Along with the relief, the climate influences the formation natural complexes... Thanks to the climate, river system, soil and vegetation cover, animal world... The climate affects the way of life, human life, the peculiarity of economic activity.
Climate- this is a long-term weather regime typical for a given area
Especially in populated and built-up areas, an increase in temperature will significantly affect the internal microclimate of cities. The so-called "Thermal Island" increases, the elevated temperature then causes the surface and subsurface water to dry out. The thermal island is a sign of the warmer urban climate caused by the release of heat from human activities. The inability of overheated soils to accommodate large volumes of one-off rainfall will lead to an accelerated outflow of rainwater from the area.
The main climatic indicators are the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, as well as annual quantity precipitation.
The climate of any territory is formed under the influence of three groups of climate-forming factors: geographical position, circulation of air masses and the nature of the underlying surface (see fig. 1).
As with other major ecosystem types, some urban areas will experience more frequent and longer periods of little or no rainfall, and built-up areas around rivers will experience more devastating flooding.
In severely damaged landscape, as a result of mining activities, positive changes can be achieved through proper implementation of reclamation measures. However, in a constantly evolving landscape, the likelihood of positive change in relation to the current situation is relatively limited. This is why measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on an urbanized landscape will have limited impact. Therefore, increased attention should be paid to adaptation measures in these territories.
Rice. 1. Main climatic indicators
The greatest role in the formation of the climate is played by the geographical latitude. This is due to the fact that the amount of heat supplied to the surface of the territory depends on the geographical latitude, or on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. Russia is located in middle and high latitudes - this explains the small amount of solar energy supplied to most of its territory. The latitudinal position determines the placement of Russia in three climatic zones: in the arctic, subarctic and temperate (see fig. 2).
The described phenomena occur in the urbanized landscape with more or less intensity today. However, with an increase climate change one can expect an increase in their intensity, as well as a change in their area. So far, we have presented the current and expected impacts of climate change on biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The effects of climate change on populations and species of wild plants and wildlife in the Czech Republic are summarized in Plesnik.
Measures to promote landscape adaptation expected as a result of climate change. It is clear from the above overview that some of the impacts of climate change, more frequent and prolonged droughts, will be reflected in all major types of ecosystems in the Czech Republic. However, different land uses will require a different approach in terms of climate change. Basically, they are not completely revolutionary procedures, but rather are consistently performed.
Rice. 2. Climatic zones Of Russia
At the same time, the main part of the territory is located between 50º and 70º N. sh. and is located in the temperate and arctic zones. Almost 95% of the population of Russia lives in the largest zone in terms of area - the temperate zone.
For the formation of the climate, the position of the territory in relation to the atmospheric centers is very important. Areas of high and low atmospheric pressure determine the direction of the prevailing winds, and, consequently, the movement of certain air masses. The influence of the highs and lows of pressure changes with the seasons (see fig. 3).
Some of them are approaching the frame on that side below. Legal and financial instruments for landscape adaptation to climate change. The prepared document analyzes the legislation in force, in particular legal regulations for forests, land use planning, nature and landscape protection, as well as protection of agricultural fund, water and air in the light of current and expected climate change. If we want to effectively and intelligently respond to the expected changes in the landscape, the current legislation of the Czech Republic is required.
Rice. 3. Diagram of air movement in the troposphere, revealing the formation of belts of atmospheric pressure and associated precipitation
Circulation of the atmosphere- the movement of air masses over the surface of the Earth, leading to the transfer of heat and moisture from one area to another.
However, the names of the grants will also need to be adjusted. Healthy, well-functioning ecosystems with biodiversity consistent with natural conditions tend to be more able to withstand extreme weather events and it is easier to recover from them than damaged, weakened ecosystems. They can also better provide ecosystem services to people. Understanding the restoration of damaged ecosystems remains a key element in climate adaptation to expected and projected climate change.
The climate of Russia is determined by arctic, temperate and, in part, tropical air masses.
