2. EARLIER WE HAVE ALREADY DISCOVERED THE IDENTIFICATION OF CYAL ROME WITH THE SECOND AND THIRD ROMAN EMPIRE, AND ALSO WITH THE GREAT = "MONGOLIAN" EMPIRE.
In the book "Foundations of History", chapter 6, it was shown that Tsarist Rome allegedly 753-509 BC, that is, the First Roman Empire in our terminology, is a phantom reflection of the Second Roman Empire, allegedly from the 1st century BC .NS. until the 3rd century A.D. She is the Third Roman Empire, allegedly 300-552 A.D. She is the Great = "Mongol" Empire of the XIII-XVI centuries AD. For details, see also our book "The Baptism of Rus", Appendix 2. It turns out that the famous "antique" historian Titus Livy, the author of the fundamental work "History from the Founding of the City", was in fact the chronicler of the Great = "Mongol" Empire XIII-XVI centuries. He most likely lived in Western Europe... Further, we will see that in many places in his book Titus Livy proclaims the point of view that is today called the Jewish. Although, at the same time, he is probably a Christian. But not in the modern sense of the word, but in the sense of the epoch of the XV-XVII centuries.
FIRST CONSEQUENCE.
Based on the dating obtained by us earlier by statistical and astronomical methods, we immediately extract an important CONSEQUENCE. Since at the beginning of the Second Roman Empire the chroniclers placed the emperor Constantine I the Great, there MUST BE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CHRONICLES OF ROMULUS - THE FIRST RULER OF CZAR ROME - AND THE CHRONICLES OF CONSTANTIN THE GREAT. THAT IS - TSAR KHAN DMITRY IVANOVICH DONSKY, as shown in our book "The Baptism of Rus". Our conclusion is justified. This will be discussed in this chapter.
SECOND CONSEQUENCE.
Based on the dating obtained by us earlier by statistical and astronomical methods, we get another important CONCLUSION. Since at the beginning of the Second Roman Empire the chroniclers placed the era of Christ, there MUST BE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CHRONICLES OF ROMULUS - THE FIRST RULER OF CZAR ROME - AND THE CHRONICLES OF JESUS CHRIST. That is - EMPEROR ANDRONICUS, as shown in our book "Tsar of the Slavs". This conclusion of ours is also justified. We will present this material in this chapter.
The first Roman king described by Titus Livy is Romulus. It is believed that HE FOUNDED ROME. As we showed in the book "The Beginning of Horde Rus", Latin authors called the foundation of Rome, most likely, the unification of Rus-Horde in the XIII century AD. Russia was united by the Trojan king Aeneas - he is also Rurik of the Russian chronicles - who arrived in Russia after the fall of Troy at the beginning of the 13th century A.D. "Ancient" sources say that Aeneas with his companions arrived in the great country ETRURIA, p.32. That is, most likely, to TARTARIA (tartaria = TPTR -> TPP = etruria). It is believed that ETRURIA is the name of the ETRUSCIAN country. That is, according to our results, the RUSSIAN countries, see "Empire", ch.15. The Tsarist Rome that arose here was, therefore, surrounded by Et-Russian, that is, Russian, lands. Titus Livy quotes the words of the leader of the Albanians, addressed to the Roman king Tullus: "To you, Tullus, I would like to remind you of this. HOW GREAT IS THE ETHRUSIAN SUPPORT SURROUNDING OUR PROPERTY AND ESPECIALLY YOURS, you, as their closest neighbor, know even better than we: THEIR POWER ON LAND IS GREAT, THEY ARE STRONGER ON THE SEA ", v.1, p.30.
According to our results, the city of Yaroslavl in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus became the metropolis of the united Rus. He is the Great Novgorod of the Russian chronicles. Soon under Romulus and Remus, the descendants of Aeneas-Rurik, Russia-Horde became even stronger and passed into a new quality. The Great = "Mongolian" Empire arises. Therefore, on the pages of "ancient" chronicles, the unification of Russia-Horde and the imminent emergence of the Great Empire - could be glued together, identified and called "the foundation of Rome." Thus, "ANTIQUE" ROYAL ROME, FOUNDED BY ROMULUS, CONSIDERED BOTH AS A CITY AND AS A KINGDOM, IS THE GREAT = "MONGOLIAN" EMPIRE.
In addition, as shown in the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods", King Romulus is partly also a reflection of the Roman emperor Constantine I the Great allegedly from the IV century AD, Fig. 1.11. That is, according to our results, important information about the Horde tsar-khan Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, who lived in the XIV century, is woven into the annalistic "biography" of Romulus. The threefold correspondence between King Romulus, Emperor Constantine the Great and Biblical King Jeroboam I is described in the book "Methods", chapter 2: 7. In particular, the struggle between Constantine and Licinius (Maxentius) was reflected in the pages of Titus Livy's work as a struggle between Romulus and Remus. Remus was killed by Romulus. The Bible describes all this as a struggle between the biblical kings Jeroboam and Rehoboam.
According to the "ancient classics", Rome was founded by Romulus allegedly around 753 BC. The partial identification of Romulus with the emperor Constantine the Great, discovered by us, means that we are talking about the founding of New Rome by Constantine allegedly around 300-330 A.D. The chronological shift here is approximately 1053-1083, since 753 + 300 = 1053, and 753 + 330 = 1083. This is the so-called Roman shift, discovered and studied in detail by AT Fomenko in the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods" ... Recall that, according to the Scaligerian history, Emperor Constantine the Great decided to found new capital Empire and moved the capital from Old Rome to New Rome, on the Bosphorus. Thus, in one legend, two stories probably merged. Namely, the founding of Old Rome and the founding of New Rome. Hence the confusion between Romulus - the founder of the Old, Tsarist Rome and Constantine the Great - the founder of New Rome on the Bosphorus. Two images were partially stuck together on the pages of later chronicles. See the chronological shift diagram in Figure 1.12.
Figure 1.13 shows an old bronze image of Constantine I. Figure 1.14 shows a precious cancer for the right hand (hand) of Constantine the Great, kept in the treasury of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The jewel belonged to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century and was transferred from Tsar-Grad to Moscow by the Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremiah II (1572-1579). He personally arrived in Moscow and presented the shrine to the Russian Tsar Khan Fyodor Ivanovich, p.304. Today there are no relics of Constantine in this ark.
We repeat once again that the foundation of Tsarskoe = Old Rome is, apparently, the unification of Russia-Horde by Tsar Aeneas-John in the XIII century into a single powerful state. Aeneas arrived in Russia from the Bosphorus Tsar-Grad = Troy = Jerusalem burned in the Trojan War at the very beginning of the XIII century A.D. Russia-Horde of the XIII-XVI centuries was later described by "antique" authors as Ancient Rome. The Roman metropolis was located in the area between the Oka and Volga rivers.
The transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire to New Rome by Constantine the Great is probably an event at the end of the 14th century A.D. Emperor Constantine I, aka the Russian-Horde Tsar Khan Dmitry Donskoy, after the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, arrived in Tsar-Grad and declared it the second capital of the Empire. This capital became the second after the first, namely, after the main metropolis in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, which existed at least since the 13th century. Having made Apostolic Christianity the religion of the entire huge "Mongol" Empire, Constantine = Dmitry Donskoy decided, apparently, to place the spiritual and religious center of the Empire in the old Tsar-Grad = Evangelical Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified in 1185, Fig. 1.12. Military and administrative center The Empire was preserved by Constantine the Great in Russia-Horde. That is, in the biblical Assyria-Syria.
It follows from the above that some chroniclers and cartographers could confuse OLD ROME and NEW ROME. As it was described in detail in the book "Foundations of History", Chapter 6, the confusion between them was reflected in several options for the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire. In some versions, it was transferred from Old Rome to New Rome. And in others, on the contrary, - from New Rome to Old.
3. ON THE OLD SWEDISH MAPS "NEW ROME" WAS REALLY IMPORTED IN RUSSIA, IN THE INTERRECHES OF THE OKA AND VOLGA.
It is natural to expect that if "antique" Rome was really founded in Russia and for a long time, in the XIV-XVI centuries, was in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and the Volga, then, despite the "Scaligerian purge", at least some old maps should survive, where on territory of Russia, there are traces of the name ROME. Now we will present such cards. Let us turn to the old maps that were presented at the exhibition "Russia and Sweden in the 17th century", held in Moscow, at the State Historical Museum in 2001. See also information about the exhibition in the May 2001 issue of the "Moscow today & tomorrow" magazine, pp.16-23. We are grateful to AI Shatalkin, an employee of Moscow State University, who drew our attention to these maps and noted that they contain the name "New Rome" on the territory of Russia.
