Volcanic activity is one of the forces of nature that can change the face of the Earth. And at the moment, the underground forces continue their titanic work. Made from many layers of lava, monstrous in size, the largest volcanoes in the world lurk under the water surface or hang over the nearby cities.
Which of them are considered the largest? Scientists have not yet come to a consensus. Some believe that it is necessary to build a rating according to the height above sea level. Others - what to consider is the area over which the lava flows are spreading, forming a new surface. Still others - that the human factor is important first of all: the danger to human settlements.
10. Etna - height 3295 meters
The highest volcano in Europe is located on the island of Sicily and is still active. The last eruption began on December 25, 2018. Due to frequent eruptions, it is impossible to accurately determine its height - it is constantly changing. For example, over the past 30 years, Etna has "lost" more than 20 meters in height. At the moment, it rises above the island at 3295 m.
The mountain is famous for its nasty character - its slopes are dotted with craters, from where once every couple of months lava is steadily pouring out. About once a century, eruptions are larger, posing a direct threat to human settlements inhabiting the slopes. However, this does not stop stubborn people - due to frequent eruptions, the soil on the slopes of the mountain is rich in elements useful for plants that allow you to harvest large crops.
9. Erebus - 3794 meters
If the rest of the volcanoes are in the inhabited part of the world, then Erebus is located on the uninhabited continent of Antarctica. It is the largest active volcano in the south polar region. Despite the lifeless ice spaces surrounding it, Erebus leads a very active life. And his geographic location- exactly over several faults crust- contributes to this a lot.
Despite the fact that people do not live near Erebus, it still affects their lives in a negative sense. From the depths of the volcano, streams of gases contained inside the Earth periodically burst outward, mainly methane and hydrogen, which destroy the ozone layer. It is believed that the smallest thickness of the ozone sea is exactly in the area of the volcano.
8. Klyuchevskaya Sopka - 4835 meters
Like Etna, the height of the Klyuchevskoy volcano is constantly changing. Although it lost about 15 meters after an eruption five years ago, it still remains the tallest active volcano in Russia and Asia.
Although, in comparison with other peaks of Kamchatka, the Klyuchevsky volcano loses in frequency, it successfully compensates for this with its power. For example, the 1938 eruption lasted 13 months and caused the appearance of several craters up to 1900 m high. And the 1980 eruption tore off and threw a block of ice with an area of at least half a kilometer into the air to a height of more than 500 m.
But the most spectacular and most terrible was the eruption of 1994, when an impressive column of ash with a height of more than 12 km rose above the volcano, and a plume of volcanic ash extended from the ejection site for many tens of kilometers and disappeared somewhere in the ocean.
7. Orizaba - 5636 meters
“It must be that the top of the volcano touches the sky itself,” the ancient Incas probably thought and gave it the name Sitlaltepetl, or “Star Mountain”. It is the tallest active volcano in North and Central America and the third largest peak in the region. It can be seen from afar - many miles before the coast, the cone of Orizaba can be seen from the side of the ship following through the Gulf of Mexico to the port of Veracruz.
Although the volcano is now asleep, its calmness is deceiving - it led a very active existence from the moment the conquistadors came to these places until the 19th century, and in last years the station located at its foot recorded constant internal activity.
6. Elbrus - 5642 meters
The most high mountain at the same time it is the largest volcano in Russia and Europe. Glaciers descending from the snow-covered surface give rise to several significant rivers that feed the plains of the Caucasus region.
In addition to beauty, the snow-white cone with two peaks and a small saddle between them has a meek and peaceful character. Elbrus has been sleeping for a long time, and last eruption was over 5000 years ago. Despite the outward severity, climbing Elbrus is easy and simple - climbing routes to the top of the sleeping patriarch are one of the most uncomplicated.
5. Kilimanjaro - 5885 meters
Gorgeous handsome Kilimanjaro - business card Africa, its most big volcano... The sleeping giant is actually three volcanic cones that are visible from almost anywhere in neighboring Tanzania and Kenya.
Unlike many volcanoes in the rating, Kilimanjaro is the most famous volcano in the world, a typical stratovolcano. If you ask a child to depict him, most likely, he will draw a conical mountain, from the top of which ash, burning gases and very viscous lava are erupting, which quickly solidifies, building a cone higher and higher. This is a stratovolcano. The size of Kilimanjaro is 4800 km3, and its height is 5885 m. The volcano was last active at the dawn of mankind - 360,000 years ago.