The presence of various forms of relief, vegetation cover, as well as the proximity and remoteness from water bodies is important for the formation of the climate in our country. Let us consider in more detail the position of Russia in relation to the oceans. The country has access to three of them - the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic. The closer to the sea, the milder and wetter the climate, the further away, the more contrasting and drier it is. In the temperate latitudes, westerly winds prevail, therefore more than half of the country's territory is affected by Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that it is further away than the others. Role The Pacific significant only for the Far East. The Arctic Ocean, the border with which is the longest, affects not only the coastal northern territories. Due to the flat relief and openness of our country to the north, the southern regions are also influenced by it. The enormous size of Russia influenced the fact that its predominant part lies at a great distance from the oceans. Characteristic territories remote from all oceans - this is the domination continental climate with little precipitation and sharp differences in summer and winter temperatures. The amplitude here reaches 90ºC, the continentality increases here from west to east with distance from the Atlantic Ocean.
With regard to adaptation to climate change at the ecosystem and landscape level, action as soon as possible can be more effective and cheaper than postponed action. We can use ecosystem-based adaptation to provide timely and effective adaptation measures in the landscape. Ecosystem adaptations use sustainable ecosystem assistance to support planned adaptation to climate change. A wide range of ecosystem protection, conservation and restoration measures implemented within them contribute to ecosystem services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
There are many territories in Russia, the climate of which differs from the neighboring ones. The reason for such climatic deviations is the relief, the presence of water surfaces and other features of the underlying surface.
Underlying surface- the surface above which air is formed and located.
Relief - important factor formation of the climate in Russia. There are no mountains in the north and west of the country, which is why air from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans freely penetrates into the inland regions (see fig. 4).
Through a focus on intelligently increasing the resistance and resilience of ecosystems and reducing the vulnerability of both ecosystems and humans to combat climate change. Ecosystem-based adaptive adaptations can be integrated into broader climate change adaptation and development strategies. However, as in all adaptation measures, we must provide for a certain complexity of phenomena and risks. Therefore, it is important that the decision to use ecosystem-based adaptation is subject to possible risks and cost-effectiveness.
Rice. 4. Influence of relief on the penetration of air masses from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans
On the Far East the ridges of mountain structures stretch parallel to the coast, preventing the penetration of air masses from the Pacific into the interior of the continent, therefore, its impact is limited to a narrow, relatively small area (see fig. 5).
Add to this ecosystem-based adaptation requires flexible adaptive management of ecosystems that will be sensitive to changes in external factors and the uncertainty of ecosystem functioning. Selected mitigation measures for climate change in the Czech Republic.
Jan Plesnik is an advisor to the director of the Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic. Frantisek Pelc - Deputy Minister environment... Climate Change Adaptation: Towards a European Framework for Action. Proposal from the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. His Climate Ranges and Climate Types are for students in grades 7-8. He tries to explain how climates and types differ by analyzing the most characteristic features of the main and transitional climatic zones, their distribution on Earth.
Rice. 5. Influence of the Pacific Ocean
It has a great influence on the climate and absolute height terrain. A special mountain climate is formed in the mountains, which changes with altitude, while the relief is highly dissected. mountainous countries leads to a large mosaic of climatic conditions. In the mountains of northeastern and southern Siberia, there are many intermontane basins, where cold air flows and stagnates in winter. At the same time, the lighter warm air is displaced and rises upward, therefore, as it rises from the surface into the troposphere, the temperature does not decrease, but on the contrary increases, which prevents precipitation (see fig. 6).
By studying the demonstration, students will learn for what reasons the general atmosphere of the atmosphere occurs, according to which climatic zones are divided into main and transitional ones. Understand the major differences between maritime and continental climatic types... It is also recommended that you study the Winds topic for the 6th grade demonstration. In analyzing this, students should pay attention to the formation of monuments and monasteries and their impact on the climate. The demonstration "General Circulation of the Atmosphere and the Earth's Climate" can use one or more lessons based on the abilities and needs of the students.
