- The official language of Chile is Spanish.
- The first settlers appeared on the territory of Chile about 13 thousand years ago. In the XVI century. Spanish colonization began. The Chileans freed themselves from the power of the Spanish invaders only in the 19th century. In 1970, after many years of rule by the Christian Democratic forces, power in the country passed to the socialists. In 1973, dictator Augusto Pinochet came to power after an armed riot. Since 1988, democracy has come to Chile.
- The blue color on the flag of Chile symbolizes the sky, white - the snow-capped peaks of the Alps, red - the blood shed for the independence of the country. A white star on a blue background illustrates the desire for success and fame.
- The coat of arms of Chile is a shield divided into blue and red halves. In the center is a relief star. To the left of the shield is a South Andean deer, to the right - an Andean condor. On the heads of the bird and the animal are crowns, symbolizing the maritime prowess of the country. The stag and the condor rest on an ornament with a white heraldic ribbon on which the motto "By persuasion or duress" is inscribed. At the top of the coat of arms is the sultan, whose colors correspond to the colors of the flag: blue, white, red.
Name:
Title (English):
Short description:
Chile, this curious country, is rightfully famous as one of the centers of South American tourism. There is something to see here: majestic huge mountains, stunning natural landscapes, warm mild climate - all this attracts travelers from all over the world.
Area and location:
The Republic of Chile is located in the southwest South America, between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. The state borders on Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. Chile occupies an area of 756 thousand 950 km2.
Capital, major cities:
The capital of Chile is Santiago. This is a very clean city with old colonial houses that are adjacent to skyscrapers and the snowy Andes. There are many parks and museums in Santiago. One of its attractions is Mount San Cristobal, on top of which there is a statue of the Virgin Mary. The second largest city in Chile is Valparaiso or Valpo. From here the colonization of the country began, and here are the legislative bodies of the republic. A huge number of cultures and peoples have mixed in Valpo; this city is considered the most typical and most intriguing. In the very north of Chile, the city of Arica is located, not far from which are the hot springs of Mamina, an oasis of the Pika Valley, the outskirts of the Atacama Desert. In the city itself, you should pay attention to the fortress of Arica and the central square of Plaza de Armas with the beautiful Cathedral of St. Marcos, the beautiful beaches of Henrietta and Asapa, and the beautiful valley of Asapa Valley deserve attention. Chile's oldest city is La Serena. Since ancient times, the main activities of the city were the mining of copper and silver and agriculture. La Serena has its own mint. The city is known for its wine cellars and the largest southern hemisphere observatory. There are also beautiful landscapes, churches, museums and craft markets. To the east of La Serena lies the Rio Elqui Valley, planted with apples, oranges, avocados, papaya and grapes. The best beaches in the country are located in Viña del Mar. Its attractions include museums in colonial mansions, a national Botanical Garden, a unique flower clock, Vergara Palace, Wulf Castle and numerous museums. Because of the luxurious parks, gardens and beautiful alleys, Viña del Mar is called the "garden city". One of the most interesting cities Chile - Puerto Montt, which is considered the gateway to the Lake District. It is distinguished by buildings in the German architectural style and beautiful surroundings. In the city, it is worth visiting the wooden port and the Cathedral. The city of Punta Arenas is located on the shores of the Strait of Magellan. magnificent palaces and mansions. Not far from the city are the Otway penguin colonies, Milodon Cave, Great Falls and a ski resort.
Population:
The population of Chile exceeds 17 million 248 thousand people, 65% of them are mestizos, 30% are Europeans and 5% are Indians.
Political structure and administrative division:
At the head of the Republic of Chile is the president, who leads the cabinet of ministers. In 2011, Sebastian Piñera Echenique was elected president. The country's highest legislative body is the National Congress, which consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Senate consists of appointed and life senators. Chile is divided into 15 regions: Arica y Parinacota, Tarapaca, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaiso, O'Higgins, Maule, Bio Bio, Araucania, Los Rios, Los Lagos, Aisen, Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica, Santiago . The regions are subdivided into 53 provinces and 346 communities.
The majority of Chileans (80%) are Catholics, 13% belong to the Protestant Church, 6% of the population are atheists, the rest of the country's inhabitants are adherents of other religions.
