National parks and reserves

1. Introduction

2. Characteristics of national parks

3. The first national parks

4. The goals of creating national parks and reserves

5. Large national parks

6. Conclusion

7. List of used literature

Introduction

National parks are declared territories that include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and intended for use in nature conservation, educational, scientific, cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

Travel associated with risk and nature is now the most promising and intensively developing areas of recreational activity. Many people, especially from developed countries, are ready to spend significant sums of money to break away from the civilized world that surrounds them in everyday life. In addition, an increasing number of domestic tourists visit the protected areas. However, although the desire of tourists to visit untouched natural areas is growing, it is becoming more difficult to maintain protected areas in a satisfactory condition due to the growing anthropogenic pressure. There is an urgent need to align tourism management with protected areas.

The nature of our planet is amazingly rich and diverse. The world is full of amazing creations. Where man does not interfere, nature lives and is formed according to perfect laws established by the Creator. But with the advent of civilization, everything changes. Unfortunately, since time immemorial, man has killed animals and cut down forests. Over time, people populated almost the entire planet. As a result of human activity, many plants and animals have lost their habitats or even disappeared from the face of the Earth. In the twentieth century, environmental pollution has become a real problem for almost the entire planet. On many beaches around the world, plastic packaging is scattered, which will remain in this form for several decades. Less noticeable is the harmful industrial waste, which is usually tried to be buried somewhere. But the saying: out of sight - out of mind, in this case is not true. Waste can enter underground water systems and cause serious harm to human and animal health. "We don't know what to do with all the chemicals produced by modern industry," admitted a Hungarian scientist from the Budapest Institute of Hydrology. "We can't even keep track of them."

Tourism and nature can come into conflict. At the same time, tourism harms the environment and natural resources. Environmentalists are beginning to resist such tourism through the introduction of bans and restrictions.

The reasons for this, most often, lie in mismanagement, lack of understanding that the goals of both sides largely coincide, in the absence of the necessary planning and assessment of the consequences for the development of tourism.

Characteristics of national parks

National parks are nature conservation, environmental education and research institutions, the territories of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in nature conservation, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

The land, waters, mineral resources, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for the use of parks on the basis of rights stipulated by federal laws. Historical and cultural objects, put under state protection in accordance with the established procedure, are transferred to the use of national parks only by agreement with the state body for the protection of historical and cultural monuments. In some cases, land plots of other users, as well as owners, may be located within the boundaries of parks. National parks have the exclusive right to acquire these lands at the expense of the federal budget and other sources not prohibited by law. These parks are exclusively federal property. Buildings, structures, historical, cultural and other real estate objects are assigned to national parks on the basis of operational management. A particular park functions on the basis of a regulation approved by the state body in charge of which it is located, in agreement with the specially authorized state body of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. A protected zone with a limited nature management regime is being created around the national park.

Human activities often cause irreparable damage to nature. For example, over the past 40 years, 50 percent of the forests in the Nepalese Himalayas have been cleared, which were used either for fuel or for woodworking. Realization of this fact led to the fact that people began to create protected areas. Even in very ancient times, people were concerned about the preservation of individual - the most valuable from their point of view - natural sites or objects. For example, it is believed that the first protected area in Sri Lanka was created as early as the 3rd century BC. The first mentions of the conservation status of the territory now known as Ishkel National Park date back to the 13th century, when the Hafsid dynasty, then ruling in the Arab Caliphate, prohibited hunting in the vicinity of the lake. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the nobility took care of maintaining the productivity of their hunting grounds. For this, special areas were allocated, where, for the purpose of reproducing game, any hunting was temporarily prohibited, and the punishment for violating the ban was rather severe. Belovezhskaya Pushcha has been known as a protected natural area since the late 14th - early 15th centuries, when the Grand Duke Yagailo declared it a nature reserve.

When introducing the category of a national park into the system of protected areas, experts discussed the possible advantage of any of the functions over others, and the point of view of the dominance of recreational goals and functions in their general set was quite widespread. This understanding brought the national park closer to an ordinary recreation area or to other similar recreational areas. It would mean that the park does not have an independent environmental load and only recreation resources are protected in it. The idea of ​​a park as a recreational institution impoverishes its natural and cognitive content. In addition, it contradicts the world understanding of the essence of the national park, enshrined in international documents. The interests of nature conservation and cognitive recreation in the park are territorially delimited by zoning its territory. The Standard Regulations for Russian National Parks provide for the allocation of four zones with different modes of use: reserved regime, regulated recreational use, visitor services, and economic use. The main burden of educational tourism and sightseeing visits is borne by the zone of regulated recreational use. In it, vacationers move along pre-prepared trails of multi-day tourist or one-day excursion routes. For rest or overnight stay in specially designated places. The routes are laid out so that the visitor can see all the diversity of the nature of the park and get acquainted with remarkable places without experiencing unpleasant psychological overloads from the neighborhood with other vacationers. In the park, a person gets the opportunity to communicate with nature, and a preliminary visit to an information center or a nature museum, specially published reference books, educational and ecological paths, and sometimes the help of a guide will help him to understand it better.