4. Ojos del Salado - 6,893 meters
If the second and third places in the rating are the largest volcanoes in the world, if you count from the seabed, then Ojos del Salado is the highest volcano in the world, located above the sea surface. It rises 6,893 m above the ground. The giant mountain is located on the border between Argentina and Chile.
Although the last active eruption of the volcano occurred even before the invention of writing by mankind - no data about it survived - however, Ojos del Salado cannot be called sleeping in the full sense of the word. In the depths of a huge mountain, as if a mysterious hidden work is taking place, the echo of which reaches the terrestrial inhabitants in the form of clouds of steam and ash. The last such activity took place quite recently - in 1993.
3. Mauna Loa - 9800 meters
Mauna Loa is an underwater volcano whose peak (along with five others) caused Big Island archipelago of Hawaii. The size of Mauna Loa is 40,000 km3, the area is 75,000 m2, and the height (if you count from the seabed) is as much as 9800 m.And it is the highest active volcano in the world - the last eruption of Mauna Loa was only 34 years ago, in 1984 year. In total, over the past 170 years, Mauna Loa has scared people with its activity, throwing out lava, 33 times.
2. Mauna Kea - 10,058 meters
"Sister" Mauna Loa rises almost 4267 meters above sea level. It seems to be a little, right? However, there is more potential hidden in Mauna Kea than it seems at first glance - its base is located deep under the water column at a depth of more than 6,000 m. This is what Mauna Kea does. If it were completely located on land, it would break the record of all the highest volcanoes in the world, bypassing the "land" favorite Ojos del Salado by almost 3000 m.
At the top of Mauna Kea, humidity is very low and there are almost never clouds - now there is one of the largest observatories in the world.
Mauna Kea arose over a hot spot of the earth - a place where hot and molten magma rises from the mantle layer of the Earth. For millions of years, molten rock escaping outward has created the surface of the entire Hawaiian archipelago. Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano; this means that it has been inactive for over 4,000 years, and the hot spot of magma outcropping has shifted. However, inaction does not mean that he will doze forever.
1. The largest volcano in the world: Tamu Massif - 4000 meters
"How, only 4000 meters - and the largest volcano in the world?" - the reader may be indignant. Yes, Tamu's height is not very impressive. But let's take a closer look at it from all sides.
Most of the largest natural objects in the world were discovered by mankind long ago, at the dawn of its existence. But the Tamu massif - the largest volcano on planet Earth - has managed to hide from people for many years.
It is striking that humanity knew more about the huge volcanoes on Mars than about the giant mountain under its very nose. The reason for this is both its remote location (it is more than 1,600 km east of Japan) and its depth. Its summit is immersed in the thickness of the World Ocean for 2000 km. It was only in 2013 that scientists discovered that the striking lava mountain at the bottom of the ocean is in fact one and only volcano.
Its volume is approximately 2.5 million km3, and its area is more than 311 km2. Fortunately, he has been sleeping for a long time - the last eruption of Tamu was about 144 million years ago.
The most dangerous volcano in the world
Supervolcano Yellowstone is considered the most active and dangerous today. Located in a national park in the United States, it poses a huge threat not only to the state of Wyoming, but to the entire planet. It is believed that the eruption of the Yellowstone Volcano could lead to climate change throughout the Earth.
As a result of the disaster, more than 70% of the US territory will be destroyed. Magma and pellets will cover the area with a 3-meter layer. The losses will amount to more than 10 million lives, and the territory will turn into uninhabited due to high level radiation.
Today, visits to the park are limited; in some areas, entry is completely prohibited. Scientists are carefully examining the caldera, and the eruption could begin in the coming decades.
Volcanoes have always evoked a lot of emotions in humans - from panic horror and fear to admiration and admiration for the incredible power of nature. Volcanic peaks are located almost all over the planet and regularly make themselves felt, spewing tons of ash into the air. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the ranking of the top 10 highest active volcanoes, each of which is distinguished by its grandeur and unpredictability.
10. Cameroon (Fako), 4100 meters
Fako is the highest point of Cameroon, an active volcano. The last major eruption was recorded in 2000. Richard Francis Burton is the first European to conquer the volcano. This happened in 1895.