Public holidays:
New Year New Year in Chile is celebrated on the coast. On holidays, it is not customary to swear and everyone tries to be friendly and welcoming not only with acquaintances, but also with strangers. On New Year's Eve in Chile, it is customary for the whole family to swim in a river or lake at dawn, thus cleansing the body and soul. Also on this day, it is customary to pierce the ears of six-year-old girls, thus marking their growing up. V different regions and cities of the country there are very interesting new year traditions. For example, on Easter Island they are looking for a New Year's swallow egg. The one who finds him first becomes the most honored guest in any house for a whole year, it is believed that his arrival brings good luck to the owners. In the city of Talca, for almost 20 years, the New Year has been celebrated at the cemetery. After the solemn mass, all the townspeople go to visit the graves of their relatives. Labor Day May 1st is Labor Day in Chile. Almost everyone is closed on this holiday. entertainment establishments , and many Chileans take the day off. They usually relax with families and friends in nature or in a cafe. Glory Day (Navy Day) On May 21, 1879, the battle of Iquique, significant for the country, took place, when the soldiers of Peru and Chile fought for the right to possess one of the provinces. In this battle, the entire crew of the Esmeralda corvette valiantly died fighting with the armored ship Huascar. Thanks to the heroic deed of the sailors of the corvette, Chile managed to win the war. Saints Peter and Paul's Day June 29 commemorates Saints Peter and Paul, the disciples of Jesus Christ. These saints are highly revered in Chile. On this day, it is customary to behave with restraint and decorum, festive services are held in churches. Assumption The Assumption, celebrated on August 15, is one of the greatest religious holidays in Chile. On this day, services are held and freshly picked fruits are presented to churches as a gift. Independence Day Chile's Independence Day is celebrated on September 18th. Every year, the government strives to make the holiday as grand and spectacular as possible. Holiday shows and military parades are held in Santiago, a huge flag is flying over the presidential palace. All Saints' Day On November 1, Chileans celebrate All Saints' Day. On this holiday, the spirits of deceased loved ones come to the house, who need to be given due attention. Treats on the festive table are intended not only for the living, but also for the dead. On All Saints' Day, one should be wary of witches and hostile spirits; for this, the Chileans ask for help from the saints. Invariable attributes of the holiday are candles and heads carved from pumpkins, funny comic games dedicated to ancestors are arranged. Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary On December 8, all believing Chileans celebrate the Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. On this day, it is customary to pray and do good deeds. In the churches, divine services and worship of the Mother of God are held. Christmas At Christmas - December 25 - instead of Santa Claus, the Easter Old Man comes to visit the Chileans, who brings gifts to those children who have been good all year. On the holiday, many children send letters to the Old Man with their wishes. All messages are kept in the mail, and many Chileans take them and make their childhood dreams come true. Christmas in Chile is a family holiday, it is always celebrated with loved ones for a delicious dinner. On gifts, before putting them under the Christmas tree, they stick a beautiful label with a wish and the name of the person to whom they are intended. In addition to all of the above, Chile's official holidays include Good Friday, Easter, Corpus Christi (May 23), National Unity Day or Reconciliation Day (September 5-6), Army Day (September 19), America's Discovery Day or Columbus Day (October 12). ). There are also many festivals held in the country, for example, in January it is worth going to Angol for the folklore festival, or to Villarrica for the Joranadas de Villarrica music festival, or in Ovalla for the del Huazo festival. In February, you can visit the harvest festival or the Semagnas de Frutillar festival in Trilla.
Chilean time is 6 hours behind Moscow time in winter, and 7 hours behind in summer (from the second Saturday of October to the second Saturday of March).
The national currency of Chile is the Chilean peso. V big cities payment in US dollars is possible. Large hotels, shops and restaurants accept credit cards. Traveler's checks can be exchanged at banks or exchange offices.
Chile stretches from north to south along the Pacific Ocean, which is why the country's climate is very diverse. The tropical desert climate dominates in the north. During the day the temperature can rise to +40°С, and at night it can fall below 0°С. Rain in this area is very rare. A little further south is a region with a subtropical climate. Here, in the warmest time of the year, the air temperature reaches +30°С during the day and +18°С at night; Approximately 1000 mm of precipitation falls annually. In the center of the country, the subtropical climate turns into a temperate oceanic. In summer the temperature rises to +24°C, and in winter - up to +14°C. The amount of precipitation reaches 800 mm per year, but on the slopes of the mountains they fall much more - up to 3000 mm. The southernmost regions of Chile are adjacent to the Antarctic, so in summer the air heats up to no more than + 18 ° C, and in winter its temperature drops below 0 ° C. In these areas, strong winds blow and a large amount of precipitation falls.
Animal and plant world:
The fauna of Chile is not very diverse. In the north there are cougar, armadillo, Azar fox. In the south live small deer, skunk, Magellanic dog. In addition, llamas, vicunas, alpacas, guanacos, wolves, chinchillas live in Chile. Of the birds, parrots, mowers, condors, ducks are common. There are practically no fish in rivers and lakes, mainly imported trout are found in reservoirs. The flora of the country is also quite monotonous. In the northern part, mainly cacti and thorns grow. A little further south there are Chilean pines, which are gradually replaced by jungles with laurel, beech, magnolia and some conifers. Steppes dominate in the extreme south.
Culture:
In the culture of Chile, the Spanish influence is very noticeable. Literature began to take shape during the period of Spanish rule. After Chile became independent, writers hiding from the tyranny of other states received asylum in the country. The Chilean architectural school began to develop in the second half of the 19th century. In the 20s of the XX century. folk motifs are manifested in architecture and foreign influence is less and less noticeable. In the north of the country you can see traces of Atakama culture, in the south - Araucan. These are various rock paintings and ceramic products. On Easter Island, in addition to the well-known stone sculptures, wooden utensils have been preserved. Araucans can introduce you to the ancient musical culture. They play such instruments as lokin, kultrun drum, pifilka, etc. Creoles are characterized by dances of kuando and cueca, their musical instruments are the guitar, harp and guitarron.
Shopping in Chile is inexpensive, and you can bargain in the markets and small shops. Here it is worth buying products made of copper, glass and lapis lazuli - a stone that is only found in Chile, jewelry made of silver and bronze, handicrafts made of wood and ceramics, musical instruments. In Santiago, at the Pueblito los Dominicos market, you can buy crystal jewelry, llama and alpaca wool products, and Indian handicrafts.
