Medical climatology- a section of medical science that studies the influence of climatic and weather factors on the human body, methods of their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
Climatotherapy, climatotherapy- a set of methods of prevention and treatment, using the metered impact of climatic factors and special climatic procedures on the human body.
The therapeutic and prophylactic effect of the climate on the body is determined by a number of natural factors: geographic location terrain, altitude, distance from the sea, atmospheric pressure, temperature, air circulation and humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, intensity solar radiation, features of the resort flora and landscape.
The main methods of climatotherapy include:, air baths, heliotherapy, thalassotherapy.
From the history of climatotherapy
"Anyone who wants to research medicine well, must first of all consider the seasons and their effect on a person" Hippocrates argued and warned: "Be especially careful when the weather changes, during this period avoid bloodletting, cauterization and do not take a scalpel." In his famous treatise "On Airs, Waters and Localities", he outlined the essence of the influence of weather on a person. Parallel to this chapter can be considered the Chinese "Treatise of the Yellow Emperor on the internal" ("Huang-di nei-ching", III century BC), - the oldest written monument of traditional Chinese medicine. One of the chapters examines the influence of climatic conditions, the nature of water and food on human health and disease. Chinese doctors paid special attention to movements, breathing and emotions when the seasons changed, then “the correct movement of breath-qi ... spring-summer-autumn-winter” occurs, ensuring health. The ancient healers of India paid great attention to the influence of climate. According to legend, the legendary ancient Indian physician Jivaka advised his patient to change his place of residence in order to get rid of a chronic disease. The famous Indian physician Sushruta mentioned not only "internal" but also "external" circumstances among the causes of diseases, including the climate, the properties of water and air."The patient should not stay in the area where he fell ill," - believed Celsus, whom his contemporaries called "the Latin Hippocrates", - "to be cured, you must definitely make a trip." The works of Celsus, published in 1478, were the first scientific treatise on medicine. His fame and authority were so high that Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim, the famous alchemist and physician, took the name Paracelsus, which means "superior to Celsus." V early XVI v. Paracelsus remarked:
"Anyone who studies winds, lightning and weather knows the origin of diseases."Scientific study of the influence of climatic factors on health began only in early XIX c., after the main principles of meteorological observations were formulated and more specific relationships of climate and weather with various diseases were established. One of the first works on medical climatology was the monograph by F. P. Barsuk-Moiseev "On the Influence of Air, Seasons and Meteors on Human Health", published in 1801 by the printing house of Moscow University. A great contribution to the development and formation of medical climatology was made by the Russian climatologist and meteorologist A.I. Voeikov, who generalized the views on the problems of medical climatology in his work "Study of climates for the purposes of climatic treatment and hygiene" (1893).
The influence of climate on health and the course of the disease was paid much attention to by S.P. Botkin, V.A. Manassein and many other Russian clinicians. One of the founders of domestic therapy and balneology G.A. Zakharyin, in the course of faculty therapy, gave a separate lecture on climatotherapy, emphasizing its importance and at the same time pointing out the insufficient knowledge of doctors of its provisions. Zakharyin said:
“There are few diseases where the correct climatic conditions would not be important. It cannot be admitted that most doctors would be well aware of climatotherapy and prescribed it correctly ... on the contrary, it is often necessary to see that climate therapy is expected to do what it cannot give, and do not use what it can give. "Interest in medical climatology has increased dramatically since the 1920s. XX century when new resorts and sanatoriums were created in the USSR, which led to intensive migration of the population. In the established scientific research institutes of balneology, research was begun on the use of the healing forces of nature. In all resort areas, and especially where new sanatoriums were built, a detailed study of local climatic conditions was carried out in order to facilitate the processes of human acclimatization and the most effective use of climatotherapy procedures.
The development of medical climatology has led to the identification of its main independent scientific areas - climatophysiology, climatopathology, climatotherapy and medical meteorology.
Climate as a natural healing factor
The climate is a universal healing factor in the resort. According to the rules of balneography, the climatic and geographical characteristics of the resort are described in the first place. All climatic factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation, etc.) determined by the height above sea level, latitude and longitude of the area, along with the features of the landscape, constitute the environment acting on a person in aggregate. - climatic characteristics create the background against which other therapeutic resort factors act most effectively.Of the geographical factors affecting the climate of a particular region, the most significant are: the geographical latitude and altitude of the area, its proximity to the sea coast, features of the orography and vegetation cover, the degree of atmospheric pollution.