Rice. 6. Cooling down of air in intermontane basins
Winters in the hollows are not only very cold, but also with little snow. In a large intermontane depression in northeastern Russia in the village Oymyakon is the cold pole of the northern hemisphere of the earth. In summer, the basins are much warmer than on the surrounding mountain slopes, but precipitation is also low. (see fig. 7).
Tasks are designed to summarize the knowledge gained. It is advisable to do this when other subjects of the subject have been studied and the tasks presented in it have been completed. In Task 1, it is recommended to study the formation of artifacts in a demonstration. This task requires a global political map... Task 4 - Analysis of climatograms. It is recommended to conduct groups to analyze 1-2 climatographs and answer the questions asked.
Objective 5 can be used at home. It is recommended that you create a story by researching the demo. Students should explain how climate influences people's lifestyles during their history: clothing, food, architecture, economic activity, etc. according to need, this assignment can be assigned to be performed in the classroom or at home, to work individually or in groups. Developed stories are proposed for presentation and discussed in class, which are used to summarize the topic.
Rice. 7. Oymyakon - the cold pole of the northern hemisphere
The influence of the relief on the climate is also noticeable on the plains. Uplands and lowlands, river valleys and interfluves differ in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, but these differences are less contrasting than in the mountains. When mountains are located in the path of moist air masses, the amount of precipitation increases sharply on their windward slopes. The mountains are the most wet areas our country, even in the low Urals on the western slopes, precipitation is almost twice as much as on the surrounding plains.
The challenge is to study global climatic ranges and their distribution on Earth. Using the mapping tool, students learn about the location of major and transitional climates on Earth and write down their names. We recommend that you complete the demo task. Students can complete the task individually or in pairs in a computer lab or at home.
Lesson topic: "Climatic ranges and types of climate." Reading geographic information... Positions: Argumentally evaluate the information of various geographical sources, understand the meaning of geographical sources and explain natural and social patterns.
Geographic latitude plays the main role in the formation of the climate. It is on it that the angle of incidence of the sun's rays depends, and therefore the amount solar radiation that entered a certain territory.
Solar radiation- this is the radiation of the sun, light and heat.
The surface of the earth reaches one part two billion solar radiation... Part of the solar radiation reaches the earth's surface unchanged - this is direct radiation... Another part dissipates, passing through the atmosphere, saturated with dust particles, water vapor, ice crystals, water droplets. The more cloudy and dusty the atmosphere, the greater the dispersion of radiation.
Analysis and comparison climate maps and climatograms, assessment of climate-forming factors and their influence on the formation of different climatic zones. List the climate-forming factors, describe them and be able to explain climatograms. Identify the main and intermediate climatic zones, describe their main characteristics. Explain the influence of climate on the way people live.
Analysis of climatic maps, climatograms, analysis of long-term climatic indicators, explains the impact geographic latitudes, distances from the sea, ocean currents, the Earth's surface and prevailing winds on the formation of climatic zones and types. Analysis of sources of geographic information to explain how climate affects the way people live.
Scattered radiation- solar radiation scattered in the atmosphere.
All radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth forms total solar radiation... Some of the radiation is reflected from the earth's surface. For example, freshly fallen snow reflects up to 90% of the total radiation, sand up to 40%, arable land up to 5%, water about 5%. The remainder, which has received the name, is absorbed by the earth's surface ( absorbed radiation). Heated earth surface itself becomes a source of thermal radiation, that is, part of the earth's heat goes into outer space (see fig. 8).
The lesson plan is presented when working in a computer lab. If you do not have the opportunity to take a lesson in class, you can study the demo and other activities using multimedia. The lesson begins by thinking about rain - what factors determine the formation of climate. Pupils express their thoughts, the teacher writes them on the board.
Students independently study the 1st frame of the demonstration and find out the reasons for the general circulation of the atmosphere. It is concluded that the most important reason for the general circulation of the atmosphere is the uneven distribution of solar heat and the rotation of the Earth. The teacher explains that atmospheric circulation causes the formation of winds, air masses are created, the movement of which determines the climate different places on the ground.
Rice. 8. Distribution of solar radiation
The difference between the heat fluxes of solar radiation.
