Oil is one of the main natural resources Russian Federation.
Active search for oil and gas fields
An active search for oil and gas deposits continues to this day. In turn, the richest in proven reserves of black gold are the countries of the Near and Middle East, North and Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia.The task of searching for oil deposits is to identify, analyze reserves and prepare for industrial development. In the course of such work, hydrogeochemical, geophysical and geological search methods are used. oil fields, as well as drilling openings and studying them.
After the breakup Soviet Union Siberian and Central Asian oil flowed through a vast stream. A paradoxical situation arose. Research and development spending on new energy technologies has begun to decline in both the United States and Western Europe... The exception is Japan, which is trying to control the import of raw materials, especially since it is fighting a rival that always has an appetite for Siberian oil - China.
While the Japanese have nine different taxes on car ownership to stimulate the economy, China appears to have endless growth potential in terms of road transport... And this is the increase in the number of cars that will be the main driver of the growth of oil imports in China.
Geological techniques are carried out in the first place. During this visit, geologists come to the study area and carry out the necessary field work there. They examine and study rock deposits that come out onto the earth's surface, their characteristics and structure, as well as the angle of inclination. After the return, the received materials are processed. As a result of these actions, geological maps appear - this is a display of the rock outcropping on earth surface- and sections of the terrain.
In other words, the market alone will not generate more investment in new energy technologies. The problem is that if in the next quarter of a century there is a serious crisis and oil, there will be no time to switch to other sources of energy. Therefore, there are signals from different sides that the time has come to start drug treatment, to stop considering the oil problem only in market conditions. The price and offer set by the game reflects the cost of the transaction. This is why currently high prices show the instability in the Middle East and the influence of the Yukos faction in Russia.
Geophysical search techniques
Geophysical techniques include:
- seismic exploration;
- gravity prospecting;
- electrical exploration;
- magnetic prospecting.
The first is based on the application of the laws of distribution of artificial elastic waves in the Earth's crust. A component of gravity prospecting is the dependence of gravity on the ground on the saturation of mountain substances. Rocks filled with gas or oil are less dense than those that, for example, contain liquid. The purpose of this study is to determine a location with a sufficiently low gravity.
Then consumers will have to pay more. For gasoline, and it will soon become clear that many of today's disadvantages due to cheap fuel technologies would be attractive. Investment in research and development will increase, the fuel efficiency of cars will increase, and eventually oil can be left as the primary source of energy. Is oil divorce possible? Most radical visions suggest that time will begin to shift to another source of energy - hydrogen, the most abundant element.
Electrical oil exploration
Electrical exploration for oil fields relies on the different electrical conductivity of minerals. So, rocks saturated with this substance have incredibly low electrical conductivity.
The basis of magnetic prospecting is the various magnetic permeability of rocks.
Pure hydrogen is a gas when burned in air by combining with oxygen in addition to thermal water. But there are many problems with hydrogen. First of all, it is useless as fuel for today's cars. You need a dedicated combustion engine, or better yet, a fuel cell to extract valuable energy from hydrogen. This is a device in which hydrogen "burns" without a flame, that is, it is oxidized during an electrochemical reaction, which leads to an electric current.
And only during this reaction, the current can serve to power the electric motor, which will already be driving the car. The second problem with hydrogen is that it does not occur naturally in free form. It is filled but bound in water, natural gas, or petroleum hydrocarbons. It can be extracted from these compounds, and currently the most popular source of hydrogen is natural gas. In addition, as a result of this operation, oxide and carbon dioxide are generated in addition to hydrogen, which is disadvantageous for environmental reasons.
Hydrogeochemical methods are subdivided into:
- gas;
- luminescent bitumenological;
- radioactive survey;
- hydrochemical reception.
Gas surveys consist in recognizing the existence of hydrocarbon gas in rock and groundwater samples. Any oil and gas deposits have an aura of scattering such gases.