Interesting places:
Chile has a lot interesting places, for example, Parinacota volcano, Chungara and Miscanti lakes, Bahia Ingles rock massifs, El Tatio geysers, national park Volkan Isluga, Easter Island. In the Atacama Desert is ancient city San Pedro de Atacama, Valley of the Moon is an area attraction. One of the most interesting cities in Chile is Puerto Montt, not far from which is located the beautiful Seven Lakes area. The most environmentally friendly clean place in the world is Punta Arenas - Chilean Patagonia. From June to September in Chile you can relax in the ski resorts.
Traditions and customs:
For the most part, Chileans are very friendly and willing to help. They are characterized by conservatism and restraint, they respect their culture very much and do not like to talk about politics. It should be remembered that talking on a mobile phone while eating in Chile is considered a sign of bad taste. Dishes at the table are served on the left side. At a party, before taking a supplement or starting a new dish, you need to finish everything that is on the plate and wait for the hosts to invite you to start a new portion.
Transport system:
To move around the country, a ferry or plane is used. The main airports of the country: Chacalluta, Cerro Moreno, Cavancha, Tepual, Pdte. Ibañez, Maquehue, airport at Arturo Merino Benitez. Trains in Chile travel in three directions: from Santiago to Temuco, from Santiago to Rancagua and Arica to La Paz. Taxis are also very popular and can be recognized by their black and yellow coloring.
Exclusive:
The nature of Chile is diverse, here you can see lakes, volcanoes, geysers, hot springs, snow-capped mountains, waterfalls, snow-white beaches, deserts. Comfortable rest ensure the absence of dangerous animals, the minimum risk of getting sick, the absence of noise and dirt from megacities. Chile has the world's only oceanfront ski resort. There are many wineries in the country that make amazingly delicious wine. The pride of the Chileans is pixo - a 40-degree liquor that is drunk with fizzy drinks.
Leisure/travel features:
Chile prohibits smoking and drinking alcohol in public places, including in taxis and even in private car. Smoking is allowed only in designated areas. All attendants and guides count on tips. In a restaurant, the tip amount is usually 10% of the bill, but sometimes it can already be included in the price of the order. Before traveling, it is better to take out medical insurance, because medical care in Chile is of high quality, but very expensive.
The crime rate in Chile is very low, but when leaving for excursions, it is better to leave everything of value in the hotel safe. The risk of catching dangerous insect-borne diseases is very small. By observing the rules of hygiene, you can not be afraid of gastrointestinal diseases and infections transmitted through water and food. But you should not eat raw fish and seafood, water. You need to be careful with exotic fruits. Officially, vaccination is not required to enter Chile, but it is recommended to get vaccinated against hepatitis A, typhoid and tetanus. Swimming is allowed only in places designated for this, as the coastal currents are very strong. Chile is located in a seismic zone, so earthquakes are not uncommon here.
Visa for Russians:
No visa is required for a stay in Chile of up to 90 days within each period of 180 days from the date of first entry. To obtain a visa, the following documents are required: a passport valid for at least 4 months after the end of the trip, a copy of the page of the passport with personal data, copies of all pages Russian passport, visa application form, photo 3x4.
Located in southern Peru and west of Bolivia and Chile, Chile fills a narrow (4,506 km) strip of 2,880 miles between the Andes and. One third of Chile is covered high mountains Andes. The southernmost point is Cape Horn, a 1,390-foot (424 m) cliff on Horn Island in the Wollaston Group, which belongs to Chile. Juan Fernandez Islands, approximately 400 miles (644 km) west of the mainland; and Easter Island, about 2,000 miles (3,219 km) to the west.
Government
Republic.
Story
Chile was initially controlled by the Incas in the north and the nomadic Araucans in the south. In 1541, a Spaniard, Pedro de Valdivia, founded Santiago. Chile was able to achieve its independence in 1818 under the supreme ruler Berngando o Higgins and the Argentine, José de San Martin. O-Higgins laid the foundation for the modern state, with a two-party system and centralized government.
The dictator Diego Portales waged war with Peru from 1836 to 1839, thanks to which he expanded the Chilean territory. Chile fought the Pacific War with Peru and from 1879 to 1883, winning Antofagasta, Bolivia's only outlet to the sea and vast areas in Peru. Pedro Montt launched an uprising that overthrew José Balmaceda in 1891 and established a parliamentary dictatorship that lasted until a new constitution was adopted in 1925. Industrialization began before the First World War and led to the formation of Marxist groups.
In 1970, Allende became the first president in a non-communist country. Allende quickly established relations with Cuba and the Chinese People's Republic, introduced Marxist economic and social reforms, and nationalized many private companies, including American ones. In September 1973, Allende was overthrown and assassinated in a CIA-sponsored military coup.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Chile is a state in the southwest of South America and is considered the most southern country in the world, while the unusually large extent of the country allows it to have the widest variety of climatic zones with a huge number of unique objects and attractions of a very different nature.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, NATURE
The territory of Chile is stretched along the Pacific coast for 4300 km. Two stretched across the country mountain systems. In the east - the Andes, in the west along the coast stretch the coastal Cordilleras. Chile borders Peru in the north, Bolivia and Argentina in the east, and the Pacific Ocean in the south and west. Chile also owns Easter Island ( Rapa Nui) and the Juan Fernandez archipelago with Robinson Crusoe Island. The area of the country is 756.945 sq. km.