Part of the solar energy is spent on heating the surface layer, melting snow, and evaporating. The radiation balance determines the most important climatic indicator - air temperature. The magnitude of the radiation balance is determined by the latitude. In the extreme south of Russia, it exceeds 50 kcal / cm / year, in the north, less than 10 kcal / cm / year. However, there are areas where the radiation balance is less than 5 kcal / cm / year or even negative (see fig. 9).
Students in pairs or groups perform mapping and mapping tasks. Using the mapping tool, students arrange the mapping of major and transitional climatic ranges on Earth by listing their names. Students complete the task "Task 1" and create knowledge about the general circulation of the atmosphere and its causes.
Students complete the task "Task 3" and find out how the climate affects the density of life of people on Earth. Problems 2, 4, and 5 are assigned as homework assignments. A possible challenge is to be selective, grouped, differentiated. Individual or group homework - storytelling. Recommended task for those who wish.
Rice. 9. Radiation balance
Almost throughout the entire territory of our country, with the exception of the Far North, the radiation balance is positive on average per year, which means that the earth's surface receives more heat than it emits.
Students tell them how they managed to work independently and in groups. United States President Donald Trump yesterday decided to backtrack from the Paris Agreement on climate change. Therefore, he caused outrage in other countries. With this decision, global warming could reach more dangerous levels than it is now, and there are now problems that need to be addressed immediately.
World scientists believe that every year, throwing a huge amount of CO2 into the atmosphere and significantly changing chemical composition atmosphere, we will definitely feel the changes. Due to the thinning of the ozone layer, the atmosphere becomes less permeable to long rays of radiation, thereby increasing the greenhouse effect. Other scientists believe that climate change is determined not only by human activity, but also by other factors that are not always understood by us.
Bibliography
- Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 h. 8 class / V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V. Ya Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze.
- V.B. Pyatunin, E.A. Customs. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 8th grade.
- Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. - M .: Bustard, 2012.
- V.P. Dronov, L.E.Savelyeva. UMK (educational-methodical kit) "SPHERES". Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Atlas.
- Climatic factors and atmospheric circulation ().
- Lesson-presentation "Climate-forming factors" ().
- Dependence of the climate on the underlying surface ().
- Solar radiation ().
- Solar radiation (). ).
- Solar radiation ().
Homework
- Why does the earth's surface receive significantly more heat when the sun's rays fall steeply than when they fall obliquely?
- At what time of the year are the differences in total solar radiation between the north and south of our country greater? Why?
- Can you sunbathe on a cloudy summer day?
Weather is a set of physical properties of the surface layer of the atmosphere over a relatively short period of time. Allocate the weather of the moment, the weather of the hour, the weather of the day, and so on.
Climate is a long-term, regularly recurring weather regime inherent in a given area. The weather at any given time is characterized by certain combinations of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed. In some types of climates, the weather changes significantly every day or according to seasons, in others it remains unchanged. Climatic descriptions are based on statistical analysis of average and extreme meteorological characteristics. As a factor in the natural environment, climate affects the geographical distribution of vegetation, soil and water resources, and therefore land use and economics. Climate also has an impact on human living conditions and health.