The author of the map shown in Fig. 1.15 is "Nikolai Piscator the Elder (Dutch N. Vischer, N. Visscher, often N. Fischer), 1618 - circa 1679, a representative of the Piscator dynasty, Dutch cartographers of the late XVI - early XVIII centuries.The map, made in the workshop of the famous scientist and cartographer, fixes the geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe", pp. 69-70. Fig. 1.16 and Fig. 1.17 show two of its fragments. Fig. 1.18 shows an enlarged fragment of a part of Central Russia.
In fig.1.18 we see two Russian cities with the same name: "New Rome" (Roma nova). The first one is located very close to Moscow, see fig. 1.19. The second is on the left bank of the Volga, not far from the right bank of Yaroslavl, Fig. 1.20. Later, the Volga city "New Rome" began to be called ROMANOV, Fig. 1.21. It became the left-bank part of the city of Romanovo-Borisoglebsk.
The following map of Russia was made by Frederic de Wit in 1670. We present in fig.1.22 its fragment, where again next to Moscow, as well as on the left bank of the Volga, near the right bank of Yaroslavl (Ierislow), two "New Romes" (Roma Nova) are marked, see fig.1.23 and fig. 1.24.
By the way, in Fig. 1.18 and Fig. 1.20, just below the Volga New Rome, also on the left bank, a city with interesting name"Saint Jacob" (Iacobi Suetoy). The same city of St. James is indicated on the map of Frederic de Vit, Fig. 1.24, but a little further from the Volga. Today, there is no longer a city with that name on the Volga.
Note that the area around Vladimir is called WOLODI MERA. It is possible that such a record, in the form of two words, reflected the memories that once the capital of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire was located here. Therefore, in ancient times, the city was named "I Spoken World" (WOLODI MERA), that is, VLADIMIR.
We have already expressed the idea that the Romanov usurpers who came to power in Russia after the Great Time of Troubles could derive their surname precisely from the phrase Roma nova, that is, "New Rome". Thus, they probably emphasized that to replace the OLD ROME, that is, the Rome of Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries, now came "New Rome", the Rome of rebellious reformers. Or the new rulers took the name of the Romanovs, considering themselves the "winners" of the Horde New Rome of the 16th century. Recall that in the 16th century Moscow became the capital of Russia-Horde, which could well be called NEW ROME, unlike OLD ROME = Yaroslavl on the Volga. According to our results, Yaroslavl = Veliky Novgorod was the first capital of the Empire. See the book "Biblical Rus" for details.
It is worth noting that a lot of cities are marked on the map of Frederic de Wit along the Northern Dvina, Fig. 1.25. There are even more of them than indicated near Moscow and to the south. Moreover, on the map of Piskator the Elder, on Novaya Zemlya, a large number of cities are also indicated, Fig. 1.26. So in that era, these lands were densely populated.
But back to the history of "ancient" Rome.
4. The quarrel BETWEEN ROMULUS AND REMA, ENDED BY THE MURDER OF REM, THIS IS THE BATTLE OF CONSTANTIN THE GREAT WITH MAXENCIUS (LICYNIUM). THAT IS - THE BATTLE OF KULIKOVSKAYA 1380.
4.1. CERTIFICATES OF LIBYA AND PLUTARCH
Let us add new evidence to the correspondence between Romulus and Constantine the Great already discovered in the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods". As we have already said, the chronicle "biography" of Romulus is two-layered. One layer corresponds to Constantine I, that is, Dmitry Donskoy. The second layer is for the emperor Andronicus-Christ. We will now focus on the first layer.
Titus Livy and Plutarch tell about the confrontation between Romulus and Remus as follows.
Titus Livy:<<Но в эти замыслы (создания царства - Авт.) вмешалось наследственное зло, жажда царской власти... Братья (Ромул и Рем - Авт.) были близнецы... и вот, чтобы БОГИ... ПТИЧЬИМ ЗНАМЕНИЕМ указали, кому наречь своим именем город, кому править новым государством, Ромул местом наблюдения избрал Палатин, а Рем - Авентин. Рему, как передают, первому ЯВИЛОСЬ ЗНАМЕНИЕ - шесть коршунов, - и о знамении уже возвестили, когда РОМУЛУ ПРЕДСТАВИЛОСЬ двойное против этого число птиц. Каждого из братьев толпа приверженцев провозгласила царем... Началась перебранка, и ВЗАИМНОЕ ОЗЛОБЛЕНИЕ ПРИВЕЛО К КРОВОПРОЛИТИЮ; В СУМЯТИЦЕ РЕМ ПОЛУЧИЛ СМЕРТЕЛЬНЫЙ УДАР. Более распространен, впрочем, другой рассказ - будто Рем в насмешку над братом ПЕРЕСКОЧИЛ ЧЕРЕЗ НОВЫЕ СТЕНЫ и Ромул в гневе убил его, воскликнув при этом: "Так да погибнет всякий, кто перескочит через мои стены">>, vol. 1, pp. 14-15.
Plutarch is more detailed.<<Когда братья решили построить город, между ними тут же вышла ссора из-за выбора места. Ромул заложил "КВАДРАТНЫЙ", иначе "ЧЕТЫРЕХУГОЛЬНЫЙ" Рим, и хотел избрать это место для постройки города, Рем же наметил для этого укрепленный пункт на Авентине, названный в его честь Ремонием, нынешний Рингарий. Они условились решить свой спор гаданием по полету птиц и сели отдельно. Говорят, Рем увидел шесть коршунов, Ромул - двенадцать, по другим же, Рем увидел их действительно, Ромул солгал: КОГДА ПРИШЕЛ РЕМ, ТОГДА ТОЛЬКО ПОКАЗАЛИСЬ ДВЕНАДЦАТЬ КОРШУНОВ РОМУЛА>>, p. 40. Further, Plutarch, for some reason, embarks on a long discussion about the kite bird, about its habits, etc. About half a page, Plutarch "sings an ode" to the kite, praising this bird in every possible way.
Then Plutarch returns to the quarrel between Romulus and Remus. “Upon learning of the deception, Rem became angry and when Romulus KOPAL ROV, with whom he wanted to surround the wall of the future city, began to laugh at his work, then interfere with it. , others - by one of his comrades, Celer ", p.41.
4.2. THE LEGEND ABOUT THE FOUNDATION OF ROME BY ROMULO HAS BEEN INSURED INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRANSFER OF THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM OLD ROME TO NEW ROME.
"Ancient classics" say that the quarrel between Romulus and Remus occurred during the laying of the city of Rome in Latinia, Etruria. It is believed that we are talking about the founding of Old Rome allegedly around 753 BC. But, as it was shown in the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods", a significant contribution to this legend was made by the transfer of the capital of the Empire by Constantine the Great from Old Rome to New Rome on the Bosphorus, allegedly around 330 AD.
According to our results, Figure 1.12, the founding of Old Rome is a 13th century AD creation. Aeneas-John and his descendants, Romulus and Remus, united Rus-Horde with the metropolis in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. This was the actual beginning of the Great = "Mongol" Empire. And the transfer of the capital of the Empire by Constantine the Great to the Bosphorus is the transformation of Tsar-Grad into the religious Christian capital of the "Mongol" Empire under Dmitry Donskoy = Constantine the Great, at the end of the XIV century. It is interesting that "in the most ancient versions, Aeneas is the father of Romulus or Remus", p.24.
4.3. THE HEAVENLY SIGN OF ROMULUS AND REMU AT THE FOUNDATION OF ROME IS THE "VISION OF THE CROSS" IN THE SKY TO CONSTANTINE THE GREAT DURING THE BATTLE WITH MAXENZIUS (LICYNIUM).