By latitude, Chile is divided into three regions that differ sharply from each other in climate and relief: the Northern Desert (the desert region of Atacama), Central Chile (the Andean highlands) and Southern Chile (a hilly zone of dense forests in the foothills of the Southern Andes and a labyrinth of narrow straits and mountainous islands in the far south).
CAPITAL, LARGEST CITIES.
The capital of the country is Santiago. The most popular places in the country among tourists when implementing tours in Chile are: Easter Island, alluring with its mysteries and mystical history, the Atacama Desert with its unique landscapes, the Lake District and Chilean Patagonia, which amaze with their natural beauties, ski resorts
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Due to its great length from north to south, Chile has a fairly varied climate. Northern region is one of the driest in the world, but the temperature softens there due to the influence of the Humboldt current. The average monthly temperature in January in the city of Antofagasta is around 20°C, average temperature July - about 13°C. In Santiago, January temperatures range from 12°C to 29°C, while July temperatures range from 3°C to 15°C. Further south, temperatures drop and snowfalls occur in some places. The average annual temperature in Punta Arenas is around 7°C. Easter Island has an even subtropical climate, quite hot. In the area of the Strait of Magellan and on the island Tierra del Fuego cold, strong winds and low rainfall.
The best time for visiting:
- Santiago and the central region of the country - September-November;
- ski resorts- June August;
- Easter Islands - March.
POPULATION
The population is over 13.5 million people. Ethnic composition: descendants of Europeans (Spaniards, Italians, Germans) 25%, mestizos 70%, Indians (a small group of Araucan Indians lives mainly in the south of the country, between the cities of Concepción and Puerto Montt, Aymara Indians live in the far north of the country) 3% . A special group is also the population of Easter Island - the Rapanui.
Spanish ("castellano").
Catholics make up 89% of the population, Protestants 11%.
It lags behind Moscow in winter - by 6 hours, in summer - by 8 hours.
NATIONAL CUISINE, DRINKS
In Chile, any known fruits and a huge number of vegetables are grown - from avocados, papaya, grapes, bananas and pineapples to tomatoes, cucumbers and all kinds of wild berries. Even the kiwi was specially brought from New Zealand, and now it is also a Chilean product.
Many consider Chile to be the country with the most delicious seafood in the world (mariscos), which can be enjoyed in numerous eateries throughout the country. Chileans also love meat, especially chickens. One of the typical dishes is "casuela de ave", which is chicken soup with various spices, potatoes and noodles.
In general, Chile is considered one of the most Europeanized countries on the continent and the country's cuisine is very similar to European. Of course, there are also local dishes. For example, "curanto", common in the south of the country and on Easter Island. It can be conditionally called a kind of shish kebab - earthen shish kebab. The meat is placed underground, on hot stones, and a fire is kindled above it, and under the influence of fire and the resulting coals, well-seasoned meat is cooked. Empanadas are also popular - local pies, the filling of which can be the most diverse: meat, olives, and tuna. Another typical dish is soup from sea urchins. And although its taste can be argued, this iodine-rich dish is very loved by the Chileans. And, of course, a "faithful companion" of all dishes is a bottle of good Chilean wine, which deserves the highest ratings.
HOLIDAYS AND NON-WORKING DAYS
September 18 (Independence Day (1810)); November 1 (All Saints Day), December 25 (Christmas), May 21 (Navy Day).
New Year: On Easter Island, the year begins with the moment when the first egg of a swallow that arrived here in the spring is found. The one who finds this egg announces the coming of the New Year and becomes the most honorary citizen of the island for the next 12 months.
The monetary unit is the Chilean peso, equal to 100 centesimos. In circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000 pesos, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 pesos. V central regions, large stores and hotels accept credit cards of the world's leading systems and traveler's checks for payment, in the provinces this is often problematic.
TRANSPORT
Chile is one of the countries Latin America with the highest quality roads, as well as a country with an extensive network of railways and convenient air traffic. Representative office of Aeroflot in Santiago: Tel: 331-0244/5 (tickets). Address: Guardia Vieja 255 D/1008, Providencia, Santiago.
CUSTOMS REGULATIONS
Prohibited for import: unprocessed fruits and vegetables, seeds, grains, products of animal origin; firearms, ammunition or explosives; illegal drugs. Duty-free import of any personal items that were in use, including television, radio and video equipment, portable electronic computers, as well as cigarettes - up to 400 pcs., or tobacco - 500 gr., or cigars - up to 50 pcs., alcoholic beverages - up to 2.5 liters. Non-commercial purchases are also permitted at the Airport Duty-Free Shop for up to $500 USD. When entering the country, the following are subject to declaration: home furniture, tableware, linen products (bed linen), paintings and decorations, new household appliances and spare parts for it, all new goods or goods imported for commercial purposes. It is forbidden to export, without special permission, objects and things of historical, artistic or archaeological value, as well as weapons and rare representatives of flora and fauna. It is allowed to export wool and leather products, jewelry, souvenirs within the limits of personal needs, while you need to present a receipt from the store where these products were purchased. Import and export of currency is not limited, but is subject to declaration.