The different effects of climate on human life, well-being, habits and work are well known. Back in 460-377. BC. in "Aphorisms" the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates noted that some human organisms feel better in summer, and some - in winter. And even throughout the year (when the seasons change), the human body can behave differently. Depending on what time of the year the human body is located, the disease will be easier or more severe. A person can be sick with the same disease in different ways in different times years in different countries and living conditions. The climate also affects human health. The harsh and cold climate has an adverse effect on humans. A mild and warm climate (for example, in the mountains or on the seaside) can improve the overall resistance of the body and many of the processes taking place in it. Such a climate can have a very beneficial effect on the body of a person who has undergone serious illnesses and operations, as well as accelerate the restoration of his strength and the return of health. The science that studies the effects of climate on human health is called climatology. The climate can affect a person directly and indirectly. Basically, climatic factors act on the conditions of heat exchange between the human body and the external environment: on the blood supply to the skin, the respiratory, cardiovascular system and the sweating system. Our sensations of warmth and coldness depend on our body temperature. We feel warm when the vessels dilate, a lot of warm blood flows through them and the skin becomes warm. And warm skin, according to the laws of physics, gives off more heat to the environment. With a strong narrowing of the vessels, the amount of blood flowing in them sharply decreases, the skin cools, we feel cold. The loss of body heat is reduced. In cold weather, the release of heat is regulated almost exclusively by the expansion and constriction of the skin vessels. Human skin has a remarkable property: at the same air temperature, its ability to give off heat can change dramatically. Sometimes the skin gives off very little heat. But she is able to give off a lot of heat, even if the air temperature is higher than body temperature. This property of the skin is associated with the work of the sweat glands. In hot weather, when the air temperature rises above body temperature, the skin should not give off heat, but itself warmed up from the excessively warm air. This is where the sweat glands come to the fore. Sweat production increases dramatically. As it evaporates from the surface of the body, sweat cools the skin and removes a lot of heat from it. The human body is usually affected not by one isolated factor, but by a whole set of factors. Moreover, the main effects on the body have sudden, abrupt changes in climatic conditions.
The human body can function in different ways depending on the season of the year. This applies to body temperature, metabolic rate, circulatory system, composition of blood cells and tissues. In summer, a person's blood pressure is lower than in winter, due to the redistribution of blood flow to various organs. At higher summer temperatures, the blood flow from the internal organs to the skin changes. For any living organism, certain rhythms of vital activity of various frequencies have been established. In summer, weather-related illnesses such as overheating and heatstroke can predominate. They are especially often observed in areas characterized by hot and calm weather. In winter and autumn, with cold, damp and windy weather, many people get sick with influenza, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, colds. In addition to ambient temperature, wind and air humidity, factors such as atmospheric pressure, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field, the level of atmospheric pollution, etc., also affect the human condition. Moreover, these factors, together with certain climatic conditions, can not only expose the human body to an increased risk of disease, but also affect the exacerbation of chronic diseases.
in addition to diseases typical for different seasons of the year, the human body is exposed to pathogens of infectious diseases, which can begin to develop much faster under certain climatic conditions. In summer, when the ambient temperature rises, intestinal infections develop rapidly. They cause diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery. In winter, in the cold season and especially with a sharp change in the weather, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases suffer. The risk of such diseases as hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction increases. From January to April, pneumonia is a typical illness, especially among children under one year old. About 60 - 65% of chronic patients with cardiovascular diseases feel changes in weather factors. This is especially observed in spring and autumn, with significant fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, air temperature and changes in the Earth's geomagnetic field. Chronic patients suffering from atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels can hardly tolerate the invasion of air fronts, causing a contrasting change in the weather. At such a time, the number of hypertensive crises and exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases increase.
The air near water bodies, especially near bodies of water with flowing water, refreshes and invigorates well. After a thunderstorm, a person also feels clean and invigorating air. This is due to the fact that this air contains a large number of negative ions. If a large number of electromagnetic devices are present in closed rooms, the air will be saturated with positive ions. Such an atmosphere, even for a short amount of time, leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, and headaches. The same situation is typical for windy weather, for wet and dusty days. As a result, we can conclude that negative ions have a positive effect on human health, and positive ions have a depressing effect. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is characterized by a wavelength of 295-400 nm. This is the shortwave part of the solar spectrum. It has a great effect on the human body. The level of ultraviolet radiation is different in different climatic zones in the territory Russian Federation... To the north of 57.5 North latitude there are zones of deficiency of ultraviolet radiation. And in order to gain at least 45 portions of the sun, the so-called erythemal doses of UVR, you need to spend a lot of time under the sun. This is necessary for the normal functioning of a person. Ultraviolet radiation is capable of destroying microorganisms on the skin, preventing rickets, contributing to the normal metabolism of minerals and increasing the body's resistance to infectious and other diseases of the body. With a lack of ultraviolet irradiation, phosphorus-calcium metabolism is disturbed, the body's sensitivity to infectious diseases and colds increases, functional disorders of the central nervous system occur, some chronic diseases become aggravated, and general physiological activity decreases. A person loses his ability to work. Particular sensitivity to "light hunger" is manifested in children, who have an increased likelihood of vitamin deficiency D.