First national parks

The main goal of national parks is the preservation of natural complexes and objects in combination with the organization of environmental education of the population in the process of direct acquaintance with typical and unique landscapes, plants and animals. As in the reserves, they protect the standards of natural complexes and the gene pool of typical and rare organisms. Like nature reserves, these parks protect the resources of flora and fauna, valuable and unique landscapes or their individual components. But at the same time, the specific tasks of national parks, which distinguish them from other categories of protected lands, are the preservation of unique recreational resources in a relatively unspoiled nature and the creation of conditions for educational tourism and the organization of environmental education.

The first state reserves that protected natural societies appeared in the 16th century. but first national park was discovered only at the end of the 19th century, in the USA. This really high honor was awarded to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. In 1916, the National Park Service was established in the United States. US national parks such as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.

Since then, many parks have been opened on all continents. The first national park in Europe was established in 1914 in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Then, in 1922, the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy was opened. The first national park in France was Vanoise, created in 1963. It borders the Italian Gran Paradiso for 14 kilometers. There are seven national parks in France, three of which are located in the Alpine crescent, stretching from France to Austria.

Other national parks are also located in the alpine crescent: Berchtesgaden in Germany, Hohe Tauern in Austria, Stelvio in Italy and Triglav in Slovenia.

The first state reserve in Russia is considered to be the Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It was established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General in May 1916, and at the beginning of 1917 the creation of the Barguzinsky Reserve was formalized by a corresponding government decree.

Before him, there were only local hunting reserves and private reserves in Russia.

There is evidence that the Sayansky Reserve began to function a little earlier than the Barguzinsky Reserve, however, at that time it was not officially registered.

The goals of creating national parks and reserves

The main goal of creating national parks and reserves is to protect living organisms balancing on the brink of extinction. Without protected areas, elephants, rhinos, bison and bison would have remained only in zoos, and some animals, such as Komodo dragons - giant monitor lizards that live only in Komodo National Park (on the island of the same name), would have disappeared altogether. However, despite the common name, each national park was created for its own specific purpose. The purpose of the creation of Yellowstone National Park was, for example, the preservation of unique geothermal phenomena. Grasslands National Park in Canada is the only park in North America designed to preserve the herb prairie. Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina was created primarily to preserve unique glaciers such as Perito Moreno and the like. Florida Everglades National Park was founded not for breathtaking views, but for an abundance of life forms.

In terms of protecting vast areas of wildlife, the objectives of national parks and reserves are very similar. Their goal is to preserve unique natural formations, maintain biological and landscape diversity, and preserve the gene pool of wild plants and animals. At the same time, the nature conservation regime of reserves (outside the former USSR they are called reserves) is more strict. Only scientific activities and only occasionally tourism are allowed here. In national parks, tourism (ecological tourism) is given special attention. An example of this is Africa's national parks such as the Serengeti, Nairobi, Masai Mara or the Kruger National Park. In the parks, active work is also carried out on environmental education of the population, and sometimes economic activities are allowed (subject to its environmental safety).

Large national parks

Africa Kruger National Park.

Kruger National is the largest nature reserve in the South African region. It is comparable in size to the territory of Israel and Wales. Its area is 20,000 sq. Km. The park stretches 350 km from north to south and 60 km from east to west along the border with Mozambique, between the rivers Krokodilova and Limpopo. In addition, the Kruger Park is crossed by four large rivers that divide it into conventional parts.

The Kruger National Park was created in 1898 as a nature reserve at the initiative of the President of the Transvaal P. Kruger. The reserve received the status of a national park in 1926. Kruger National Park is included in the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List.
The Kruger National Park is unsurpassed in the diversity of flora and fauna presented here. The northern part of the park has the highest concentration of wildlife in the world. The park is inhabited by: elephant, hippo, white rhino, giraffe, 17 species of antelope, lion, leopard, crocodiles and other animals.

North America. Yellowstone National Park.