Geographic latitude determines the midday height of the Sun and the duration of exposure. Solar radiation enters the upper boundary of the atmosphere and is distributed depending on cloudiness, albedo or reflectivity of the earth's surface, and the degree of air transparency. By geographic latitude distinguish: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subarctic, arctic, subantarctic, Antarctic climate.
Height above sea level largely determines the climatic features of the area. At the same time, climate changes with altitude are much greater than changes with latitude - in the horizontal direction, which are also determined by the proximity of large water surfaces: oceans, seas, large lakes and large rivers.
The division of climate types into sea and continental determines the distribution of land and sea, the proximity of the area to the coast of the sea or ocean.
Climate has a powerful therapeutic effect and must be considered a potent factor.
Climatophysiology- a section of medical climatology that studies the effect on the human body of a complex of various climatic and weather factors: climate, weather, individual climatic influences (climatic procedures).
The influence of climatic factors on the state of the body is carried out reflexively through the central nervous system and neurohumoral way. In natural conditions, a person is under the simultaneous influence of many natural factors that together create the concept of weather. The periods of change of weather types are most painfully tolerated, and the more contrasting and sharper this change, the more pronounced are the pathological meteotropic reactions of the body.
The physiological and therapeutic effect of climatotherapy is based on the training of thermoadaptation mechanisms, normalization of metabolic processes, changes in immunological reactivity, improvement and normalization of impaired functions of the respiratory system, hemodynamic parameters, improvement of the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Air ions, which are part of the air, regulate the inhibitory activity of the cerebral cortex, contribute to the normalization of all physiological functions of the body.
The main types of climatotherapy are:
- and air baths,
- heliotherapy,
- thalassotherapy.
Duration of acclimatization at the resort(adaptation period) is determined individually, depending on the characteristics of the disease and the contrast of changing climatic regions. Adaptive changes are of a phase nature - a short-term decrease in the functions of many systems is replaced by their gradual strengthening and, finally, stabilization of functions.
During acclimatization (adaptation to climatic conditions resort), stress and disruption of adaptive systems is possible, especially when moving from climate-contrast zones, early overload with climatic procedures, weakening of adaptive capabilities, in particular with incomplete remission of the disease. In these cases, there are states of asthenization, vegetative-vascular dystonia, exacerbation of the underlying disease. Adaptation to the resort climatic conditions turns out to be insufficient up to its failure - maladjustment.
During the period of adaptation (acclimatization), do not prescribe potent healing procedures, including climatotherapy. Patients must observe a regimen that would reduce the intensity of stimuli caused by a change in climatic regions, contribute to the correct training of adaptive mechanisms.
The acclimatization period at the resort inevitably occurs when climatic conditions change, even favorable for health. Acclimatization is always accompanied by short-term adaptive physiological shifts of functional systems to ensure the required level of vital activity in new conditions - an adaptation reaction. Adaptation reactions are manifested when changing the climatic zone, time zones and when taking climatic procedures during the spa treatment.
Desynchronosis- painful disorders, which are most often manifested by sleep disorders, decreased performance, deterioration in the course of the underlying disease, develops when the time zone is shifted by 3 hours or more. The most pronounced manifestations of desynchronosis occur when moving from west to east, when the usual course of daily time is inverted.
Along with diurnal desynchronosis, when moving to unusual climatic conditions, the structure of the seasonal rhythm can also be disrupted. The negative effect on the human body is not the accelerated onset of the seasonal rhythm (when moving in the spring from the middle zone to the summer conditions of the southern resorts), but its inversion, which is usually observed when traveling in the fall in the summer conditions of the southern countries.
Climatopathology is a branch of medical climatology that studies the dependence of various pathological conditions on climate change, unusual (abnormal) weather changes in a familiar climate.
Climatopathic reactions and meteopathic reactions most often observed with a sharp change in climate in persons asthenized by acute or chronic diseases, as well as in the elderly and children. The predominance in climatopathic and meteopathic reactions of various symptom complexes (cerebral, cardiac, vegetative-vascular, arthralgic) or disorders of certain types of metabolism depend on the specificity of the disease and the characteristics of the unusual climate. Pathological reactions to climate change usually develop at the beginning of acclimatization and sometimes proceed acutely (by the type of stress) or gradually (by the type of adaptation disease (maladaptive meteoneurosis).