9. Mauna Loa, 4169 meters
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Highest active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Belongs to shield volcanoes, it has rather gentle slopes with a weakly expressed flat top.
The greatness and extraordinary beauty of the mountains leaves few people indifferent. Sometimes the snow-capped ridges inspire fear, sometimes they fascinate, inspire, beckon ...
8. Klyuchevskaya Sopka, 4835 meters
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Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest active volcano on the Eurasian continent, located in Kamchatka. This is a fairly active volcano, eruptions occur here almost every two years. In this regard, the height Klyuchevskoy Sopka- the value is not constant.
7. Sangay, 5230 meters
Located in Ecuador, on the territory of the park of the same name, it is part of the Andes mountain system. The toponym is translated from the Indian as "to scare", and this is not surprising - Sangay is one of the most restless volcanoes on the continent. Sangay has three huge craters, which is not typical for andesitic stratovolcanoes. According to researchers, the volcano was formed about 14 thousand years ago. Since 1934, Sangay has erupted regularly, with the last peak in activity in 2016. The rarest representatives of the fauna are found around the volcano: ocelots, cougars, tapirs, Andean bears and porcupines.
6. Popokatepetl, 5426 meters
It is an active volcano located in Mexico, part of the Cordillera mountain system. Translated from the local language - "smoking hill" and is located next to another volcano - Istaxihuatl. The most famous ancient literary work is written about these peaks - the legend of Popocatepetl and Istaxihuatl. The first ascent was made in 1519 by Diego de Ordaz.
5. Orizaba, 5636 meters
The second name is Sitlaltepetl, which means "star-mountain". Orizaba is the highest Mexican peak and is located in mountain system Cordillera. Geographically, the volcano is located in two states - Puebla and Veracruz. The stratovolcano is in a state of relative dormancy today, and the last time it erupted in 1846. In total, 27 periods of activity were recorded, including in the middle of the 16th and 17th centuries. Orizaba for the Incas has always been sacred mountain, with which many legends and myths were associated. Since 1936, a nature reserve has been established on the volcano with the aim of protecting Orizaba from unauthorized ascents. Hundreds of climbers come here every year, for whom there are many routes of varying degrees of difficulty. The most favorable time to climb to the top is from mid-autumn to early spring.
4. Misty, 5822 meters
Located in South America, territorially belongs to Peru, in the winter months it is almost completely covered with snow. In 17 km from the stratovolcano there is a small town of Arequipa, whose population is more than 1 million people. In the country locality known as the "White City" due to the fact that most of the buildings were erected from snow-white volcanic deposits. The Chile River flows past Misty, in the south of the summit there is another volcano - Pichu Pichu. The last eruption was recorded in 1985; in just a century, activity was manifested 5 times. In the 16th century, the inhabitants of Arequipa had to leave the city due to an extremely violent eruption, with huge ash emissions. At the end of the 20th century, mummified remains of the ancient Incas and a number of valuable artifacts were discovered on the slopes of El Misti. All found bodies and household items are kept today in the museum of the Andean sanctuaries.
South America is something unattainable and exotic for us. A lot of literary works have been written about these places, a huge amount has been filmed ...
3. Cotopaxi, 5897 meters
The toponym is translated from the Quechua language as "shining mountain". Cotopaxi is located in South America, in Ecuador and is the second highest peak in the country. The volcano belongs to the Eastern Cordillera ridge, has a crater measuring 550 by 800 meters, with a depth of almost half a kilometer. For the period from 1738 to the present day, a total of about 50 eruptions were recorded, the penultimate one occurred in 1877. However, 140 years later, on August 15, 2015, Cotopaxi began to show signs of activity again. The first explorer of the volcano was the German Alexander von Humboldt and the Frenchman Aimé Bonpland, but the peak was never submitted to them. A man climbed to the top of Cotopaxi in 1872. This was done by the German geologist Wilhelm Rice, and a year later by the volcanologist and naturalist Moritz Alfons Stubel, also a native of Germany. The history of eruptions looks like this: the first recorded - 1534, then 1742, 1768, 1864, 1877, but until 1940 ash emissions were periodically observed.