When Rome was laid, the heavenly sign to Romulus and Remus played an important role. Namely, the APPEARANCE OF KORSHUNS IN THE SKY - six for Remus and twelve birds for Romulus. Most likely, here we are talking about the VISION OF THE CROSS IN HEAVEN to Constantine the Great before the start of his battle with Maxentius = Licinius. See our book "The Baptism of Rus" for details. Let us recall that before the battle of Constantine with Maxentius, allegedly in 312 (it is also the battle with Licinius, allegedly in 323), a cross appeared in the sky, announcing the victory to Emperor Constantine. This event is considered to be very famous. It has been discussed many times by medieval authors, both secular and religious. In fact, it was probably about the first use of firearms by Constantine the Great = Dmitry Donskoy. See our book "The Baptism of Rus".
As we can see, the heavenly sign to Constantine the Great was reflected in the history of Imperial Rome as a heavenly sign to Romulus and Remus. In both cases, this event is associated with the founding, or with the transfer, of the capital of Rome.
By the way, Plutarch reports that Romulus founded the FOUR-CORNER or SQUARE Rome. This event is directly associated with the heavenly sign of Romulus: as soon as he laid the FOUR-CORNER Rome, he immediately saw the divine SIGN. It turns out that it was somehow connected with the shape of a square or with something quadrangular. Probably, in this form, Plutarch refracted the vision of the Christian CROSS to Constantine the Great. After all, an ordinary Christian cross is sometimes called FOUR-CORNER, FOUR-POINTED, because it has four ends. Some modifications of the cross are called six-pointed, for example, the Star of David, Fig. 1.27, Fig. 1.28, eight-pointed, etc.
As we now understand, the essence of the conflict between Romulus (Constantine the Great = Dmitry Donskoy) and Rem (Maxentius = Khan Mamai) was the dispute between the apostolic, popular Christianity and clan, royal Christianity. Plutarch allegorically presents it this way. Like, Romulus and Remus laid two cities, two rival capitals. And the question is being resolved - "whose is better"?
The question is, why do Plutarch and Titus Livy speak of the vultures that appeared in the sky to Romulus and Remus? Let us propose a hypothesis that in itself does not prove anything, but, perhaps, clarifies the essence of the matter. In Latin, "kite" is spelled as MILVUS. And the famous battle of Constantine with Maxentius took place at Ponte MILVIO. Moreover, one of the main episodes of the battle unfolded on the MILVIO bridge (on the MILVIAN bridge) across the Tiber River, p.93. The famous Vatican fresco by Giulio Romano is called "The Victory of Constantine over Maxentius at Ponte Milvio". The huge fresco was created according to the design of Raphael, allegedly in the 16th century, p. 269. The Milvio Bridge played an outstanding role in the battle. They write this: "Christianity won in the battle at the MILVIAN bridge. This victory marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind", p.94. Thus, in the history of the battle of Constantine with Maxentius, the term MILVIO is present, as the name of the bridge over the Tiber, on which the decisive military episode took place; see below for details.
And now let's pay attention to the fact that the Latin words MILVUS = kite and MILVIO = the name of the bridge practically coincide. It seems that the later chroniclers, or editors, Titus Livy and Plutarch, peering at the old primary sources lying before them (later "accidentally lost"), did not understand, they confused the names. And instead of the bridge MILVIO, under their feather, MILVUS, that is, kites, "appeared". Immediately, an unbridled fantasy began to work. And Plutarch began to explain to his readers with inspiration - who the kites are; why did they appear to Romulus; than these birds are wonderful; why they were given such importance; that "they eat; do they eat carrion; how often they can be seen. And so on and so forth, pp. 40-41. The point, apparently, is also that Plutarch was dimly aware of the importance of the name MILVIO in the story of the quarrel of Romulus and Rem. But not already understanding the essence of the matter and mentioning the "kites", he decided to linger on this episode and additionally speculate "on the theme of birds" in order to emphasize the importance of the plot. probably not very much. Therefore, I acted in a simple way: I wrote out all the information about kites from the encyclopedia about animals and birds. Having filled half of the sheet with a vague story, and "having done his duty," he moved on with relief.
Again and again we face interesting phenomenon... Old evidence was sometimes misunderstood by later chroniclers and, as a result, was slightly distorted. Then they overgrown with a bouquet of invented fantastic details. Today, relying on the new chronology, it is possible in many cases to clear the original information from the later obscured "explanations". Although, as we can see, it is not easy.
4.4. THE KILL OF REM IN A SKILL AND THE DEATH OF MAXENCE (HANA MAMAYA) ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOVSKAYA.
According to Titus Livy and Plutarch, immediately after the heavenly sign, a military skirmish takes place, in which REM KILLS. One of the versions of events claims that he was killed by Romulus.
Similarly, after the vision of the heavenly cross to Emperor Constantine, his battle with Maxentius begins, allegedly in 312, in which Constantine wins. MAXENCE IS KILLED IN BATTLE. His duplicate was also killed - Licinius, who acted as an opponent of Constantine the Great in another phantom reflection of the same battle, allegedly in 323. Licinius was allegedly executed in 325. See our book "The Baptism of Rus".
Thus, in all the above versions, the backbone of events is extremely similar.
4.5. ROMULUS JUMP THROUGH THE MOUTH AND THE FALL OF MAXENCE INTO TIBER FROM THE MILVIAN BRIDGE. THE DEATH OF REM AND THE DEATH OF MAXENSE.
According to Plutarch, Rem jumped over a certain ROV AND FOR THIS (!?) WAS KILLED ON THE SITE, p.41. That is, it must be assumed directly in the ditch or directly next to it. Moreover, the moat surrounded the city of Rome, founded by Romulus. Presumably, the moat was soon going to be filled with water. It may have already been filled with water. This was usually done with all the defensive ditches that surrounded the walls of fortified medieval cities.
So, the following picture is taking shape. Rem jumps over the moat. The moat surrounds the walls of the capital. The moat is designed to be filled with water. Maybe already flooded. Rem is killed right next to the ditch or in the ditch itself.
Since, as we understand, here Plutarch is talking about some important episode of the battle of Emperor Constantine with Maxentius, it is natural to ask the question: what kind of "jump" of Remus-Maxentius over the moat is really talking about? The answer arises as soon as the question is asked. We mean the CENTRAL EPISODE of the battle of Constantine the Great with Maxentius.
Some "ancient" sources report that Maxentius DROWNED IN THE RIVER. This information is presented in the book as follows. At the very end of the battle, "the bridge (Milvian bridge across the Tiber River - Auth.) Collapsed under the excessive weight of praetorians in metal armor. Together with them, MAXENTIUS WAS IN THE WATER ... Two hours later ... on the other side of the river he (Constantine - Author) noticed a warrior trying to get to the shore.The golden armor betrayed him as the very first person in the enemy's army (that is, Maxentius - Author) ... He (Constantine the Great - Author) spurred his horse and rushed to the bank. was quite strong, the stream more than once overwhelmed both the rider and the horse with his head. But finally the hooves touched the bottom, and Constantine got out not far from the place where Maxentius's body in a golden shell ALREADY STARTED TO SINK. The enemy was dead ", p.93.
So we understood what Plutarch actually told here. Romulus = Constantine attacked Maxentius = Remus after the Milvio Bridge over the Tiber River collapsed. Maxentius-Remus died "in a ditch," that is, in a river. This is Rem's "jump" across the moat, which brought him death.
Figure 1.29 shows one of the paintings depicting the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in Rome, Italy. Warriors fall from the bridge into the river. There is a similar image on the high relief of the Arch of Constantine in Rome. See also Russian Obverse Code, fig. 1.29a. Today we are offered to consider that the chronicle Milvian bridge is located in Italian Rome and even show it to numerous tourists, fig. 1.30 and fig. 1.31. This is mistake. In fact, the battle of Emperor Constantine = Dmitry Donskoy with his opponent Maxentius = Khan Mamai took place in completely different places. In Russia, on the territory of the future Moscow, where the fierce battle of Kulikovo unfolded, see the book "New Chronology of Russia". And the bridge in Italian Rome was called "Milvian" much later. After coming here - on paper! - postponed events that occurred very far from modern Italy... Namely, in LATINIA = PEOPLE country. That is, in RUTHENIA = the war country = Russia-Horde.
Figure 1.29. Battle of the Milvio Bridge over the Tiber River. Peter Lastman (1583-1633). Taken from the Internet. See also high relief Arc de Triomphe Konstantin in, p.88.
