Countries with different types of population reproduction. Reproduction of the population

Topic: Geography of the world's population

Lesson: Population size and reproduction

There is a separate direction in geographical science - population geographyis one of the main branches of economic and social geography.

The main way to determine the population size for a certain period of time is to conduct a population census.
Population census- a unified process of collecting, generalizing, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data of the population related to the state of certain time to all persons in the country or a clearly limited part of it. After the completion of the population census, the data collected are processed and published. Population accounting originated in ancient times in connection with the tax and military activities of states and their tasks. administrative structure... Even in the ancient Indian laws of Manu, rulers were instructed to take into account the inhabitants in order to find out their strengths and determine taxes. In Egypt, the population was counted starting from the era of the Old Kingdom (2800 - 2250 BC). There is evidence that the population was recorded in Ancient China and Ancient Japan. The population census is usually carried out every 5-10 years.

The population of the Earth was constantly growing. The greatest population growth was observed in the XX century. Currently, the world's population exceeds 7 billion people.

The world's most populous countries

The population of our planet, now over 5 billion people, is growing very rapidly - by a quarter of a million people per day. In the current decade alone, the world's population will grow by 1 billion people (which is, in fact, almost the population of modern China).

However, in different parts of the world, the rate of change in population is different. The bulk of new residents are born in developing countries, while in the group economically, the population is growing either at a moderate pace or very slowly (or even declining).

Another type of population reproduction is characterized by medium and even low, as well as low mortality rates and a slowdown (or stabilization) in the rate of population growth. It is characteristic economically.

The overwhelming majority of the world's population now lives in developing countries, and their share in the world population is constantly growing. In 1990, more than 3 billion people lived in developing countries. In the period from 1990 to 2025. (projected) will increase their population by another 3 billion people, which will amount to 95% of the global population growth.

The increase in the world's population could only be welcomed if it were not accompanied by an increase in the number of hungry, poor, illiterate, unemployed, as well as land degradation, deterioration of the quality of life and the environment.

Different types of population reproduction determine the formation of its structure: age and sex composition, on which, in turn, the provision of the country with resources depends.

Proportion of children in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America usually exceeds 40% of the country's population, and sometimes reaches 50% (, etc.).

And in European countries, for example, the share of children in the total population of a country is often less than 20%. At the same time, the proportion of elderly people is high - about 20% (since with the improvement of the living conditions of the population, the success of health care, etc., the expected indicator grows). In developing countries, the share of older people in the population is much lower - about 6%

The world average life expectancy is higher for women than for men. So, in and it reaches the mark of 79-80 years for women and 74-75 years for men (these are the best indicators in the world with the world average of 65-69 years). In developing countries (especially in Muslim countries), the average life expectancy for men is higher than for women, but the indicators themselves are often below the world average.

The age and sex structure of the population (the ratio of the male and female population by age group) largely determines the size labor resources(for example, in Muslim countries, women are very weakly involved in social production). In this case, the concept of "economically active population" is often used - part of the labor force directly employed in material production and intangible sphere(i.e. in the national economy).

In the world (as a whole) there is a steady decline in the rate of population growth. But there are countries and regions, for example, where the demographic situation is particularly complex, the population growth rate is high, which, in essence, causes a further deterioration in the social situation of people.

The state demographic policy is called upon to change the current state of affairs - a system of measures taken by the state in order to influence the natural movement of the population, and regulating the process of population reproduction.

In some countries, these are measures to stimulate the birth rate, especially in countries that are characterized by the concept of a "demographic crisis" (i.e., P = C or P<С).

And in other states, in recent years, family planning policies have been carried out in order to reduce the birth rate. For example, in (the largest country in terms of population in the world), the most tangible results were achieved as a result of the implementation - the annual population growth decreased from 28 ppm (1968) to 11 ppm (in the 1990s), i.e. natural the growth became even lower than the world average (the generation “without brothers and sisters” is growing).

A number of other countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa are also pursuing a policy of state birth control. Moreover, in the latter region, demographic policy is less effective (especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa). Adult illiteracy is one of the major obstacles to the success of this policy. In the modern world, about 1 billion people over the age of 15 are illiterate.