ELECTRICITY
220 Volt, 50 Hertz. To use electrical appliances rated at 110 volts, you will need a special adapter
Tips are 10% of the bill, often they are already included in the total amount. Taxi drivers don't require tips, but it's a good idea to round the fare at big side. In the markets and in private shops you can bargain.
EMERGENCY PHONES
Ambulance - 131, firemen - 132, police - 133, rescue service in the Andes - 136.
Municipal educational institution of the Russian Federation
Exam abstract
Theme: "Chile"
Completed by: Tsymbal Evgeny Alekseevich, student of 10 "A" class of secondary school No. 52
Accepted by: Ponomarenko L.I.
Vladivostok 2004
Plan:
1. Economy geographical position-
2. Historical background
3. Population (religion, etc.)
4. natural conditions and resources
5. Flora and fauna
6. general characteristics farms
7. Industry
8. Agriculture
9. Transport
10. Cities (millionaires, agglomerates)
11. Ecology
12. Conclusion
EGP
Chile is a country in the southwest of South America. In the North it borders on Peru, in the East - on Argentina and Bolivia, in the West it is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The territory includes the coastal islands of the Chilean archipelago (Chiloe, Wellington, Santa Ines, etc.), Western part O. Tierra del Fuego, as well as the islands in the Pacific Ocean - San Ambrosio, San Felix, Juan Fernandez, Sala y Gomez and about. Easter. Area 756.9 thousand sq. km 2 (according to the UN). The population is 10.45 million people. (1976). The capital is the city of Santiago. Administratively, Chile is divided into 12 regions, which are divided into 40 provinces. The capital of Chile - the city of Santiago with its environs - is allocated in a separate thirteenth region.
The length of the borders is 6171 km; with Argentina - 5150 km,
with Bolivia - 861 km, with Peru - 160 km. Length coastline 6435 km.
The territory of Chile is stretched along the coast of the Pacific Ocean for 4300 km and is mostly occupied by the Andes ranges (height up to 6880 m), between which lies the Longitudinal Valley - the main economic region country.
Chile is one of the relatively economically developed countries in Latin America. The share in GDP is: agriculture - 8%, industry - 38%, including mining - 8%. Chile occupies one of the leading places in the capitalist world in the extraction and export of copper, natural saltpeter, and molybdenum. Also mined iron ore, gold, silver, zinc, oil and natural gas, coal. Production
electricity 29.9 billion kW. h. The most developed food and light industry; mechanical engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, oil refining and petrochemical, pulp and paper and other industries are also developing. The basis of agriculture is crop production (wheat, barley, legumes, corn, potatoes). Fruit growing and viticulture; oilseeds, sugar beet, hemp, tobacco. Pasture animal husbandry, fishing and fishing for oysters, crabs, lobsters, and logging activities are also developed. The length of railways is 6.6 thousand km, roads - 79.7 thousand km. km. Major ports: Huasco, Valparaiso, Tocopilla. Export of copper, iron ore, saltpeter, iodine, paper, agricultural products, fishmeal. Main foreign trade partners: USA, Japan, Germany, Brazil. The monetary unit is the Chilean peso.
Historical references
In the 1530s, when the Spanish conquerors arrived in Chile, Native American peoples, including the Incas, lived here. The Spaniards enslaved the Indians, many of them died from diseases brought from Europe. Over time, the Spaniards and Indians intermarried, and today about three-quarters of the population of Chile are people of mixed origin.
The country freed itself from Spanish oppression in 1818 after the revolution. During the 19th century, Chile's economy experienced rapid ups and downs. The country was embroiled in a war with Bolivia and Peru, and also survived civil war. heavy economic situation Chile led to the fact that in the early 70s of the XX century, as a result of a military coup, the country's government was overthrown. The military dictatorship of General Pinochet continued until 1990, when a new government came to power after democratic elections.
Until recently, almost all of Chile's land was owned by a few wealthy Europeans. As a result of land reforms carried out by the government since the mid-60s, many large estates have been divided into parts and given into the possession of ordinary Chileans. Today, one-fifth of the working-age population of the country works in agriculture. Most Chileans - especially those from the middle class - live in cities.
Today Chile is a democratic state, its economy is developing successfully.
Capital of Chile a beautiful city Santiago de Chile grew up on the site of the Mission of Saint Jago, founded by the Spanish conquistadors. Here the Spaniards fought the Indians, and then a new nation - the Latin Americans fought for freedom against Spanish rule. Coups were made here and the military ruled. In short, the history of the city is a reflection of the turbulent history of Latin America.
Santa Lucia is in the center of Santiago. It is beautiful and at the same time the most old park Chilean capital. Below, at the foot of the mountain, is the Terrace of Neptune, and above, on the top of the mountain, perched a miniature medieval fortress. For 160 years, at exactly noon, a cannon shot from the bastions of this castle announces to the people of Santiago that a new day has arrived. It was on this hill that the Spanish conquistador Pedro di Valdivia stood in 1541, struck by the beauty of the picture that opened to him. A charming valley surrounded by gloomy mountains seemed to have been specially created for the construction of a large settlement. The Spaniard decided that best place he can't find.
by the most famous building in Santiago, of course, remains the palace of La Maneda. He became famous all over the world thanks to the military coup in 1973 and the death of President Salvador Allende here. However, few people know that La Maneda became the presidential palace only in the middle of the 19th century, and the last president who lived here was Carlos Ebanez del Campo, who left this dangerous post in Chile in 1958. The construction of the gray bulk of the majestic building of La Maneda began in 1788. The construction was carried out by the Italian architect Joaquin Tosca. True, the purpose of the building was completely different - the royal mint. The work was completed only in 1805, and Tosca took up the cathedral on the Place de Armas.