And gas resources, as well as oil, are limited. It is better to use gas to directly power power plants or cars. The best way would be to get hydrogen from the cheapest and cleanest water source. When exposed to water, electric shock or very high temperatures hydrogen and oxygen are formed. Only in the case of electrolysis, in order to decompose water molecules, you need to consume more energy than you can recover in a fuel cell. It seems that surgery will never be profitable. Hydrogen can also be methanol, which in turn can be obtained by fermenting biomass, for example, specially cultivated fast growing varieties of trees.
Luminescent-bitumenological survey is based on the fact that a large amount of bitumen is formed in the rock above oil deposits.
The task of radioactive imaging is to identify the lowered radiation field, which is caused by oil deposits.
Hydrochemical technique is used to study the chemical structure groundwater and the presence of dissolved gas and biological substances in them.
But since the French calculated the biomass energy to drive all their cars, they would have to plant the entire French territory to produce plants. There is no end to hydrogen troubles. Once you can produce it, you have a storage problem. It is a highly explosive gas, so it seems that no one will like pressing it under high pressure into steel tanks. However, scientists-scientists involved in the storage of hydrogen, a lot, although this moment everybody forces you to ask about profitability.
Since there are so many problems with hydrogen, why bother with it? Hydrogen advocates have no doubt that crude oil and natural gas will run out sooner or later. Perhaps he will not pay for its operation in the future 25, even 50 years. But in the end there will be no other way out. The retirement of fossil fuels for hydrogen is more than just converting one energy source to another, as it did in the case of displacement. coal oil and natural gas. Hydrogen represents a global economic and social revolution.
Well drilling is used to create the boundaries of deposits, as well as to identify the scale and intensity of oil and gas reservoirs.
The most widely used method for investigating fossil fuels is electric logging. It is based on lowering a special device into the opening, which allows you to determine the electrical characteristics of the rocks.
Jeremy Rifkin, a controversial American economist known for his numerous publications, speaks of changes in modern world... In the hydrogen economy. But he points out that the issue of profitability cannot be considered only in the short term, accounting should include both these external costs and the complex conversion into dollar political costs. The most important advantage associated with hydrogen energy comes from one simple fact: the Middle East is no longer needed as the source of the world's most important raw material, and it is no longer a political issue.
Oil and gas prospecting methods
Oil and gas prospecting methods are used to identify and analyze reserves. And also the development of industrial deposits.
There are two phases of prospecting and exploration activities. The search engine contains three stages:
1. Local geological and geophysical work. Allowable deposits of oil and gas are determined, reserves are analyzed, and priority areas for further activities are established.
Well, how can we efficiently produce hydrogen? Rifkin declares the revolution to be a realist and therefore proposes the gradual creation of a new energy system. Before going outside to go out on the algae, the hydrogen must hit “under the straw”. New office buildings built in the United States are increasingly equipped with independent power plants - hydrogen fuel cells. They are an extraordinary source of energy in institutions where even a fraction of a second of power outages can lead to catastrophic disasters.
2. Preparing the territory for deep drilling... A more thorough study of oil and gas bearing areas is under way using geological and geophysical techniques.
3. Search for deposits. Openings are being drilled to set up production facilities.
The exploration stage is implemented in one stage. Its task is to arrange wells for the development process.
In many California power plants, such power plants provide as much energy as New York City needs. The profitability of such hydrogen power plants is not only a lifesaver in the event of a failure. Rifkin envisions the creation of a reasonable energy system, which, in addition to electricity, will receive information about current energy prices. In the US energy system, these prices are constantly changing and depend on the instantaneous balance between supply and demand, and fluctuations can reach thousands of percent.
Search and exploration of oil and gas fields have achieved incredible success in the past few years. At the moment, about 1% of the entire land area of the Earth has been explored at a depth of 2-3 kilometers. In addition, there is a search for offshore deposits. Industrial oil has been discovered and produced today in 65 countries around the world. The richest states in black gold reserves: Saudi Arabia, USA, Russian Federation, Iraq, Libya, Iran, Venezuela, Abu Dhabi, Canada. Also, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Argentina, Mexico, India and many others are not lagging behind. About 10,000 oil and gas fields have been discovered on Earth. Most of them are located in the Russian Federation: 1500 oil and 400 gas.