Figure 1.29a. Battle of the Milvio Bridge (Fulviev or Mulvian Bridge). Russian Facial Code. Taken from , The World History, book 6, p. 177, sheet ЛХ-83.
Figure 1.30. The bridge in modern Rome, which was named Milviysky, after the battle of Constantine = Dmitry Donskoy with Maxentius = Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo field in Moscow was mistakenly transferred (on paper) here, to Italy. Taken from the Internet. See also, p.95.
Figure 1.31. Another photograph of the Milvian Bridge in modern Italian Rome. Taken from, insert between pp. 112-113.
OUTPUT. Part of the "ancient" legends about Romulus and Remus, telling about their quarrel and the murder of Remus, is one of the surviving versions of the description of the battle of Constantine the Great with Maxentius. That is, the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 on the territory of the future Moscow, on the banks of the Yauza River.
4.6. THE MYTH OF ROMULUS AND REMA CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS: EVENTS OF THE LATE XII - BEGINNING OF THE XIII CENTURY AND EVENTS OF THE END OF THE XIV CENTURY.
It turns out that the chronicle "biography" of Romulus presents both facts from the life of the Emperor Andronicus-Christ of the XII century - a contemporary of Aeneas-John, and from the life of the Emperor Dmitry Donskoy of the XIV century, that is, Constantine I the Great.
In the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods" it was shown that in the "biography" of Romulus, gospel stories are clearly visible, there are vivid parallels with Christ. From fig. 1.11 it can be seen that when the Tsar's Rome, described by Titus Livy, is identified with the Third Roman Empire, the end of the chronicle "biography" of Romulus is partially combined with Basil the Great. He is the biblical king Asa. But, as found in the book Methods, both Basil the Great and the biblical Asa are phantom reflections of Jesus Christ. That is why there is a noticeable "Christian trace" in the legends of Romulus.
A closer analysis shows that the correspondence between Romulus and Christ is much deeper than was found at the first stage of our research in the books "Foundations of History" and "Methods". The complete picture became much clearer after in the book "Tsar of the Slavs", on the basis of an independent dating of the evangelical events we calculated in 2003, we presented a striking correspondence between Christ and the emperor Andronicus Comnenus of the 12th century. Let us also recall that Christ, during his long stay in Russia, was reflected in the pages of Russian chronicles as the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky (XII century), and also as the Apostle Andrew the First-Called (allegedly the I century). Returning after that again to the chronicle "biography" of Romulus, we noticed new correspondences with Andronicus-Christ, which earlier escaped our attention.
So, we repeat that in the Scaligerian history Christ is placed at the beginning of the Second Roman Empire, in the alleged 1st century A.D. And since the beginning of Tsarist Rome is supposedly about 753 BC. - is combined with the beginning of the Second Roman Empire - allegedly around the 1st century A.D., then one should expect that at the very beginning of Tsarist Rome there should be a story about Christ. Since it is from him, from the events of the end of the XII century AD, that the prehistory of the Great Empire of the XIII-XVI centuries begins, the phantom reflections of which are all three listed above "antique" Roman empires: First = Imperial Rome, Second and Third Roman Empires, fig .1.32, figure 1.33, figure 1.34. Our conclusion is fully justified, and now we will move on to a detailed analysis.
Let us explain that in the figures given here, in the uppermost line, called "Rus II", all the rulers of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire are sequentially listed. The period of time covered by the Empire is divided into 41 segments, each of which indicates the kings-khans who ruled at that time. The second line "Rus I" represents a phantom reflection of the Great Empire with a downward shift of 300-400 years. The next three lines depict, respectively, the Third Roman Empire (Rome III), the Second Roman Empire (Rome II) and Royal Rome (Rome I). Since, when superimposing, the chroniclers sometimes got confused in the descriptions of kings who ruled approximately in the same era, in some places the correspondence is blurred.
This scheme is presented in more detail in our book "The Baptism of Rus", where other phantom reflections of the "Mongol" Empire are added.
AFTER THIS THE BOTH MADE UNITED AND LIVED TOGETHER, AND EVERYONE GOT THE WIFE OF THE WOMAN HE HAS FOR THE FIRST TIME. Husbands, however, could not learn the language of their wives, while wives learned the language of their husbands. When they finally began to understand each other, the men told the Amazons the following: “... We can no longer lead such a life and therefore we want to return to our own and live again with our people. YOU WILL BE OUR Wives ALONE AND WE WILL NOT HAVE OTHERS. " To this the Amazons replied: “We cannot live with your women. After all, our customs are not the same as theirs ... If you want us to be your wives ... then go to your parents and receive your share of the inheritance. When you return, let's live on our own. "
The young men obeyed their wives and did so: they returned to the Amazons, having received their share of the inheritance. Then the women said to them: “We are horrified at the thought that we will have to live in this country: after all, for our sake you have lost your fathers, and we have done great harm to your country. BUT AS YOU WANT TO TAKE US AS A WIFE, LET'S DO IT TOGETHER: LET'S LEAVE THIS COUNTRY AND LIVE BEYOND THE TANAIS RIVER. "
The young men agreed to this too. They crossed Tanais and then walked three days east of Tanais and three days north of Lake Meotida. Arriving in the area where they still live, they settled there. Since then, Sauromat women have retained their ancient customs: together with their husbands and even without them, they go hunting on horseback, go on a hike and wear the same clothes with men.
SAVROMATS SPEAK SKIFSKI, but from time immemorial it is wrong, as the Amazons have poorly mastered this language ”, p. 214-216.
In fact, here Herodotus again repeated the plot of the Servant War, and in a version quite close to the abduction of the Sabine women, according to Titus Livy. Judge for yourself.
1) According to Herodotus, the Greeks during the war CAPTURED WOMEN - AMAZON and went with them to their homeland. According to Titus Livy, the Romans abduct the Sabine women. According to the Russian - Horde version, the slaves - slaves took the wives of their masters.
2) According to Herodotus, the Amazons were soon left “without men” again. They allegedly killed all the Greeks who had captured them. This motive of WOMEN WITHOUT HUSBANDS (MEN) sounds both in the version of Titus Livy and in the Novgorod version. Wives were left without husbands for one reason or another.
3) According to Herodotus, women - Amazons ended up in the land of the Scythians. There was a fight between them and the Scythians. There were even those killed. Realizing that they were dealing with women, the Scythians decided NOT to KILL AMAZONS, but, on the contrary, TO TAKE THEM AS WIFES FOR YOUR YOUNG PEOPLE. This plot almost coincides with the story told by Titus Livy. He also claims that the Romans decided to kidnap the Sabine women, so that they could take them as wives and prolong their birth. Of course, no one was going to kill the Sabine women. The men - the Sabines, who were present at the abduction of wives and Sabine girls, were frightened and did not offer real military resistance to the Romans. The Russian - Horde version speaks dully, without any details, about “abduction of wives by slaves”. It is only reported that the wives of the Scythians supposedly decided to become slave wives themselves, since they believed in the death of their husbands, who had gone on a long campaign.
4) Herodotus specifies exactly how the Scythian plan was implemented. The Scythians have come up with TICE. In order to lull the vigilance and belligerence of the Amazons, the Scythian youths had to break their camp not far from them and, in case of persecution from the Amazons, temporarily retreat. But then it was recommended to slowly approach and break the camp again. This should be done carefully until the Amazons got used to it, put up with the presence of the Scythians and enter into sexual intercourse with them.
The motif of CUTE is also vivid in the Roman version of Titus Livy. Romulus and the Romans also misled the Sabines by arranging a holiday to divert their eyes, to which they invited neighbors with their wives and daughters. When they arrived, the Romans unexpectedly, according to a conventional sign, rushed at the Sabine women and kidnapped them. In the Greek version of Herodotus, the motive of the forcible abduction of women is greatly softened and replaced by the gradual adaptation of the Amazons to the young men - Scythians - who are not far from them. As we have already noted, the Russian Novgorod version also says that the wives of the Scythians themselves decided to take slaves as their husbands, since they mistakenly considered their husbands dead in the war. Thus, the motive for voluntarily entering into marriage sounds. We see that the story of Herodotus is in good agreement with both the version of Titus Livy and the Russian - Horde version.