2. San Pedro, 6145 meters
Considered one of the highest active volcanoes in the world, it is located in the Atacama Desert, in the El Loa province, Antofagastan region of Chile. Not far from the summit there is another attraction - the volcano San Pablo, connected to San Pedro by a high saddle. By the type of formation, San Pedro is a stratovolcano and is represented by such formations as dacites, andesites and basalts. The relative height of the peak is 2014 meters, the most recent recorded eruption was in 1960. For the first time, a man climbed San Pedro on July 16, 1903. The Chilean Philemon Morales and the Frenchman George Corti became mountain climbers.
TO late XIX centuries, people began to understand that if they did not protect environment, but only mercilessly exploit it, then in a fairly short time ...
1. Llullallaco, 6739 meters
Llullallaco - The highest active volcano in the world, located in the Peruvian Andes, on the border between Argentina and Chile, on the plateau of the world's highest volcanoes - Puna de Atacama. At the very summit, there is eternal glaciation, and the last eruption was observed here in 1877, and today Llulallaco is in a state of relative rest. The volcano is a cone that continues to grow. The first ascent was made on December 1, 1952 by Billon Gonzalez and Juan Harzeim. The summit is an archaeological site, on the territory of which the burials of Inca children were discovered at the end of the 20th century. Three mummies, supposedly 4, 5 and 13 years old, were sacrificed about 5 centuries ago.
Hands to feet... Subscribe to our group10 largest and most dangerous volcanoes on Earth.
A volcano is a geological formation that arose due to the movement of tectonic plates, their collision and the formation of faults. As a result of collisions of tectonic plates, faults are formed, and magma is released to the surface of the Earth. As a rule, volcanoes are a mountain, at the end of which there is a crater, which is the place where lava emerges.
Volcanoes are divided into:
- active;
- sleeping;
- extinct;
Active volcanoes include those that erupted in the near historical perspective (approximately in a period of 12,000 years)
Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in the near historical perspective, but their eruption is practically possible.
TO extinct volcanoes include those that did not erupt in the near historical perspective, but the top has the shape of a crater, but such volcanoes are unlikely to erupt.
List of 10 most dangerous volcanoes on the planet:
1. (Hawaiian Islands, USA)
Located in the islands of Hawaii, it is one of five volcanoes that make up the islands of Hawaii. It is the largest volcano in the world in terms of volume. It contains over 32 cubic kilometers of magma.
The volcano was formed about 700,000 years ago.
The last eruption of the volcano occurred in March 1984, and it lasted more than 24 days, causing tremendous damage to people and the surrounding area.
2. Taal volcano (Philippines)
The volcano is located on the island of Luzon, which belongs to the Philippine Islands. The volcano crater rises 350 meters above the surface of Lake Taal and is located almost in the center of the lake.
The peculiarity of this volcano is that it is located in the crater of a very old extinct mega volcano, now this crater is filled with lake water.
In 1911, the most powerful eruption of this volcano occurred - then 1335 people died, within 10 minutes all life around the volcano died at a distance of 10 km.
The last eruption of this volcano was observed in 1965, which led to 200 deaths.
3. Volcano Merapi (Java island)
The name of the volcano is literally the Mountain of Fire. The volcano has been systematically erupting over the past 10,000 years. The volcano is located near the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, the population of the city is several thousand people.
It was the most active volcano among the 130 volcanoes in Indonesia. It was believed that the eruption of this volcano led to the decline of the Hindu Kingdom of Matarama. The peculiarity and horror of this volcano is the speed of magma propagation, which is more than 150 km / h. The last volcanic eruption occurred in 2006 and claimed 130 lives and made more than 300,000 people homeless.
4. Volcano Santa Maria (Guatemala)
This is one of the most active volcanoes of the 20th century.
It is located at a distance of 130 kilometers from the city of Guatemala, and is located in the Pacific so-called. Ring of Fire. The crater in Santa Maria was formed after its eruption in 1902. Then about 6,000 people died. The last eruption took place in March 2011.
5. Ulavun Volcano (Papua New Guinea)
Volcano Ulawun, located in the New Guinea region, began to erupt in the early 18th century. Since then, eruptions have been recorded 22 times.
In 1980, the largest volcanic eruption occurred. The ejected ash covered an area of more than 20 square kilometers.
Now this volcano is the highest peak in the region.