SELECTING A CLIMATE RESORT
When choosing a resort, first of all, they take into account the peculiarities of the climate, since it affects the human body in different ways. You should be especially responsible when choosing a resort climate for weather-sensitive people.
Classification of climatic resorts
In accordance with the natural landscape and climatic zones, all resorts are divided into the following types:I. flat continental resorts
climate type
moderate continental
sharply continental
Subtropical
monsoon
a.taiga resorts
b. forest temperate zone,
c. forested monsoon climate temperate latitudes
d. subtropical forests
e. steppe and forest-steppe
f. semi-desert
II. Seaside resorts, predominantly
a.forest climate of temperate latitudes
b. steppe climate
c. Mediterranean climate
d. humid subtropical climate
e. monsoon climate
f. semi-desert climate
III.Mountain resorts
a. foothills (100 to 500 m above sea level)
b. low mountain resorts (from 500 to 1000 m above sea level)
c. middle-altitude lower zone (from 1000 to 1500 m above sea level)
d. middle mountainous upper zone (from 1500 to 2000 m above sea level)
e. alpine (above 2000 m above sea level)
for foothills and low mountains:
−in the forest zone of the temperate zone
−in the zone of subtropical forests
−in the zone of steppes and deserts
−seaside
IV. Climatic resorts of other landscape climatic zones
Depending on the location of the resort in the listed areas full characteristic climatic resort includes landscape and climatic features and height above sea level.
Belokurikha - balneoclimatic foothill resort of the forest zone at an altitude of 250 m above sea level
Continental climate of the forest and forest-steppe zone The European part of Russia has a mild stimulating effect. It enhances inhibition in the cerebral cortex, increases the tone of the subcortical structures and centers (nervous autonomic system and thermoregulation), increases the reduced performance of the body. Slowing down and deepening breathing in the forest leads to increased pulmonary ventilation and oxygen utilization, increased tissue respiration. G.A. Zakharyin believed that the harsh climate of Russia serves the people well, tempering them physically, and Russian nature, with its expanse of fields and fragrant forests, with its frosts and blizzards, promotes the development of a healthy and active person, only the gifts of the climate should be used expediently. This climate has a beneficial effect on patients with diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system (coronary heart disease, hypertension), recovering from infectious diseases, patients with functional disorders of the nervous system.
Taiga climate of the coniferous forest zone, the air of which is saturated with phytoncides and terpenes, is especially indicated for patients with respiratory diseases, but it is contraindicated for patients with unstable blood pressure (blood pressure), prone to hypertensive crises. The best time for rehabilitation in the cardiological sanatoriums of the zone pine forests from January to April, and also - from the end of July to December, excluding May and July, - the period of maximum release of resinous substances. In summer, cardiac patients benefit from areas of broad-leaved forests, especially oak forests, since oak phytoncides have a beneficial effect on blood pressure.
Steppe climate(semiarid climate of temperate latitudes) is typical mainly for inland regions, remote from the oceans - sources of moisture - and usually located in the rain shadow high mountains... Hot summers and cold winters are due to the inland position in temperate latitudes. At least one winter month has an average temperature below 0 ° C, and the average temperature of the warmest summer month is above 21 ° C. The steppe climate is less dry than the arid climate itself. The average annual precipitation is usually less than 500 mm, but more than 250 mm. The steppe climate differs from the desert climate (arid climate) by the sharper temperature drops between day and night. In the steppe resorts of the European part of Russia, kumis treatment is additionally used.
The main indications for treatment in resorts with a continental climate of the steppe zone: respiratory diseases. Kumis therapy is effective in the complex therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis.
The main regions of Russia with a semi-arid climate are intermontane basins and steppes of the Southern Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia. The most famous resorts of the steppe zone: Yarovoye in the Altai Territory, Sol-Iletsk in the Orenburg Region.
Semi-desert and desert climate- arid climate (lat. aridus- dry) temperate latitudes, - inherent mainly in the Central Asian deserts. The temperatures are the same as in regions with a semi-arid climate, however, there is not enough rainfall for the existence of a closed natural vegetation cover, and the average annual precipitation usually does not exceed 250 mm. The desert climate is characterized by long hot and dry summers with very high average air temperatures, low humidity, and intense solar radiation. The climate of the steppes and deserts facilitates easier regulation of heat exchange between the skin and lungs, profuse sweating, facilitates kidney function, while the hemoglobin content and the number of erythrocytes in the blood increase.