5) According to Herodotus, in the end, the amazons' suspicion was replaced by love for the young men - the Scythians, who had been seeking their attention for so long. As a result, the Amazons became the wives of the Scythians. The Roman version of Titus Livius tells the same story. The abducted Sabine women at first, naturally, grieved for their former families, but the Romans who kidnapped them tried in every possible way to please the women. As a result, the initial resentment was replaced by love and respect. Sabine women became good wives of the Romans. The Russian - Horde version also reports on the VOLUNTARY entry of the wives of Novgorodians into marriage with slaves.
6) According to Herodotus, the event takes place in Scythia. That is, as we understand it, in Russia - the Horde. Probably in the era of the XIII - early XIV century A.D. e., when the Trojan king Aeneas = prince Rurik and his descendants founded Tsar's Rome in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and Volga. Herodotus also reports that the Scythian youths and their wives, the Amazons, set off on a long journey to found a new kingdom. It is clearly stated that they go northeast from the Tanais River, that is, from the Don River. Let's remind that on old maps Don was called Tanais, see the book "New Chronology of Rus". But if you move northeast from the Don River in the course of, as Herodotus says, three days to the east and three days to the north, then you can find yourself just in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. Which, as we showed in the book "The Beginning of Horde Rus", became the metropolis of Tsarist Rome, founded here by Aeneas and his descendants. Thus, the testimony of Herodotus, Titus Livy, Virgil and other "antique" authors in this point are in good agreement both with each other and with the Russian - Horde version. According to which, Novgorod became the metropolis of the new Kingdom. By virtue of our results, this is Yaroslavl on the Volga or, more generally, the region of several cities around Yaroslavl.
OUTPUT. In the "History" of Herodotus there are two very close stories about the Serf War of the Novgorodians, probably from the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century AD. NS.
So, the story of the "antique" Herodotus about the wives - the Amazons is directly connected with the Russian - Horde history of the Servant War near Yaroslavl - Novgorod. It is appropriate to recall here that, according to the numerous facts we have discovered, the "ancient Amazons" are the Russian - Horde COSSACKS. The wives of the Cossacks who lived on the Don and the Volga, see "New Chronology of Russia", ch. 4: 6; "Empire", ch. 9:20 am. In particular, on old maps "The Land of the Amazons" was repeatedly depicted in Russia, in the Mesopotamia of the Volga and Don. Such, for example, is the map of Charles V and Ferdinand, cited and studied by us in the book "New Chronology of Rus", ch. 4, ill. 4.8.
36. WHY IN THE EPOCH OF THE ROMANOVS THE NAME “NOVGOROD” TAKEN FROM YAROSLAVL WAS BEEN TRANSFERRED TO THE NORTH-WEST ON THE SHORE OF LAKE ILMEN?
As we have shown in the book "New Chronology of Rus" and our other publications, the chronicle Veliky Novgorod is the city of Yaroslavl on the Volga. Or rather, the name of the whole region, which included several more cities, in particular Rostov and Suzdal. But in the epoch of the XVII century the name “Novgorod” was taken away from Yaroslavl and assigned to a small town, a former okolotka - a prison in northwestern Russia, near Lake Ilmen, at the mouth of the river, which was called VOLKHOV. The question arises, why EXACTLY HERE was the famous chronicle name NOVGOROD transferred - on paper and on maps - and at the same time the no less famous name VOLGA? After all, it is clear that the word VOLKHOV is just a slightly distorted name for VOLGA.
Rice. 1.218. A fragment of S. Herberstein's map allegedly of 1546, which generally correctly shows the vicinity of the Northern Dvina. Taken from, card P
The answers may vary. However, there is one among them that deserves serious attention. Let us turn to the old maps of Muscovy compiled by Western European cartographers and travelers of the 16th – 17th centuries. The following curious circumstance is noteworthy. These maps depict the Northern Dvina and its environs quite well; the cities and villages of this region are more or less correctly shown. See, for example, in fig. 1.218 the corresponding fragment of S. Herberstein's map allegedly of 1546, in fig. 1.25 fragment of Frederic de Wit's map of 1670, in Fig. 1.219 - drawing of an old map by Guillaume Delisle of 1706. It can be seen that Western cartographers knew well those areas where Western merchants and merchant ships arrived by the Northern Sea Route. They climbed up the Dvina and other rivers of this region, eventually reaching Yaroslavl, the largest shopping center of that era. See the modern map in fig. 1.216 and 1.214. But Vladimir - Suzdal Rus, the environs of the city of Moscow and, in general, the lands to the south and west of Yaroslavl, Western cartographers knew much worse. They even had difficulties with Moscow. That is, with the capital of Russia in the 16th century! For example, on the same map of S. Herberstein, allegedly in 1546, the city of Moscow is not marked. Only the name of the land is written - MOSKOVIA (Moscowia), see fig. 1.218.
A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovsky
TSAR'S ROME IN THE INTER-RECHARGE OF THE OKA AND VOLGA
(New information about the Virgin Mary and Andronicus-Christ, the Serf War of the Novgorodians, Dmitry Donskoy and Mamai, Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of the Ice on the pages of the ancient History of Rome by Titus Livy and the Old Testament)
Foreword
All the results presented in this book were obtained recently, are new, and are being published for the first time. This work follows our books "The Beginning of Horde Rus" and "Baptism of Rus".
The authors discovered new and extremely important information about the Virgin Mary and the Emperor Andronicus-Christ (Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky), the Slave War of the Novgorodians, Prince Dmitry Donskoy and Khan Mamaia, Prince Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of the Ice on the pages of the antique "History of Rome" by Titus Livy, the works of Plutarch and the Old Testament.
In this book, we continue to extract new and often unexpected consequences from our earlier statistical and astronomical dating of past events. That is, from the new chronology... Mathematical and astronomical proofs of the new chronology proper have been presented by us in previous books, primarily in the books "Foundations of History", "Methods", "Stars". We will not repeat them here.
What do we mean by reporting new information discovered by us and significantly expanding our knowledge about many famous people and events the ancient world? We are not talking about the discovery by us of any fundamentally new, previously unknown manuscripts or inscriptions. Recovered, say, from some dusty, forgotten archives or as a result of excavations. We mainly work with well-known old texts. Although sometimes we really managed to find, ourselves or with the help of colleagues, extremely rare and unique historical materials that turned out to be very valuable for the new chronology. Still, we focus on well-known "antique" works, the Bible, numerous medieval chronicles and manuscripts. Our discovery - which, incidentally, was quite unexpected for ourselves - is that these generally known texts harbor, it turns out, a lot of unknown, firmly forgotten, “buried” by the editors of the 16th-18th centuries. And this deeply buried information must be "unearthed". Sometimes with great difficulty. Once brought to light, they turn out to be fragments of a once rich and detailed picture of the past, forgotten fragments of the biographies of famous heroes. Clearing the debris from dirt and later layers, we illuminate with a bright light many half-forgotten or completely forgotten facts of the past. The authors do not touch upon issues of faith and theology and do not discuss any of the church dogmas. The book deals exclusively with questions of a historical and chronological nature.
The legend of Romulus and Remus has been known to everyone since childhood. History textbooks, fascinating novels and chic Hollywood films tell about the great "ancient" Rome. The flight of King Aeneas from the flaming Troy and his arrival in the homeland of his ancestors - in the rich People's Land (Latin). A severe she-wolf feeds her milk to the abandoned royal children - Romulus and Remus. A bronze statue of a proud grinning she-wolf created by the great Etruscans in the Vatican Museum. The babies grow up and Romulus founds Rome. The mighty Roman Empire rises. The iron legions of Rome conquer the world. The prediction of the gods that Rome will rule the entire universe is coming true. Bloody gladiatorial battles in the arena of the huge Colosseum. Annunciation. Virgin Mary hugs two babies - Christ and John the Baptist. The death of John the Baptist and the crucifixion of Christ. Solar eclipse and earthquake at the time of Jesus' death. Bright Resurrection of Christ. The Dormition of the Mother of God and the death of the legendary beauty, the Roman woman Lucretia. Fierce tigers and lions are set against the first Christians who die a martyr's death in front of the pagan Romans roaring with delight, dressed in beautiful togas with a blood-red border. The cruel emperor Nero in a flower wreath sings a song on the platform of a huge amphitheater. The great Roman historian Titus Livy tells with admiration about Tsarist Rome in his famous "History from the Founding of the City". The great Greek historian Plutarch writes biographies of prominent Romans and Greeks ...