The area of ​​Yellowstone National Park is about 900,000 hectares. The park is located in Wyoming (USA). In this area, the sources of the largest rivers in North America are located: Snake, Missouri, Yellowstone, flowing from the high-mountain lake of the same name. The lake is adjacent to the Central Plateau from the south. The height of the Yellowstone Plateau ranges from 1710 m (in the north) to 3463 m (in the central part of the park). Yellowstone is home to some 10,000 geothermal natural wonders. The Continental Divide runs along the high plateau of the Rocky Mountains. From here the rivers flow both to the east and to the west, but part of the water seeps inward. This explains the amazing natural phenomena of Yellowstone. The plateau was once shaken by powerful volcanic eruptions. Thousands of years ago, as a result of one of them, a giant crater 75 kilometers long and 45 kilometers wide was formed. Molten rock - still "does not sleep" under the earth's crust, maintaining the heat in the Yellowstone "cauldron".

Europe. Vanoise

The Vanoise National Park is the first national park in France. It was founded in 1963. The reason for the creation of the park was the threat of complete extermination of stone goats in this area. Definitely, Vanoise can be called the main national park of France. The Vanoise National Park is located south of the Mont Blanc mountain range and stretches along the Alps in the Savoy region. It is a relatively small park. The park is divided into two zones: the central one has a length of 528 sq. Km. and the peripheral zone - 1450 sq. km. The peripheral zone was created to protect wildlife in the central zone in order to preserve it in its original form. The peripheral zone makes it possible to further restrict the access of people to these beautiful wild lands. For 14 kilometers, the Vanoise National Park is bordered by the Italian Gran Paradiso National Park. Both parks make up the largest protected area in Western Europe. A project has been prepared for opening the border between them.

Belarus. Belovezhskaya Pushcha

Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the oldest national park in Europe. It was founded in 1939. This is the largest remnant of the relict primeval lowland forest, which in prehistoric times grew in Europe. Gradually, it was cut down and in a relatively undisturbed state in the form of a large massif was preserved only in the Bialowieza region (the territory of Belarus and Poland). In 1992, by the decision of UNESCO, the State National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" was included in the List of World Heritage of Humanity. In 1993 it was awarded the status of a biosphere reserve, and in 1997 it was awarded a diploma from the Council of Europe. Contrary to popular belief, the name does not come from the watchtower in Kamenets, since it was nicknamed "Belaya Vezha" only in the 19th century, and was whitewashed even later - under Soviet rule.

Russia. Yugyd Va

The Yugyd Va National Park was created on April 23, 1994 by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation in order to preserve the unique natural complexes of the Northern and Subpolar Urals, which are of great ecological, historical and recreational importance. The name of the national park "Yugyd Va" is translated from the Komi language as "pure water". Located in the Northern and Subpolar Urals in the south-east of the Komi Republic. The total area of ​​the park is 1 891 701 hectares, including the water area of ​​21 421 hectares. As of 2006, it is the largest national park in Russia. The territory of the park is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests". The national park occupies the western slopes of the polar and northern Ural mountains and is located in the highest mountainous part of them, on the border of Asia and Europe. Its territory covers three administrative regions of the Komi Republic: Pechorsky, Vuktylsky and Intinsky. There are no local residents on the territory of the national park itself. The forested area is 985.8 thousand hectares (51%). Among non-forest lands: mountain formations - about 800 thousand hectares (42%), swamps - about 50 thousand hectares (5%), water - about 20 thousand hectares (1%).

Conclusion

The National Park is an environmental educational institution in which the goals of preserving natural complexes and objects are combined with the interests of organizing environmental education of the population. It is designed to fulfill a range of conservation tasks in common with those of other protected areas. If the reserve serves as a natural standard for obtaining scientific information, then the national park is the standard of cognitive information about nature for all citizens.

Lands developed by agriculture can also be included in the park, mainly in order to ensure the integrity of the territory and compliance with the necessary requirements for the exploitation of resources on lands adjacent to specially protected areas of nature. They are allocated to a special economic zone. These territories remain under the jurisdiction of the former land users, however, the economy on them is conducted in such a way as not to conflict with the nature protection interests of the national park. At the same time, the task is to create environmentally friendly agricultural production and a harmonious agricultural landscape worthy of being an example. One of the important problems is related to the organization of recreational services in the national park. It offers the visitor a fundamentally different type of recreation than in ordinary recreational areas. Man is allowed into nature as a guest, and his presence should not leave any traces in it. The adaptation of the recreation environment is limited to minimal intervention.

Bibliography

1. Borisov V.A., Belousova L.S., Vinokurov A.A. Protected natural areas of the world. National parks, reserves, reserves: a Handbook. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985

2. Zabelina N.M. Travel through the national park. - M .: FiS, 1990.

3. Bobrov R. Everything about national parks. Publishing house "Young Guard". Moscow. 1987 year

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Everyone knows what a nature reserve and national parks are. Perhaps they just do not quite accurately understand the difference between one concept and another. Let's try to figure it out.