The last volcanic eruption occurred in the year 2010.
6. Volcano Galeras (Colombia)
Volcano Galeras is located near the Ecuadorian border in Colombia. One of the most active volcanoes in Colombia, it has erupted systematically over the past 1000 years.
The first documented volcanic eruption occurred in 1580. This volcano is considered the most dangerous because of its sudden eruptions. The city of Paphos (Pasto) is located along the eastern slope of the volcano. Paphos is home to 450,000 people.
In 1993, a volcanic eruption killed six seismologists and three tourists.
Since then, the volcanic eruption has occurred every year, claiming thousands of lives and making many people homeless. The last volcanic eruption occurred in January 2010.
7. Sakurajima Volcano (Japan)
Until 1914, this volcanic mountain was located on a separate island in the immediate vicinity of Kyushu. After the volcanic eruption in 1914, a lava flow connected the mountain with the Ozumi Peninsula (Japan). The volcano was named as Vesuvius of the East.
It threatens 700,000 people in Kagoshima City.
Since the year 1955, eruptions have occurred every year.
The government even built a refugee camp for the people of Kagoshima so that they can take refuge during the volcanic eruption.
The last eruption of the volcano occurred on August 18, 2013.
8. Nyiragongo (DR Congo)
It is one of the most active, active volcanoes in the African region. The volcano is located in Democratic Republic Congo. The volcano has been observed since 1882. Since the beginning of observations, 34 eruptions have been recorded.
The crater in the mountain serves as a holder for magma fluid. In 1977, there was a major eruption, the neighboring villages were burned by streams of incandescent lava. The average lava flow rate was 60 kilometers per hour. Hundreds of people died. A recent eruption occurred in the year 2002, leaving 120,000 people homeless.
This volcano is a caldera - the formation of a pronounced rounded shape with a flat bottom.
The volcano is located in Yellow National park U.S.A.
This volcano has not erupted for 640,000 years.
The question arises: How can it be an active volcano?
There are claims that 640,000 years ago, this super volcano erupted.
This eruption changed the topography and covered half of the United States in ash.
According to various estimates, the cycle of the volcanic eruption is 700,000 - 600,000 years. Scientists expect this volcano to erupt at any time.
This volcano could destroy life on Earth.
Hot streams of molten lava pouring out from the bowels of the Earth, and at the same time clouds of ash, hot steam. The spectacle is, of course, exciting, but where does it come from? What kind large volcanoes exist on our planet? Where are they located?
The origin and varieties of volcanoes
Under a thick layer of the earth's crust is magma - molten matter of enormous temperature and under great pressure. Magma contains minerals, vaporous water and gases. When the pressure gets too high, gases push magma upward through the weak points of the earth's crust. The surface layer of the Earth rises in the form of a mountain, and eventually magma breaks out.
The erupting magma is called lava, and the upland with the hole is called a volcano. The eruption is accompanied by emissions of ash and steam. Lava moves at a speed of over 40 km / h, with a temperature of about 1000 degrees Celsius. Depending on the nature of the eruption and related phenomena, volcanoes are divided into numerous types. For example, Hawaiian, Plinian, Peleian and others.
As it flows out, the lava solidifies and builds up in layers, creating the shape of a volcano. So, there are volcanoes of conical shape, gentle, domed, strato- or layered, as well as complex shapes. In addition, they are divided into active, dormant and extinct, depending on the degree of activity of the eruptions.
The largest volcanoes in the world
There are approximately 540 active volcanoes around the world, with even more extinct volcanoes. All of them are located mainly in the Pacific, East African, Mediterranean fold zones. The greatest activity is manifested in the regions of South and Central America, Kamchatka, Japan, Iceland.
There are 330 active volcanoes in the Pacific belt alone. Large volcanoes are located in the Andes, on the Asian islands. In Africa, the highest is Kilimanjaro, located in Tanzania. It is a potentially active volcano that can wake up at any moment. Its height is 5895 meters.
Two world volcanic giants are located in Chile and Argentina. They are considered the tallest on Earth. Ojos del Salado is extinct, erupting in AD 700, although it occasionally emits water vapor and sulfur. Argentine Llullaillaco is considered active, the last time it erupted only in 1877.
The world's largest volcanoes are presented in the table.