It is believed that an educated person should know a lot from the history of Ancient Rome. And this is absolutely correct. Roman history is indeed the backbone of ancient history. Many modern states are rightfully proud of the fact that their roots go back to "ancient" Rome, that many European and Asian cities were first founded by Roman legions in the era of the spread of the Empire in all directions.
In this book, we show that the "antique" Tsarist Rome is a state that arose in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and the Volga, that is, in Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, in the 13th - early 14th centuries. Another name for Imperial Rome is Great = "Mongol" Empire, which, according to the new chronology, existed in the XIV-XVI centuries AD. NS. The point of view accepted today that “antique” Rome conquered the entire civilized world of that time, IS REAL. However, with one amendment - this did not happen long before our era, as the Scaligerian history assures us, but in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries. It was at this time that the Great = "Mongolian" Empire - that is, Russia-Horde, according to our reconstruction - covered almost the entire world.
We found that on the pages of the famous works of "ancient" Roman authors, for example, Titus Livius, SPEAKS A LOT AND RESPECTIVE ABOUT THE VIRGIN MARY, THE MOTHER OF CHRIST. Recall that, according to our research (see the book "Tsar of the Slavs"), Christ is described in the Byzantine chronicles as the emperor Andronicus of the 12th century AD. e., and in the Russians - as the great Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (partially). Thus, if we talk about secular history, then we are talking about the mother of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus the Elder. WE ARE FOR THE FIRST TIME PRESENTING ANCIENT SOVIET SOURCES THAT TELL THE MOTHER OF GOD WITH THE LIPS OF CONTEMPORARIES. In particular, the assertion of the Scaligerian version is refuted that Mary the Mother of God was described by her contemporaries allegedly only in religious sources and was practically not reflected in the pages of the "antique" secular literature of that era. The information we have discovered throws a new bright light on the life of Mary the Mother of God.
We show that the emperor Andronicus-Christ was also reflected in the pages of the famous "antique" authors - Titus Livy and Plutarch. Let us recall that the Scaligerian version insists that Christ was described by his contemporaries only in church sources and was practically not described in the pages of "ancient" secular literature. In other words, the Scaligerian historians assert that none of the secular chroniclers-contemporaries of Christ considered it necessary to leave information about him in their chronicles. Or, at least, such information has not reached us, with rare and, moreover, dubious exceptions. In the books "Tsar of the Slavs" and "The Beginning of Horde Rus", we showed that this is far from the case. It turned out that Andronicus-Christ was well known to many secular authors - their contemporaries. The works of which are cited, for example, by the later Byzantine historian Nikita Choniates. Further it turned out that the life of Christ was described not only by Byzantine secular writers, but also by Russian chroniclers. They knew Christ as the great Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. And also - as the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Further, we showed that many plots of the chronicle "biography" of Andronicus-Christ were included in the "antique" stories about the famous Roman emperor Julius Caesar.
In this book, we significantly expand the list of "antique" secular texts and authors who speak a lot about Andronicus-Christ, as well as about Tsar Khan Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, under whom apostolic Christianity was adopted in the Empire. First of all, this refers to the famous books "History from the Founding of the City" by Titus Livy and "Comparative Biographies" of Plutarch. It turned out that Christ is known to us today under his two secular names. Namely, as the famous Romul, the first king of the "antique" Tsarist Rome. And also as Servius Tullius, the sixth, penultimate king of Tsarist Rome.
In the books "Cossacks-Arians: from Russia to India" and "The Baptism of Rus" we showed that the famous Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 was also reflected in many "ancient" primary sources, which are now attributed to "deep antiquity". In particular, in the Bible, "ancient" Indian epic, "antique" mythology, Roman history. In this book, we present new vivid reflections of the Battle of Kulikovo and its main participants - Dmitry Donskoy and Khan Mamai, found by us in the "History" of Titus Livy and the Bible. This makes it possible to illuminate more vividly the great religious battle for the establishment of apostolic Christianity in the Great = "Mongol" Empire. Now the description of the Battle of Kulikovo becomes much more saturated, since we add new sources to the previously known sources about it, which were mistakenly attributed to completely different eras and events of the “distant past”. Now that historical events and their descriptions have begun to "take their place" correctly, much in history has become clearer.
All the results presented in this book were obtained recently, are new, and are being published for the first time. This work follows our books "The Beginning of Horde Rus" and "Baptism of Rus".
The authors discovered new and extremely important information about the Virgin Mary and the Emperor Andronicus-Christ (Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky), the Slave War of the Novgorodians, Prince Dmitry Donskoy and Khan Mamaia, Prince Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of the Ice on the pages of the antique "History of Rome" by Titus Livy, the works of Plutarch and the Old Testament.
In this book, we continue to extract new and often unexpected consequences from our earlier statistical and astronomical dating of past events. That is, from the new chronology we have created. Mathematical and astronomical proofs of the new chronology proper have been presented by us in previous books, primarily in the books "Foundations of History", "Methods", "Stars". We will not repeat them here.
What do we mean by reporting new information discovered by us and significantly expanding our knowledge about many famous people and events of the ancient world? We are not talking about the discovery by us of any fundamentally new, previously unknown manuscripts or inscriptions. Recovered, say, from some dusty, forgotten archives or as a result of excavations. We mainly work with well-known old texts. Although sometimes we really managed to find, ourselves or with the help of colleagues, extremely rare and unique historical materials that turned out to be very valuable for the new chronology. Still, we focus on well-known "antique" works, the Bible, numerous medieval chronicles and manuscripts. Our discovery - which, incidentally, was quite unexpected for ourselves - is that these generally known texts harbor, it turns out, a lot of unknown, firmly forgotten, “buried” by the editors of the 16th-18th centuries. And this deeply buried information must be "unearthed". Sometimes with great difficulty. Once brought to light, they turn out to be fragments of a once rich and detailed picture of the past, forgotten fragments of the biographies of famous heroes. Clearing the debris from dirt and later layers, we illuminate with a bright light many half-forgotten or completely forgotten facts of the past. The authors do not touch upon issues of faith and theology and do not discuss any of the church dogmas. The book deals exclusively with questions of a historical and chronological nature.
The legend of Romulus and Remus has been known to everyone since childhood. History textbooks, fascinating novels and chic Hollywood films tell about the great "ancient" Rome. The flight of King Aeneas from the flaming Troy and his arrival in the homeland of his ancestors - in the rich People's Land (Latin). A severe she-wolf feeds her milk to the abandoned royal children - Romulus and Remus. A bronze statue of a proud grinning she-wolf created by the great Etruscans in the Vatican Museum. The babies grow up and Romulus founds Rome. The mighty Roman Empire rises. The iron legions of Rome conquer the world. The prediction of the gods that Rome will rule the entire universe is coming true. Bloody gladiatorial battles in the arena of the huge Colosseum. Annunciation. Virgin Mary hugs two babies - Christ and John the Baptist. The death of John the Baptist and the crucifixion of Christ. Solar eclipse and earthquake at the time of Jesus' death. Bright Resurrection of Christ. The Dormition of the Mother of God and the death of the legendary beauty, the Roman woman Lucretia. Fierce tigers and lions are set against the first Christians who die a martyr's death in front of the pagan Romans roaring with delight, dressed in beautiful togas with a blood-red border. The cruel emperor Nero in a flower wreath sings a song on the platform of a huge amphitheater. The great Roman historian Titus Livy tells with admiration about Tsarist Rome in his famous "History from the Founding of the City". The great Greek historian Plutarch writes biographies of prominent Romans and Greeks ...
It is believed that an educated person should know a lot from the history of Ancient Rome. And this is absolutely correct. Roman history is indeed the backbone of ancient history. Many modern states are rightfully proud of the fact that their roots go back to "ancient" Rome, that many European and Asian cities were first founded by Roman legions in the era of the spread of the Empire in all directions.
In this book, we show that the "antique" Tsarist Rome is a state that arose in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and the Volga, that is, in Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, in the 13th - early 14th centuries. Another name for Imperial Rome is Great = "Mongol" Empire, which, according to the new chronology, existed in the XIV-XVI centuries AD. NS. The point of view accepted today that “antique” Rome conquered the entire civilized world of that time, IS REAL. However, with one amendment - this did not happen long before our era, as the Scaligerian history assures us, but in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries. It was at this time that the Great = "Mongolian" Empire - that is, Russia-Horde, according to our reconstruction - covered almost the entire world.