What will happen on the smart grid? When energy is cheap, a home power plant will use electricity to produce hydrogen for storage. When the price rises sharply, the fuel cell will release energy from the contained hydrogen. This energy will be used for its own needs, and it will also be able to sell electricity. Once the streets start driving hydrogen cars, they will also become part of such a network. The car moves 4 percent on average. your life, the remaining time can serve as a source of energy for the system to be used at a time when it is profitable.
When looking for oil fields, wells are drilled, often in a vertical direction. But modern technologies allow you to create inclined openings at any angle.
Exploration and development of oil fields
Exploration and development of oil fields is a specific set of actions that allows assessing the industrial characteristics of oil deposits, preparing and carrying out their development. Technical studies are carried out in each exploration well. Their main tendency is the minimal impact on environment... Therefore, it is necessary to make more accurate calculations and drill as few search openings as possible.
If you look at such an overall balance sheet, you may find that your profitability calculations are completely different. However, the most important argument for Rifkin is the general change in the way electricity is produced and used. This change is compared to the revolution that the Internet has made in the world of information. Before the Internet, the production and distribution of information was under the monopoly control of large media companies. Thanks to the Internet, everyone can be both a consumer and a content creator today, choices have increased immeasurably and the media world has become very democratized.
After the deposit is found, its development is necessary. At this stage, openings are drilled where oil is deposited, that is, rocks are being destroyed. It can be percussive and rotational. During the first method, the rock is crumbled with strong blows of a special device, and the debris is carried out of the openings by water. In rotary drilling, crushed particles are lifted to the surface using a working fluid that circulates in the borehole.
The situation in the energy world today is similar to the situation in the media of the era. The production and distribution of energy is governed by big problems, the power system is still inefficient and concentrated. The goal of transforming this network into a democratic and intelligent structure like the Internet will contribute to both overall efficiency and predictable political change.
The new hydrogen economy makes it possible, for example, to look at the problems of the poorest countries. About 2 billion people today do not have access to any form of electricity. How to connect 2 billion people? Many developing countries are investing heavily in electrification, assuming a neck. Because the production of electricity in traditional power plants requires fuel, oil, gas, in the worst case, carbon, which can only be bought by foreigners, for example, in the Middle East.
Exploration of oil and gas fields and its speed depends on the type of breed, the quality of the equipment and the professionalism of the master. At one such production facility, from several tens to a couple of thousand wells are drilled. In order to coordinate the movement of liquid and gas, the openings are placed in a certain way and used in a special mode. This whole process together is called field development.
But foreign currency must be borrowed, for example, from the West. The rise in energy bills alone is one of the main reasons for the rise in indebtedness in third world countries. Breaking the vicious circle can be by changing the way energy is produced and used. Transition to a distributed system in which the source of electricity will be micro-sources: both solar panels and fuel cells installed in individual villages or even settlements.
Experience teaches that poor countries do the best to help people with concrete, small projects. Small investments seem to be the crystals in which local entrepreneurship develops. Linking all of these initiatives to an Internet-like information and energy network, like Rifkin, will help free the poorest from the double dependency of raw materials and foreign exchange.
New methods of searching for oil fields at the "Neftegaz" exhibition
Exhibition "Neftegaz" is the largest event in this field in Eastern Europe... This year, as always, the exposition will be held at the Expocentre Fairgrounds in Moscow. The most significant companies will gather there and famous manufacturers in the field of technology and science.
Of course, not only technology is needed, but also innovative forms of social organization. In fact, the hydrogen network could add, like the Internet, a new impulse to already tried and less popular forms. Energy costs less cooperatives than if they wanted to buy it privately with large suppliers. Well, but there is still the question of hydrogen production. The need for it is the current that today is generated mainly by fossil fuel power plants: coal, natural gas and oil.
