All year round, the arctic air prevails here, the radiation balance for the year is less than 400 mJ / m 2, the average July temperatures are 4-2 ° С. The relative humidity is very high - 85%. Precipitation falls 400-200 mm, and almost all of them fall in solid form, which contributes to the emergence of ice sheets and glaciers. However, in some places, the supply of moisture in the air is small, and therefore, with an increase in temperature and strong winds, a large lack of moisture is formed and strong evaporation of snow occurs.
In addition, a significant portion of the Brazilian population uses medicinal plants to treat their health problems. With all this, the value of biodiversity is incalculable. Reducing it jeopardizes sustainability environment, Availability natural resources and thus life on earth. Conservation and sustainable use, on the other hand, results in incalculable benefits for humanity.
In this context, as a haven for the richest biodiversity on the planet, Brazil has a privilege and a huge responsibility. Biodiversity is the abundance of life on Earth - in an endless cycle of life, death and transformation. Biodiversity is you; biodiversity is peace; you are the world. Its body contains more than 100 trillion cells and is connected with the planet by a complex, endless and almost incomprehensible system: you share atoms with everything that exists in the world around you.
The soil-forming process in the Arctic takes place in a thin active layer and is at the initial stage of development. In the valleys of rivers and streams and on sea terraces, two types of soils are formed - typical polar desert soils on polygonal drained plains and polar desert solonchaks in saline coastal areas. They are characterized by a low humus content (up to 1.5%), weakly expressed genetic horizons and a very low thickness. In the arctic deserts, there are almost no swamps, few lakes, salt spots are formed on the soil surface in dry weather with strong winds.
It is believed that up to 100 million different living species share this world with you: biodiversity encompasses the entire spectrum of flora, fauna and microorganisms; the ecological functions they perform in ecosystems; and the communities, habitats and ecosystems that they form. He is responsible for the sustainability of ecosystems, for natural processes and the products they supply, and for the species that change the biosphere. Thus, species, processes, systems, and ecosystems collectively create the basis of life on Earth: food, water and oxygen, as well as medicines, fuels and a stable climate, among other benefits.
The vegetation cover is extremely sparse and patchy; it is characterized by a poor species composition and extremely low productivity. Low-organized plants dominate: lichens, mosses, algae. The annual growth of mosses and lichens does not exceed 1–2 mm. Plants are extremely selective in their distribution. More or less close groupings of plants exist only in places sheltered from cold winds, on fine earth, where the thickness of the active layer is greater.
The term “biodiversity” also refers to the number of different biological categories of the Earth and the relative abundance of these categories, including local variability, biological complementarity between habitats and variability between landscapes.
But this exuberant global biodiversity has had a profound effect on human activities over time - and today, biodiversity loss is one of the most pressing issues facing the Earth. The increasing rate of species extinction - estimated to be 1,000-10,000 times the natural rate - demonstrates that natural world can no longer withstand such pressure.
The main background of the Arctic deserts is formed by crustose lichens. Hypnum mosses are common, sphagnum mosses appear only in the south of the zone in very limited quantities. Higher plants are characterized by saxifrage, polar poppy, crumbs, stellate, Arctic pike, bluegrass and some others. Cereals thrive, forming hemispherical cushions up to 10 cm in diameter on a fertilized substrate near nesting gulls and burrowing lemmings. At the spots of snow, an ice buttercup and a polar willow grow, reaching only 3-5 cm in height. Fauna, like flora, is poor in species; there are lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, polar bear, and ptarmigan and snowy owl are ubiquitous among birds. On the rocky shores there are numerous bird colonies - massive nesting sites of seabirds (guillemots, luriks, ivory gulls, fulmars, eiders, etc.). Southern shores Franz Josef Land, western shores Novaya Zemlya are a continuous bird colony.
Planet Earth has two polar regions, the North Pole and the South Pole, which are the coldest regions that exist. The North Pole is located in the Northern Hemisphere or Boreal. The South Pole is located at the South or southern hemisphere... These are areas that are located between the poles and the so-called polar circles: the polar circle and the Antarctic circle.
The Arctic Polar Region is located in the northern hemisphere of the Earth, also called the northern or boreal hemisphere. This region is washed by the Arctic Ocean, and its waters are covered with large shores of ice that change with the seasons. The polar regions receive a lower frequency of sunlight, so they do not tolerate sudden changes in temperature during the months of the year.
V mountainous areas Of the earth latitudinal zoning gives way to a natural change in natural components and natural complexes with an ascent to the mountains from their foothills to the peaks. It is caused by climate change with altitude: a decrease in temperature by 0.6 ° C for every 100 m of rise and an increase to a certain height (up to 2-3 km). The change of belts in the mountains occurs in the same sequence as when moving from the equator to the poles. However, in the mountains there is a special subalpine and alpine belt, which is not found on the plains. The number of altitudinal zones depends on the height of the mountains and their characteristics. geographic location... The higher the mountains and the closer they are located, the richer their spectrum (set) of altitudinal belts. The range of altitude zones in the mountains is also determined by the location relative to the ocean. In the mountains located near the ocean, a set of belts predominates; in the inland (arid) sectors of the continents, treeless altitudinal belts are characteristic.
Among the oceans on Earth, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest in size with an area of 1,000 square miles. It receives most of the rivers in the far north of planet Earth. During the summer, the waters of the Arctic Ocean are widely used for fishing and shipping. The navigation system becomes limited at other times of the year due to ice blocks.
On days close to the summer solstice in the polar region of the Arctic, you can see interesting phenomenon in this area, which is called the "Midnight Sun", when the Sun is seen for 24 hours in the sky. In the case of the Arctic Polar Region, the most prominent parts of the population are the Inuit, Lapin and Yakuts and Nenets. These traditional people developed methods of survival in these cold areas, such as using animal skins to heat bodies and igloos, hollow structures made from blocks of compacted snow that insulate the interior from outside cold shelter.
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