We found that on the pages of the famous works of "ancient" Roman authors, for example, Titus Livius, SPEAKS A LOT AND RESPECTIVE ABOUT THE VIRGIN MARY, THE MOTHER OF CHRIST. Recall that, according to our research (see the book "Tsar of the Slavs"), Christ is described in the Byzantine chronicles as the emperor Andronicus of the 12th century AD. e., and in the Russians - as the great Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (partially). Thus, if we talk about secular history, then we are talking about the mother of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus the Elder. WE ARE FOR THE FIRST TIME PRESENTING ANCIENT SOVIET SOURCES THAT TELL THE MOTHER OF GOD WITH THE LIPS OF CONTEMPORARIES. In particular, the assertion of the Scaligerian version is refuted that Mary the Mother of God was described by her contemporaries allegedly only in religious sources and was practically not reflected in the pages of the "antique" secular literature of that era. The information we have discovered throws a new bright light on the life of Mary the Mother of God.
We show that the emperor Andronicus-Christ was also reflected in the pages of the famous "antique" authors - Titus Livy and Plutarch. Let us recall that the Scaligerian version insists that Christ was described by his contemporaries only in church sources and was practically not described in the pages of "ancient" secular literature. In other words, the Scaligerian historians assert that none of the secular chroniclers-contemporaries of Christ considered it necessary to leave information about him in their chronicles. Or, at least, such information has not reached us, with rare and, moreover, dubious exceptions. In the books "Tsar of the Slavs" and "The Beginning of Horde Rus", we showed that this is far from the case. It turned out that Andronicus-Christ was well known to many secular authors - their contemporaries. The works of which are cited, for example, by the later Byzantine historian Nikita Choniates. Further it turned out that the life of Christ was described not only by Byzantine secular writers, but also by Russian chroniclers. They knew Christ as the great Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. And also - as the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Further, we showed that many plots of the chronicle "biography" of Andronicus-Christ were included in the "antique" stories about the famous Roman emperor Julius Caesar.
In this book, we significantly expand the list of "antique" secular texts and authors who speak a lot about Andronicus-Christ, as well as about Tsar Khan Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, under whom apostolic Christianity was adopted in the Empire. First of all, this refers to the famous books "History from the Founding of the City" by Titus Livy and "Comparative Biographies" of Plutarch. It turned out that Christ is known to us today under his two secular names. Namely, as the famous Romulus, the first king of "ancient" Tsarist Rome. And also as Servius Tullius, the sixth, penultimate king of Tsarist Rome.
This is a story about the legendary country of the Rus - Arsania (Arsa, Artab), known from Arab sources, now it is the area of the middle Oka in the Ryazan region. The name of this center of Russia comes from the self-name of the Mordovian tribes - Erzya (Arsa from the Iranian aršan (hero, man). The name of the Russian city of Ryazan (Erzyan) comes from him. It is possible that the famous, mentioned by Arab historians, could be the capital of this particular Since it is highly probable that the legendary Arsa was originally located on Borkovsky Island, near present-day Ryazan, this island (or peninsula) is located in the interfluve of the Oka and Trubezh rivers at the northern border of modern Ryazan.
Borkovsky Island near Ryazan on S. Herberstein's map (1549).
View from the Island to the domes of the Assumption Cathedral in the Ryazan Kremlin. 
Borkovsky Island is famous for its numerous treasures of Arab silver coins, there are more of them here than in any other old Russian city... The famous researcher of Old Ryazan Mongayt believed that there are 7 of these treasures, now their number has been reduced to 5. Even in spite of this circumstance, the island village of Borki, in the north of Ryazan, remains the absolute leader in the treasures of Kufic silver. For example, in the famous Ladoga, the main northern city of the Rus, there are 4 of them, in the Sarsk settlement - the oldest Scandinavian center near Rostov, there are only 2 treasures. In total, 56 treasures of Arab dirhams are known on the Middle and Lower Oka, for comparison, only 25 treasures were found in the region of Novgorod and Ladoga. Those. in the region of Arsania, the largest number of Arab coins is concentrated than elsewhere in Russia. This is evidence that Arsa is the main shopping center(marketplace) of the Rus on the Great Volga Trade Route. It was here, near the future Ryazan, that the two most important river routes crossed - the Volga and the Don. Along the Volga it was possible to get to the Caspian Sea, along the Don River - to the Azov and Black ones.
Map of treasures of Arab dirhams on the Volga trade route from the book of I.E. Dubova "The Great Volga Way". The location of the legendary country of Arsania (45-89) is literally striking with an abundance of black dots. 
On the map of Muscovy, compiled by S. Herberstein in 1549, this intersection of river routes is literally depicted. The rivers Oka and Don (Tanais) flow into a huge lake in the center of Muscovy. In the middle of this huge lake depicts a certain Island, which Herberstein calls Strub (Strvb). 
S. Herberstein describes the island near Ryazan as "once a great reign, the sovereign of which was not subject to anyone," while he does not mention anything about the Ryazan principality.
Sigismund Herberstein
Notes on Muscovy
The Ryazan Region is located between the Oka and the Tanais River; it has a wooden town not far from the banks of the Oka. There was also a fortress called Iaroslaw; only traces of it now remain. Not far from the city, the Oka river forms an island called Strub, once a great reign, whose sovereign was not subject to anyone
It is well known that not a single city of the Ryazan principality was located on an island in the middle of the Oka. Gerberstein mentions Pereyaslavl Ryazan (present-day Ryazan), he calls it the fortress Yaroslaw (Iaroslaw) and confuses it with Old Ryazan, allegedly only traces of it remained. Apparently, Herberstein learned about these cities from stories. They told him about the great island state, which in his mind was superimposed on the information about the Ryazan principality and was even able to block it. The island state became more significant than the future Russian principality. What the word Strub means is unknown, perhaps it is a modified "log house" in the meaning of a fortress, maybe this is a distorted word "island".
Ibn Rust, "The Book of Expensive Values"
As for the Rus (ar-Rusiya), they are on an island surrounded by a lake. The island on which they live, a three-day journey, is covered with forests and swamps, unhealthy and cheese to the point that as soon as a person steps on the ground, the latter shakes due to the abundance of moisture in it. They have a king called Khakan-Rus.
The interfluve of the Oka and the Trubezh River is the land of numerous lakes and swamps. During spring floods, it was almost completely flooded, only the tops of huge sand dunes remained above the water. When the water subsides, the approximate diameter of Borkovsky Island can be up to 2 km. This is somewhat less, but they could be wrong, because none of the Arabs had ever been to the Rus Island.
Borkovsky Island was formed by the sediments of the Oka River. In ancient times it sand dunes huge sizes were even called mountains. The largest dune bore the name "Sakor-Gora", on which a settlement and a large burial ground of the Finno-Ugric Ryazan-Oka archaeological culture were found at the end of the 19th century. This warlike culture existed until the 7th century; it is believed that it subsequently transformed into the Meshchera culture and underwent strong Slavization. One of the first explorers of Borkovsky Island, A.I. Cherepnin, recorded at the end of the 19th century a local legend about the owners of Sakor Mountain.
A.I. Tcherepnin “Local antiquity. Borkovsky burial ground "(TRUAK, 1894, T. 9, Issue 1, pp. 1-26)
“A long time ago, it seems, even before the Tatars, there was a small town with iron gates on Sakor Mountain; alien giants lived in the city; they led a dissolute life - they offended the neighboring peasants, robbed their property, took away their wives and daughters by force; there was no sweetness with them. Many years passed, the giants did not leave their sinful life. It was hard for the people. The Lord is long-suffering and many-merciful, for a long time He tolerated the ugliness of the giants; but God's mercy also ends. God was angry with the wicked, sent fierce enemies against them, who destroyed the giants to the last baby and ravaged their rotten town. It was then that a miracle happened, the iron gates went into the ground by themselves - it was easy for the enemies to break into the town.
Remains of a sand dune on Borkovsky Island. 
Cherepnin's information is in many ways consistent with the text of S. Herberstein and the references by Arab authors. On the site of the present village of Borki, there was once a center of powerful rulers. The Arabs called him Arsa (Arta, Artania). They wrote that none of the strangers returned from here alive. Why is unknown.