What are national parks

To understand what a nature reserve and national parks are, you need to know the exact definition of these concepts. So, national parks are special natural areas on land or water, where human activities are completely or partially prohibited. The main goal is security environment, i.e., the preservation of valuable natural complexes, animal and flora... These places are open to free visits by nature lovers and tourists.

In addition to nature conservation purposes, they are research institutions, and also perform an environmental and educational role. It is important to understand that territories and individual real estate objects that belong to these natural complexes are of particular ecological, aesthetic and historical value for the state. They are also excellent locations for international regulated tourism.

All national parks in our country are owned Russian Federation... Historical and cultural real estate objects are assigned to them on the basis of operational management. The territory of the national parks is limited to a protected zone with an orderly regime of nature management and visits.

What are reserves

Reserves are distinguished by the fact that in their territories it is strictly forbidden not only any kind economic activity but also finding people there. According to the law of the Russian Federation, these territories are transferred to reserves for unlimited use. It is our country that is famous for a large number of state protected areas, while there are only a few of them in the world.

There are nature reserves and national parks in Russia in almost all regions, therefore, they are distinguished by a specific landscape, unique representatives of flora and fauna, most of which are listed in the Red Book and are carefully protected by the state.

The tasks of the reserve

The reserves are objects of federal significance, therefore, funds are allocated annually from the country's budget for their maintenance. and national parks can be understood in terms of the main tasks they perform. So, the tasks of the reserve are:

• taking all necessary measures to preserve and enhance the biological diversity of protected natural complexes, to maintain them in their natural state in protected areas;
• research work;
• holding environmental monitoring, as well as the implementation of environmental education of the population;
• assistance in the training of specialists in environmental protection;
• participation in environmental state expertise in the design of the location of objects of economic and other activities.

Territories of Russian nature reserves exclude the use of mineral resources, water, plants and hunting for animals, since they are of particular value for world science. They are samples of living nature, typical for a particular region, and contribute to the preservation of the genetic fund of rare representatives of flora and fauna.

The main tasks of national parks

The main tasks of national parks are:

• preservation of the integrity and uniqueness of natural sites and historical and cultural sites located within them;
• restoration of damaged historical, cultural and natural sites;
• creation of optimal conditions for regulated tourism and cultural recreation of citizens;
• practical use of new ones in the field of nature protection;
• environmental education.

Nature reserves and national parks are objects of federal importance, financed from funds allocated from the federal budget.

Natural parks

It is clear what a nature reserve and national parks are. And how do the so-called natural parks? The fact is that in terms of their status and tasks, they are similar to national ones. The main difference is that they do not have federal status and are under the jurisdiction of the republic, territory or region in which they are located. Accordingly, funding is provided from the local budget. For example, in the Urals "Taganai" is a national park, and "Chusovaya River" and "Olenyi Ruchyi" are already unique natural parks.

National parks of Russia

Currently, there are more than 40 national parks in Russia, each of which is distinguished by special natural attractions, be it animals, birds, unique plants or historical sites real estate.

The championship in the number of national parks rightfully belongs to the North-West federal district Russia, especially Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region. Spread out here unique parks: Vodlozersky, Kenozersky, Kalevalsky, "Russian Arctic", Valdaysky and many others.

Nature reserves and national parks of the world

More than 38 reserves occupy vast, many kilometers of territory of Russia. These include: Altai, Baikalsky, Bashkirsky, Barguzinsky, Darvinsky, Zavidovsky, Kandalaksha, Ilmensky, Komsomolsky, Kedrovaya Pad, Kronotsky, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Sayano-Shushensky, Caucasian and many others.

Among them are reserves and national parks of the tundra: Kandalaksha, Pechora-Ilychsky, Taimyr, Big Arctic, "Yugyd Va", Laplandsky. Scientists are studying typical tundra ecological systems, as well as observing rare birds (polar partridge, peregrine falcon), a unique population of wild reindeer, arctic fox and representatives of the aquatic fauna (whitefish, salmon, etc.).

In Siberia, the tundra stretches along a narrow coastal strip and reaches a maximum width of 500 km (from northeastern Russia to the south, to the northern part of Kamchatka). Most of the northern part of Sweden is also occupied by the tundra strip of Swedish Lapland. Small areas of tundra are found in Finland, Norway, Iceland. Therefore, controlled nature conservation objects have also been created here.

Famous reserves and national parks of the world that protect the flora and fauna of the tundra ecosystems: Urho-Kekkonen and Lemmenjoki, owned by Finland; “Abisko”, referring to Sweden; Norwegian Hardangervidda.