Name | Location | Height, m | Eruption year |
Ojos del Salado | Andes, Chile | ||
Llullaillaco | Andes, Argentina | ||
San Pedro | Andes, Chile | ||
Cotopaxi | Andes, Ecuador | ||
Kilimanjaro | Tanzania, Africa | Unknown |
|
Andes, Peru | |||
Cordillera, Mexico | |||
Caucasus mountains, Russia | |||
Popocatepetl | Cordillera, Mexico | ||
Andes, Ecuador |
Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean
Water The Pacific hide three lithospheric plates. Their outer edges go under the lithospheric plates of the continents. The Pacific Ring of Fire is located along the entire perimeter of these junctions - small and large volcanoes, most of which are active.
Ring of Fire starts from Antarctica, passes through New Zealand, Philippine Islands, Japan, Kuriles, Kamchatka, stretches along the entire Pacific coast of the North and South America... In some places, the ring breaks, for example, near and the state of California.
Large volcanoes of the Pacific belt are located in the Andes (Orizabo, San Pedro, Misty, Cotopaxi), Sumatra (Kerinchi), Ross Island (Erebus), Java (Semeru). One of the most famous - Fujiyama - is located on the island of Honshu. The volcano Krakatoa is located in.
The Hawaiian Islands archipelago is of volcanic origin. The largest volcano is Mauna Loa with absolute height 4169 meters. In terms of relative altitude, the mountain bypasses Everest and is considered the most high peak world, this value is 10 168 meters.
Mediterranean belt
The mountainous regions of North-West Africa, southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Indochina, Tibet, Indonesia and the Himalayas make up the Mediterranean. Active geological processes take place here, one of the manifestations of which is volcanism.
The largest volcanoes in the Mediterranean belt are Vesuvius, Santorini (Aegean Sea) and Etna in Italy, Elbrus and Kazbek in the Caucasus, Ararat in Turkey. The Italian Vesuvius consists of three peaks. From its powerful eruption in the first century AD, the cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabia, Oplontia suffered. In memory of this event, Karl Bryullov painted the famous painting "The Last Day of Pompeii".
Ararat stratovolcano is the most high point Turkey and Armenian highlands... Its last eruption took place in 1840. It was accompanied by an earthquake that completely destroyed the neighboring village and monastery. Ararat, like the Caucasian Kazbek, consists of two peaks, which are separated by a saddle.
Large volcanoes of Russia (list)
In the territory Russian Federation volcanoes are located in the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, the Caucasus and Transbaikalia. They make up approximately 8.5% of all volcanoes in the world. Many of them are considered extinct, although the sudden eruptions of Nameless in 1956 and the Academy of Sciences in 1997 proved the relativity of this term.
The largest volcanoes are located in Kamchatka and Kuril Islands... The highest in all of Eurasia (among the operating ones) is considered (4835 meters). Its last eruption was recorded in 2013. There are very small volcanoes in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. For example, the height of Baranovsky is 160 meters. Over the past decade, Berg (2005), Ebeko (2010), Chikurachki (2008), Kizimen (2013) and others have shown their activity.
The largest volcanoes in Russia are presented in the table.
Name | Location | Height, m | Eruption year |
650 BC e. |
|||
Klyuchevskaya Sopka | Kamchatka Krai | ||
Kamchatka Krai | Unknown |
||
Ushkovsky | Kamchatka Krai | ||
Tolbachik | Kamchatka Krai | ||
Ichinskaya Sopka | Kamchatka Krai | ||
Kronotskaya Sopka | Kamchatka Krai | ||
Kamchatka Krai | |||
Zhupanovskaya Sopka | Kamchatka Krai |
Conclusion
Volcanoes are the consequences of active processes that take place inside our planet. They are formed in the earth's crust, where the crust cannot withstand the onslaught of pressure and high temperatures... Consequences volcanic eruption can be quite serious, since they are accompanied by emissions of ash, gases, sulfur into the atmosphere.
The accompanying phenomena of an eruption are often earthquakes and faults. The outflowing lava has such a high temperature that it instantly affects biological organisms.
However, in addition to the destructive effect, volcanoes also have the opposite effect. Lava that has not come to the surface can lift sedimentary rocks to form mountains. And the result of the eruption of an underwater volcano in Iceland was the island of Surtsey.
