will be the creation of qualitatively new high-tech materials. The solution to this problem and the structural modernization of the branches of the chemical complex are associated with the active participation of the state in the implementation of the priorities proclaimed by it in the Concept of the socio-economic development of Russia until 2020.
Currently, the main factors constraining the development of the industry are: insufficient investment activity; restricting access of Russian chemical products to the markets of certain foreign countries; a high share of import dependence on the supply of chemical products; inconsistency with the existing transport infrastructure the export potential of the industry; an increase in prices (tariffs) for products (services) of subjects of natural monopolies, which will restrain the growth rates of production of nitrogen fertilizers, ammonia, plastics and lead to an increase in their prices; insufficient rates of introduction of innovative technologies using chemical products in related fields (construction, housing and communal services, automotive industry, etc.).
The main goal of the Strategy for the Development of Chemical and petrochemical industry Russia until 2015, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated March 14, 2008 No. 119, and the project "Plan for the development of gas and petrochemicals in Russia for the period up to 2030" (Plan-2030), developed by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, - increasing the competitiveness and production volumes various chemical products Russian enterprises, first of all - on the basis of the creation and implementation of resource-saving technologies.
The development of the capacities of the domestic petrochemical industry in the Plan-2030 is supposed to be carried out within six clusters: Volzhsky, West Siberian, Caspian,
East Siberian, Far Eastern and Northwest. They are created near sources of raw materials and sales markets. The functioning of clusters presupposes active interaction of enterprises of the entire petrochemical production chain, including manufacturers of final products, local authorities, scientific institutes, and universities.
In 2015, the share of the chemical industry in GDP is expected to increase from 1.7 to 3%. At the same time, production volumes should grow three to four times, and the share of high value added products should increase from 30 to 70% with a corresponding reduction in the share of raw materials. In total, about 4 trillion rubles are planned to be invested in the petrochemical and chemical industries within the framework of the strategy, including R&D expenses. However, the strategy should pay more attention to measures aimed at greening chemical production, the introduction of innovative technologies and resource conservation.
The strategy defines the main directions of structural restructuring of the industry on the basis of state support: stimulation of innovation and investment activity; implementation of customs and tariff policy in order to protect domestic producers in the domestic and foreign markets; carrying out investment transformations for more effective management of the chemical complex of the Russian Federation; improvement of Russian legislation in order to create favorable conditions for the development of the chemical sector of the economy.