It was smashed first at the behest of Commodore di Valdivia back in 1541. From the very beginning, the Plaza de Armas became main square Santiago. Therefore, the first temple was laid here, on the site of which Tosca built a monumental Cathedral, the largest in Chile.
The square, of course, has changed a lot since the time of the Spanish colonization, but, as before, it remains one of the most popular places in the city. Here are the first post office and the museum national history. As is usually the case in such places, the favorite pastime of the townspeople remains feeding pigeons and aimlessly watching idle tourists. There is also an equestrian statue of the founder of the city. Iron Pedro di Valdivia coldly looks at the bustling crowds in the square that arose at his behest.
The Chilean campaign did not bring him the glory of Hernán Cortes or Francisco Pissarro. At first, there were no signs of trouble. The Indians of the central valley proved to be accommodating and obedient. On their lands, Santiago was founded. But then serious problems began. The Mapuche or Araucan Indians proved to be far more valiant rivals than the Aztecs or Incas. To die in battle for them was the highest good. What happened to the conquistador is not exactly known. It is believed that in 1544 Di Valdivia was captured, tied to a tree and beheaded. The shaman who executed the conquistador tore out the noble heart of the Spaniard and ate it. Later, the Araucans created a Spanish-type cavalry, learned to use guns, swords and cannons, and actively opposed the Europeans until the middle of the 19th century. Of course, in the end the Indians were subdued, but this sad story usually falls out of the general idyllic picture of the Spanish colonization of South America.
Pedro di Valdivia died, and the city he founded prospered. Santiago became the capital of Chile in 1818 with independence. Before that, it was the most common diamond in Spanish crown- one of the many cities of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Along the Mapoche River, which flowed through a fertile valley, more and more urban areas arose. Today they have become the oldest city blocks - Barrio Bellavista, Providencia, La Conde. Near them are charming city parks. The creators of the city tried to plan it in such a way that the space between the city blocks and the Andes approaching Santiago would be filled with parks. And if the Santa Lucia Park was the first, then the Metropolitano is one of the highest. Four hills, on which the park is located, rise above the city at an altitude of 800 meters.
To get up here, you can use the lift. old station park funicular, similar to a European castle, is located at the foot of the mountain in the Bario Bellavista quarter. This is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Santiago. Even today it retains its patriarchal appearance and way of life. Two-story mansions and old houses convey the unique atmosphere of old Santiago: shops and shops, small hotels, iron grates buried in flowers, quiet alleys, gray-haired caballeros strolling after breakfast. Bustle big city somewhere out there - on the main street of Alameda or the pedestrian alley of Aumada. And here the narrow streets come close to the foot of Mount San Cristobal. Some even crash into its spurs. The famous Chilean poet Pablo Neruda and his wife Matilda Urrutia once built a house on one of these plots. The house is literally cut into the rock. This building looks very picturesque. It seems that the building is literally hanging on the wall or wants to climb up.
It only takes a few minutes to get to the top of the mountain. The lift has been working well for decades. He lifted the first passengers to almost a kilometer height in 1925. Since then, day after day, he raises everyone to the top, from where an excellent view of the city opens and where a thirty-six-meter white stone statue of the Virgin Mary rises. In front of it is the platform where Pope John Paul II said Mass during his visit to Santiago in 1984.
This is one of the favorite places for young artists: a beautiful perspective, a projection, a temple and a monument, nature, a panorama of the city - all this is the best way to capture the superficial essence of the city. But in order to feel its atmosphere, this is certainly not enough.
Population
The population of Chile is 14,161,200 people.
Over 90% of the population of Chile are Chileans, by origin mainly Spanish-Indian mestizos. The Araucan Indians (Mapuche) live in the middle part of the country, small groups of Quechua and Aymara live in the far North, Fuegians live in the far South. Easter Island is inhabited by Polynesians (Rapanui). Official language- Spanish. By religion, the majority of the population is Catholic. Indians partially retain their languages and traditional beliefs. The official calendar is the Gregorian.
For 1971-76 population growth averaged 1.8% per year. The economically active population is 3.3 million people, including in agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting 28%, in the manufacturing industry 18%, in the mining industry 4%, in transport 6%, in the service sector, etc. 54% , including in trade 12%. The average density is about 14 people per 1 km 2. The most populated are the central provinces, where 1 km 2 accounts for up to 180 people and over 50% of the total population is concentrated, the least southern regions by density less than 1 person per 1 km 2. In the northern province, the population density is 2-3 people per 1 km 2. The urban population is 80.5%. 75% of it is concentrated in central Chile. The most important cities with a population of over 100 thousand people - Santiago with its suburbs - 3.4 million people - this is 30% of the country's population. largest cities are Valparaiso, Viña del Mar, Concepción, Talcahuano, Antofagasta, Temuco.