Al-Istakhri
“Rusy. There are three groups [jeans]. One group of them is the closest to the Bulgar, and their king sits in a city called Kuyaba, and he [the city] is larger than the Bulgar. And the most distant of them is a group called al-Slaviya, and their [third] group, called al-Arsaniya, and their king is sitting in Ars. And people for trade come to Cuyabu. As for Arsa, it is not known that any of the foreigners reached it, since there they [the inhabitants] kill every foreigner who comes to their lands. Only they themselves go down the water and trade, but they do not tell anyone anything about their affairs and their goods and do not allow anyone to accompany them and enter their country. And black sables and tin [lead?] Are exported from Arsa. "
The Arabs undoubtedly called Kiev the city of Cuyaba, Slaviya most likely Novgorod, the land of the Ilmen Slovenes. The Arabs often confused the Balkan Bulgaria and the Volga, therefore, in the story of Istakhri, the name Bulgar means precisely the First Bulgarian Kingdom (which is in the Balkans). It is really closer to Kiev than to the other two centers of Russia. Many generations of researchers have tried to place the city of Arsu literally anywhere - from the Baltic to Perm. But most linguists saw Arsania in the area of present-day Ryazan because of the coincidence of the name of the city, the name of the local Erzi and the people of Arisu, mentioned by the Khazar king Joseph.
Reply letter from the Khazar king Joseph
Near (this) river (Itil, Volga) numerous peoples are located in villages and cities, some in open areas, and others in fortified (walled) cities. Here are their names: Bur-t-s, Bul-g-r, S-var, Arisu, Ts-r-mis, V-n-n-tit, S-v-r, S-l-viyun. Every nation defies (accurate) investigation and is innumerable. They all serve me and pay tribute.
The people of Arisu, according to the Khazar king, lived near the Volga (Itil), next to the Suvars (S-var is a tribe of the Volga Bulgars) and the Cheremis Mari (Ts-r-mis). This is an approximate settlement of the Mordovian tribes.
In the 9th century, the territory of the Middle Oka was captured by the Vyatichi. As is known from the "Tale of Bygone Years", the Vyatichi were also under the control of the Khazars and paid tribute to them, Tsar Joseph apparently mentions them under the name V-n-n-tit (venchi, vyatichi).
It can be assumed that the Russians on Borkovsky Island were also dependent on the Khazar Kaganate. The legend about the receipt of their land by the Russians from the Khazars is cited by Arab authors.
Mojmal at-tavarih
“It is also said that Rus and Khazar were from the same mother and father. Then Rus grew up and, since he did not have a place that he liked, he wrote a letter to Khazar and asked him to give a part of his country to settle there. and found a place for himself. The island is neither large nor small, with swampy soil and rotten air; there he settled. "
The coast of Borkovsky Island and the Oka River in the area of Lukovsky Forest. 
On the map of al-Idrisi, the city of Artan is located in the lands of the Mordovians west of the Volga (Itil). Next to it on the map is a certain river Saginu (or Sakir), whose name resembles the name "Sakor-mountains" from the legend of Borkovsky Island. It is quite possible that this is no coincidence, near Idrisi, the Sakir River is a kind of tributary of the Volga that flows into the Sea of Azov, i.e. this is the combination of the Oka and Don rivers at the same time.
Below is a reconstruction of the map of al-Idrisi with Latin designations of toponyms. A piece of the Black Sea is at the top. The city of Artan is depicted on the top of the mountain. Idrisi wrote about him:
al-Idrisi
The city of Arsa is beautiful and (located) on a fortified mountain between Slava and Cuyaba.
Reconstruction of the Idrisi map from the book by BA Rybakov "Russian lands on the Idrisi map". The reconstruction is close to modern cartography. 
Arab authors specially singled out the Oka - it was called the Rus (Rusov) river and, apparently, was combined with the Volga. Since it was along the Oka that the famous Volga trade route went from the Varangians to the Arabs (or Khazars). The ethnic community of Russia itself undoubtedly formed on this trade route.
"Khudud al-alam" about the river Rus
“Another river - Rus, which flows from the depths of the country of the Slavs and flows eastward until it reaches the borders of the Rus. Further, it passes the borders of Urtab, Slab and Kuyafa, which are the cities of the Rus, and the boundaries of Kifdjak. There it changes direction and flows south to the borders of the Pechenegs and flows into Attil. "
The Rus river is so important for the compiler of "Khudud al-alam" that he places all three Russian centers on its banks - Urtab (Ryazan), Slab (Novgorod) and Kuyafa (Kiev). This is undoubtedly a mistake, but it emphasizes the importance of the Oka and the Volga trade route for Russian history.
"Khudud al-alam" About the three centers of the Rus.
Kuya.a - the city of the Rus, closest to the Muslims, nice place and the residence of the king. Various furs and valuable swords are taken out of it. Sla.a is a pleasant city, and from it, when peace reigns, trade with the Bulgar country is conducted. Artab is a city where every stranger is killed and from where very valuable sword blades and swords that can be bent in half are taken out, but as soon as the hand is withdrawn, they take their previous shape. "
The unknown author of "Khudud al-alam" emphasizes that valuable, apparently damask, sword blades are exported from Arsa. Most likely they were produced in Europe and transported along the Volga route, but it can be assumed that some samples were forged on the spot, because the Ryazan-Oka Finns had a fairly developed culture of metalworking.
The Epiphany Monastery has been known on Borkovsky Island since the 15th century. The current Epiphany Church in Borki was erected in 1673. Nowadays, a cemetery of the village of Borki has developed around the Church of the Epiphany. 
Currently, almost all sand dunes on Borkovsky Island have ceased to exist. From here, during the entire Soviet period, sand was taken out to construction sites in Ryazan. Because of this barbarism, a significant part of the sandy mountains turned into quarries filled with water. Of course, the entire cultural layer of Sakor Mountain was completely destroyed. The remains of this dune are now built up with houses from the village of Borki.
Lake Svyatoe on Borkovsky Island. 
To the east of Sakor Mountain there used to be the so-called Pearl Field and Pearl Hillock, as well as French Hills. These names appeared due to the active treasure hunting in this area. Locals found placers of jewelry right on the surface of the Pearl Field. The "French" hillocks became due to the fact that they constantly found the burials of unknown soldiers with cold weapons, local peasants believed that these were the graves of soldiers of the Napoleonic army in 1812.
Systematic archaeological research on Borkovsky Island was carried out only at the end of the 19th century, these were the excavations of V.A. Gorodtsov, A.I. Cherepnin. Most of the treasures of Kufic silver from Borok were also found in the 19th century. In Soviet times, the dunes were explored only sporadically, especially since by the 1970s they were almost completely destroyed.
A.L. Mongait wrote about the settlements on Borkovsky Island in Soviet times.
“Many Chud settlements, which arose in the early Iron Age, continued to exist in the 6th-10th centuries. n. NS. Such are, for example, two settlements discovered by V.A.Gorodtsov in Borki in 1890. One of them was located at the southern end of Sokor-Gora and was characterized by pits and remnants of destroyed adobe furnaces, near which fragments of rough earthenware and burnt stones lay in abundance , iron ore and slags, clay spinning and sinkers. Another settlement was discovered on the so-called "French Hills", not far from the place where a treasure with Kufic coins of the 10th century was found. The area of the village is covered with a layer of coal, which indicates its destruction by fire. A mass of roughly shaped ceramics with thick walls was found here, according to VA Gorodtsov, modern to the Borkovsky burial ground and basically dating both villages
A.L. Mongait. "Ryazan land".
It is very difficult to draw conclusions about the ethnic component of the population of Borkovsky Island, primarily because of its poor knowledge. After all, the researchers of the late 19th century did not yet possess all the skills of modern archeology. During the Soviet era, little research was done on Borki, and by the end of the 20th century, the cultural layers of the Island had already ceased to exist.
Perhaps the Borka settlement in the 9th century had a mixed Finno-Slavic population under the control of the Scandinavian Rus. Since the Vyatichi were under the control of the Khazars, it can be assumed that there was some kind of Khazar contingent. The presence of the Khazars on the Middle Oka can be evidenced by the presence of a settlement