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The effect of weather and climate on the human body can be divided into
2) Indirect.
Direct action - this is the direct effect of temperature and humidity on the body, which can be expressed in heatstroke, hyperthermia, frostbite, etc. A direct effect can be manifested by an exacerbation of chronic diseases, tuberculosis, intestinal infections, etc.
More attention is paid to indirect influence that due to aperiodic changes in weather conditions. These changes come into resonance with normal physiological rhythms inherent in humans. Man has basically adapted to the change of day and night, seasons. As for aperiodic, abrupt changes, they have an adverse effect. This is especially true of meteorological or weather-sensitive people and manifests itself in the so-called meteotropic reactions.
Meteotropic reactions are not a nosological unit with a well-defined symptom complex. Most authors define meteotropic reactions as a maladjustment syndrome, i.e. meteoneurosis of maladjustment origin. In most meteosensitive people, it manifests itself as a deterioration in general well-being, sleep disturbances, anxiety, headaches, decreased performance, rapid fatigue, sudden jumps in blood pressure, sensations of pain in the heart, etc.
Meteotropic reactions usually develop simultaneously with changes in meteorological conditions or slightly ahead of them. As already mentioned, to the greatest extent such reactions are characteristic of meteosensitive people, i.e. people capable of responding with physiological or pathological reactions to the impact of weather and meteorological factors. At the same time, we must not forget that people who do not feel the influence of the weather still manifest reactions to it, although sometimes they are not realized. This is especially important to take into account, for example, for transport drivers, for whom, with sudden changes in the weather, their attention decreases, "reaction time increases, and so on."
Mechanisms meteotropic reactions are very complex and ambiguous.
In the very general view we can say that with significant fluctuations in meteorological conditions, overvoltage and disruption of adaptation mechanisms (maladjustment syndrome) occur. In this case, the biological rhythms of the body are distorted, become chaotic, pathological
sky changes in the work of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, violations of biochemical processes, etc. This, in turn, leads to disturbances in various systems of the body, primarily in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.
There are 3 degrees of severity of meteotropic reactions:
Light degree - characterized by general complaints - malaise, fatigue, decreased performance, sleep disturbances, etc.
Average degree - hemodynamic changes, the appearance of symptoms characteristic of the underlying chronic disease
Severe degree - severe disorders of cerebral circulation, hypertensive crises, exacerbations of ischemic heart disease, asthmatic attacks, etc.
Manifestations meteotropic reactions are very diverse, but in general they boil down to an exacerbation of chronic diseases already existing in humans. Various types of action of meteotropic reactions can be distinguished. Some authors consider 5 types:
1. Cardiac type- there are pains in the heart, shortness of breath
2. Brain type- headaches, dizziness, ringing in the ears
3.. Mixed type - characterized by a combination of cardiac and nervous disorders
4. Astheno-neurotic type - increased excitability, irritability, insomnia, sudden changes in blood pressure ..
5. There are people with the so-called. undefined type reactions - they are dominated by general weakness, pain and aches in the joints, muscles.
It should be noted that this division of meteotropic reactions is very arbitrary and does not fully reflect all their pathological manifestations.
The most common example of a meteotropic reaction in life is a compensatory increase in blood pressure with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, which in people suffering from essential hypertension can lead to a hypertensive crisis.
Prophylaxis meteotropic reactions can be daily, seasonal and urgent.
Daily prevention implies general non-specific activities - hardening, physical education, being in the fresh air, etc.
Seasonal prevention held in spring and autumn, when the so-called seasonal disturbances of biological rhythms are observed and involves the use of medicines and vitamins.
Urgent prevention is carried out immediately before a change in the weather (based on data from a specialized medical weather forecast) and consists in the use of drugs to prevent an exacerbation of chronic diseases in a given patient.