General demographics
Medical indicators
Education
Natural conditions and resources
Relief
In the relief of Chile, 3 longitudinal belts are well expressed: the Main Cordillera of the Andes in the East, the Coastal Cordillera in the West, and the intermountain depression between them. Coastal Cordillera up to 3200 m almost along its entire length it approaches the rectilinear abrasion-bay coast, south of 41 ° 30 "S. latitude it passes to Chiloe Island and other islands of South Chile. The longitudinal valley in the North (Pampa del Tamarugal and Atacama) is located at an altitude 1200 m, gradually decreases to Ancud Bay and then sinks under the ocean level, turning into a system of straits.
Home Cordillera Andes up to 6880 m(Ojos del Salado) faces Chile mainly with its western slopes (most of the border runs along the watershed). In the Northeast, within Chile, there is the southwestern part of the Central Andes highlands with a decrease in altitudes of 2000-3500 m(Puna de Atacama, etc.), framed from the West by the Cordillera-Domeiko ridge, and in the South and Southeast of Chile, the eastern slopes of the Andes and sections of the plains of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego near the Strait of Magellan belong. Up to 35°S sh. the peaks of the Andes often exceed 6000 m; most of them are cones of extinct and active volcanoes(Gualliatnri, San Pedro, Lullaillaco, Tupungato, Maipo, etc.). South Height Andes declining (San Valentin, 4058 m), volcanoes rise at the western foot (there are especially many active between 37 ° and 43 ° S), glaciation increases; coast south. Chile has a typical fjord character. The whole territory of Chile is very seismic.
Geological structure and minerals
The territory of Chile is located within the Andean (Cordillera) geosynclinal folded belt. Subsoil of Chile. characterized by a wide variety of minerals. Chile ranks first in the world (without socialist countries) in terms of copper reserves (94 million tons). T) and saltpeter, 2nd - molybdenum (2 million T) and 3rd - native sulfur (100 mln. T); there are deposits of ores of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, barite, etc., as well as oil, gas and coal. Among ore deposits- the world's largest porphyry copper deposits (Chukikamata, El Salvador, El Teniente, etc.), associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene volcano-plutonic complex. When perer, etc.............
General information:
The capital of Chile is Santiago.
The main port of the country and the seat of the National Congress is Valparaiso.
The largest cities in northern Chile are the ports of Antofagasta, Arica and Iquique.
The major cities of Central Chile include: Rancagua, Talca and Chillán. Concepción, the second largest city in the country.
The main city of the province of Coquimbo is La Serena.
South of the Bio Bio River, the main cities are: Temuco, Osorno, Puerto Montt and Valdivia.
In the extreme south there is only one city - Punta Arenas, located on the shores of the Strait of Magellan.
The official language is Spanish.
The dominant religion is Catholicism.
The currency of Chile is the Chilean peso (1000 escudos).
The capital of Chile - Santiago, is the center of political, economic, social and cultural life country. The population of the country, mostly of mixed origin (mestizo), is 14.8 million people. 86% of them are urban population, the remaining 14% are rural. The population density is approximately 20 people per 1 sq. km. Mount Ojos del Salado is the most high point countries (6893 m). Administrative-territorial division - 13 regions (including the Capital Region). Independence Day (September 18-19) is a national holiday. Chile has a Constitution adopted on March 11, 1981 after a referendum. The constitution provided for the continuation of Pinochet's rule for another 8 years, and most of the constitutional norms were suspended until 1990. The head of state is the president, he is also the head of government. The main industry is mining (copper and other metals).
Geographical position.
The Republic of Chile is located between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. southwest coast South America. The length of its territory from north to south from the city of Arica to Cape Horn is 4025 km, the area of the country is 756 thousand 600 sq. km, the width of its territory does not exceed 360 km. Chile is bordered to the north by Peru, to the east, beyond the Andes, by Bolivia and Argentina, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Chile has access to Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Magellan. Chile also owns several small islands in the Pacific Ocean: Easter Island, the Juan Fernandez group of islands, the Sala y Gomez, San Felix, San Ambrosio islands, and the Diego Ramirez Islands, 100 km southwest of Cape Horn .
Chile is divided into three geographical and climatic regions: northern (desert), southern and middle. The humid region of Central Chile is the most economically developed territory. Approximately 75% of the country's population is concentrated here.
Relief features.
In the relief of Chile, three zones are distinguished: the Andes mountain ranges, stretching along the border with Bolivia and Argentina; structural depression of the Central, or Longitudinal, valley, divided by the spurs of the Andes into separate depressions; and a series of plateaus ending in steep escarpments near the Pacific coast.
Middle Chile. Andes.
In the central part of the country between the cities of Coquimbo and Concepción, about a third of the area is occupied by the highlands of the Andes. The Andes form a single chain of a rather complex structure. It is dominated by the Tupungato and Maipo volcanoes, and further north by the Lullaillaco volcano and the second highest peak in the Western Hemisphere, Ojos del Salado. South of the city of Talca, west of the main ridge of the Andes, cones of active volcanoes stand out.
Coastal plateaus: Another third of the area is occupied by the coastal zone. It includes peneplain - flat remnants of the ancient denudation surface, having a height of 600 - 2150 m, and dissected by the valleys of small rivers originating on the eastern slope of the Andes. More major rivers, such as Bio-Bio and Maule, form wide valleys and reach the Pacific Ocean. The coast is mostly steep, and only in some places is protected by rocky capes.