The share of renewable sources, such as wind farms, solar panels, hydroelectric power plants, is still small, they account for 16.4 percent. global electricity production. These projections do not take into account that if gasoline is switched to power cars, electricity production would have to increase significantly to keep up with hydrogen consumption. The French estimate that it will have to double the number of nuclear power plants to produce hydrogen in quantities that can replace today's gasoline consumption.
Visitors will be shown the most successful domestic and foreign scientific achievements, Newest technologies, business projects, high quality modern equipment, interesting ideas.
Professionals in the field of "geology and oil and gas exploration" will also be present. They will showcase their latest developments and successful projects.
The Neftegaz business program is very diverse. All participants and visitors will have the opportunity to attend conferences, attend lectures and seminars, take part in discussions and discussions.
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Exploration of oil and gas fields includes work to identify the scale of oil content, oil and gas saturation, physical.
Exploration of oil and gas fields must be carried out with strict observance of measures for the protection of subsoil. Particular attention should be paid to careful fulfillment of the geological and technical conditions for drilling wells and opening oil and gas reservoirs in order to prevent the release of drilling fluid, open flowing, rock falls and other complications of the wellbore that can harm the subsoil. There are many examples from exploration practice when non-observance of well placement rules, underestimation of specific features geological structure and oil conditions lead to open gushing, fires, griffin formation, rig and equipment failure. All these phenomena are accompanied by the loss of large quantities of oil and gas, and sometimes, with prolonged gushing of gas wells, to the degassing of the oil reservoir or the loss of a significant part of the gas reserves. Analysis of cases of open flowing shows that the largest number of them falls on exploration wells.
In the exploration of oil and gas fields, hydrogeological data can be used to determine the position of gas-water and oil-water contacts and oil rims of gas deposits, as well as to clarify, in some cases, the correlation of layers and interlayers within oil and gas fields and some other details of their geological structure.
Geology and exploration of oil and gas fields and 0105 Geophysical methods of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields and for students of oil, mining and construction universities and theta.
Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields is associated with huge continuously increasing costs of labor, materials and money. Therefore, the problem of increasing the economic efficiency of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas is becoming increasingly important. This is achieved, in particular, through the use of certain methodological techniques and modern technical means.
The course Exploration and exploration of oil and gas fields is closely related to other branches of science. This relationship is shown in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1), which highlighted several main groups of disciplines. Let's consider each of them.
Soviet geologists carry out exploration for oil and gas fields along a bottom-up system that provides the fastest geological exploration of the field at the lowest cost. The industrial assessment of all oil-bearing horizons uncovered by wells is carried out on the basis of core samples taken using core bits and lateral grounding, electric logging, lateral logging and radiometric studies, as well as by returning wells in order to sample the overlying horizons. This system provides the fastest increment in inventory.
The issues of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields, methods of drilling wells, including horizontal and lateral horizontal wellbores, are highlighted.
Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas deposits is most closely related to the geology of caustobioliths and the study of oil, in which the processes of formation in earth crust oil, hydrocarbon gases and solid bitumen, processes of formation of deposits of these minerals, patterns of spatial distribution and conditions of their preservation. The doctrine of oil is the theoretical basis for prospecting and exploration.
The task of oil geologists is the search and exploration of oil and gas fields. Currently, oil prospecting is carried out by a combination of geological, geophysical and geochemical methods.
Wells are used in prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields at all stages of these operations; they are drilled for various purposes and are subdivided according to various characteristics. There are shallow, deep and superdeep wells.
The complex of works on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields is carried out by geological exploration enterprises. The build-up of oil and gas reserves and the most rational placement of the oil and gas industry depend on their activities. All methods of exploration and types of work are very labor-intensive, therefore, the task of choosing a complex of methods that is rational for the given conditions of exploration is brought to the fore, ensuring the reduction and increase in the efficiency of labor costs and funds in the production of these works.
The complex of works on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields is carried out by geological exploration enterprises. The build-up of oil and gas reserves and, ultimately, the sustainability of the development of oil and gas production depend on their activities.