The main indications for treatment in resorts with an arid climate: kidney disease (nephritis), respiratory system. Resorts of the semi-desert zone in Russia: "Elton", Volgograd region, "Baskunchak" and "Tinaki" in the Astrakhan region.
Mountain climate characterized by low atmospheric pressure, partial pressure of oxygen and water vapor in the air, increased intensity of solar radiation, low temperatures in summer, clean, transparent air. A large number of negative ions in the mountain air have a positive effect on the body. The air is ionized when water is sprayed (near waterfalls, turbulent mountain rivers). Ionization is facilitated by ultraviolet rays. At a slightly lower temperature of the mountain air, working capacity is significantly improved, attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, the ability to switch from one type of work to another, which is used in sports medicine in preparation for competitions, increase. Training in the mountains significantly improves the physical capabilities of athletes. The mountainous climate promotes deep breathing, an increase in lung capacity, and an improvement in blood composition. A person who first reaches an altitude of more than 1500 m, with physical exertion, exhibits some symptoms of hypoxia - mountain sickness - which is characterized by rapid breathing and pulse, somewhat elevated mood, increased gesticulation, and accelerated speech. After some time, the body adapts (acclimatizes): increases, increases metabolism, restores and increases efficiency.
The most famous mountain resorts Russia is the low-mountain resorts of Belokurikha in Siberia and Kislovodsk in the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody... The resort is distinguished by the constancy of atmospheric pressure, a large number of clear and sunny days per year, moderate humidity, the number of air ions, twice as high as the Swiss Davos - all this makes them one of the best climatic resorts in the world. The air of the resorts is saturated with phytoncides of coniferous trees of the famous Pine Mountain in Kislovodsk and Elova Mountain in Belokurikha. An important resort factor and the beauty of the surrounding landscapes: the snow-white caps of the Altai Mountains, immortalized in the canvases of N.K. Roerich, and the peaks of the Caucasus, praised by A.S. Pushkin, and of course, mountain rivers- the impetuous Terek, where the heroes of M.Yu. Lermontov, and rebellious in the upper reaches and majestic and unconquered in the mouth, the river-queen Katun, where V.M. Shukshin.
Maritime climate is the main active factor in thalassotherapy. Climate seaside resorts characterized by a relatively high atmospheric pressure, uniform temperature, cleanliness and freshness of the air with a high content of ozone and sea salts in it, intense solar radiation, the absence of sudden changes in temperature. Staying near the sea helps to increase metabolism, increase the secretion of the epithelium of the bronchial tree, has a tonic, restorative and hardening effect.
Moderate maritime climate typical for seaside resorts on the coast Baltic Sea: Kurortny district of St. Petersburg on the coast Gulf of Finland, resorts of the Kaliningrad region - Svetlogorsk, Zelenogradsk, the coast The Pacific- on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
On the Black sea coast There are three different types of resorts in the Caucasus: with a temperate steppe climate from Taman to Anapa, zones of dry subtropics from Anapa to Tuapse, and zones of humid subtropics from Tuapse to Adler and further outside Russia. The reason for the formation of such zoning is the height of the mountains. Up to Tuapse, they are not an obstacle for moisture-carrying air flows from the north-west, since their height does not exceed 1000 m, from Tuapse to Sochi mountain ranges rise up to 3000 m and higher, the amount of precipitation increases, which turns the coast into a zone of humid subtropics.
750-kilometer Black Sea coastline Crimean peninsula is also located in different climatic zones: zones of dry subtropics resorts South Shore Crimea, zones of temperate maritime steppe climate - the resorts of the West coast of Evpatoria and Saki, the resorts of the South-East coast - Feodosia and Sudak.
Primorsky steppe climate it is distinguished by a large number of sunny days in summer, drier air than in other coastal areas. During the summer period, rains are rare, the rainy period begins in October. In Russia, seaside resorts with a steppe climate are located in the steppe zone of Crimea - Evpatoria, Feodosia, Sudak, on the Azov coast of Taganrog, Yeisk, the coast of the Taman and Kerch peninsulas. The features of the steppe climate are inherent in the resorts on the Black Sea coast - Taman Peninsula and the resort of Anapa.