Central, or Longitudinal, Valley: The area separating the Andes from the coastal zone, divided by highlands and spurs of mountains into separate depressions. One or more rivers flow in each of them. Between the cities of Santiago and Concepción, the mountain spurs are low, some depressions between them merge into a common surface. Further north, a mountain range separates the Aconcagua River Valley from Santiago. Further north, the spurs of the Andes reach the zone of coastal plateaus, and the Central Valley narrows and disappears. The bottom of the valley has a general slope to the south.
Northern Chile.
Along west coast the continent extends into a desert region. Within the territory of Chile, it is called Atacama, and stretches for almost 1.3 thousand km. The area between the cities of Copiapó and Arica is a series of dry depressions and salt marshes with rare oases and rivers, the largest of which is Loa. The ocean coast is surrounded by hills. The cities of Caldera, Antofagasta and Iquique are located at the base of the mountain slopes. Each of these port cities is approached railways, they link cities to mining operations in the interior. South of the city of Copiapo, the chain of oases in the foothills, located on the rivers Huasco, Elqui, Limari and Copiapo, continues further south, into the territory of Central Chile.
Southern Chile.
Central Valley: south of the Bio Bio River, open landscapes of Central Chile give way to dense forests, this area continues south to the city of Puerto Montt. In Southern Chile, the Central Valley has a dissected relief, complicated in the eastern part by hills and ridges of glacial moraines. Near the city of Puerto Monta, the floor of the Central Valley drops below sea level. Further above the surface of the water rise Mountain peaks separated by narrow straits. A series of mountainous islands and narrow straits goes further south, along the shores of Tierra del Fuego.
Southern Andes: between the cities of Concepción and Puerto Montt, the Andes average about 3,000 meters high. Here are glacial valleys, mountain peaks, lakes and waterfalls, which can be considered the most beautiful in the world.
Coastal plateaus: the height of the coastal plateaus in southern Chile near the city of Valdivia is 1.5 thousand meters and gradually decreases to the south. On the island of Chiloe, the surface of the plateau drops almost to the level of the ocean.
Climate and natural vegetation of Chile.
The large extent of the country from north to south, the Pacific zone of high atmospheric pressure, the direct influence of the ocean and the cold Peruvian current passing near the coast, explains the very diverse climatic conditions Chile.
Central Chile.
This area with mild winters and dry warm summer. Precipitation, mainly in the form of winter showers, is accompanied by an intrusion of moist masses of Antarctic air. In summer, formed in Pacific Ocean anticyclone prevents their occurrence. The cold waters of the Peruvian Current along the coast narrow the range of seasonal temperature differences, however, in the interior of the country, the temperature can drop to -1 in winter and rise to +31 in summer. On the coast, the main type of vegetation is broad-leaved woodlands. In the southern part, higher rainfall favors the development of southern beech forests. At present, this forest is mostly cut down.
Atacama Desert.
This area is characterized by an almost complete absence of precipitation from the ocean itself to the level of eternal snows. Dense fogs rising over the cold coastal waters maintain a relative humidity of about 81% in port cities. The inner regions of the Atacama are drier, in winter the temperature often drops to freezing level, this is accompanied by the formation of dense fog in the morning hours. Most of the Atacama is almost devoid of vegetation. The grasses and sparse vegetation of the coastal plateaus are nourished by moisture obtained only from fog and dew.
South of Chile.
Western winds prevail here and there is a large amount of precipitation. Winters in these latitudes are quite mild. The Chilean archipelago is one of the rainiest and wettest places, with frequent snowfall south of Puerto Montt. On the open slopes, about 51 cm of precipitation falls, and the sun shines faintly through only about 50 days a year. The vegetation is a dense temperate forest of coniferous and laurel species with a well-developed shrub undergrowth, the further south, the lower the trees. In the area of the Strait of Magellan and on the island of Tierra del Fuego, strong winds and low rainfall make it possible to develop only herbaceous vegetation: mosses, ferns and dwarf trees.
Ethnic composition of the population and language.
Approximately two-thirds of the inhabitants are descended from mixed marriages between Europeans and Indians. The colonists from Spain - the Basques, made an impressive contribution to ethnic composition Chileans. The Irish, Scots and English arrived here later. German immigrants and small groups of immigrants from Italy and Switzerland arrived in the country in the middle of the 19th century.
A strong and freedom-loving people, the Araucans live mainly in the south of the country, in the territory between the cities of Puerto Montt and Concepción. A small group of Aymara Indians live in northern Chile. The population of Easter Island is a special group - the Rapanui.
Approximately 90% of Chileans live in the area between Puerto Montt and Coquimbo, and in Central Chile, which is part of this area north of the Bio Bio River, approximately 2/3 of the country's population. southern part Chile is sparsely populated, the population is concentrated mainly in the Punta Arenas region, near the eastern part of the Strait of Magellan. In the northern part of Chile, in the areas of Tarapaca, Antofagasta and Atacama, only about 7% of the population lives.
Spanish is the official language in Chile and is spoken by most of the inhabitants. Although many natives continue to speak German and Araucano, almost all of them speak Spanish tolerably.
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work, materials from the site were used.