Mediterranean type maritime climate with mild winters and dry hot summers, warm, with low humidity, with a long sunny standing, with a long bathing season are inherent in the resorts of the southern coast of Crimea - big Yalta, Alushta, the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Tuapse, the resorts of the Caspian coast of the Republic of Dagestan.
The maritime climate of the humid subtropical zone- resorts on the Black Sea coast from Tuapse to Sochi - the only region in Russia and the world's northernmost region of humid subtropics. Sochi is considered the city of "three seasons" - summer in Sochi begins in early May, ends at the end of October, smoothly flowing into autumn, which lasts from November to mid-January, in February, with the flowering of many trees, spring comes, lasting until the end April. In winter, temperatures are rarely below 0 ° C.
The climate of humid subtropics is contraindicated when during sultry weather.
Monsoon maritime climate characteristic of the resorts in the south of the Far East - the Vladivostok group of resorts.
The seaside climate is indicated for diseases of the system, musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems.
River cruises or travel have a high healing effect, which is due to the exceptionally clean air, saturated with air ions, as well as the absence of rolling, which is inevitable during sea travel. This was the opinion of Professor N.F. Golubov, who from 1884 to 1891 monitored the health of those traveling along the Volga. At the resort congress in 1915, Golubov made a proposal that special sanatorium steamers sail along the Volga and Kama in the summer months. 100 years later, the four-deck sanatorium-motor ship "Mikhail Frunze" is sailing along the Volga. As before, the priority is the use of natural factors and drug-free methods in the treatment: hydrotherapy, manual therapy, reflexology, massage. Clean river air, gradual, consistent change of climatic zones along the route, picturesque natural landscapes create all conditions for health improvement.
General indications for climatotherapy
Diseases of the respiratory system (with respiratory allergies, it is imperative to take into account the flowering season);Diseases
;
Conditions after severe illnesses;
Asthenic syndrome, states of immunocompromise.
A doctor's consultation when choosing a vacation spot is required!
Climate change is contraindicated
Patients with severe atherosclerosis of the cerebral and coronary vessels, with heart failure;With diseases (thyrotoxicosis);
With kidney disease (nephritis);
For any disease in the acute stage;
Climatic resorts with high insolation are contraindicated for patients with vitiligo, as well as gynecological diseases.
Manshina N.V. Spa treatment for everyone. For health at the resort
Part I. Methods of spa therapy
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Manshina N.V. ... For health at the resort: M, Veche, 2007, p. 596 (29-34)
Photos from open sources
Climatic resort areas South of Russia- regions where complex physical and geographical conditions of the South of Russia create within this territory a wide variety of landscape and climatic zones (from humid subtropical east coast in the west of the named territory to the sharply continental dry Caspian semi-desert in the east and from the high-mountain climate Caucasus mountains covered with eternal snow, in the south to the temperate continental climate of the plains of the Don steppes in the north) with their unequal effect on humans, which makes it possible to create climatic resorts of various profiles on this territory. The South of Russia is famous for its first-class climatic: Teberda, etc. Depending on the natural and climatic conditions in the South of Russia, three climatic resort areas can be distinguished, differing in their medical profile: 1) sea, 2) mountain, 3) semi-desert.
Sea climatic resorts of the South of Russia located on the coast of the Black and Caspian Seas. They differ significantly in climatic conditions. The Black Sea coast is divided into two regions: South - Sochi and North - Anapsky. The resort area of Sochi occupies the Black Sea coastline from the city of Adler to the village. Deep. The Main Caucasian Ridge, with an altitude of more than 2000 m, protects this area from the continental northeastern winds, and the southwestern sea winds here create a climate of humid subtropics with sunny, very warm and very wet summer and very mild winters. Evergreen subtropical plants (palms, citrus fruits, etc.) grow in this area. The resort area of this area is different beautiful views to the sea and the surrounding mountains of the Caucasus, covered with rich forest vegetation. The following data characterize the climate of this region: the duration of sunshine is 2250 hours per year, the average annual temperature is 13-14 ° C, the relative humidity is 76%, the cloudiness is 55-60%. The amount of precipitation is from 1650 mm (Sochi) to 1350 mm (Tuapse). Summers are sunny, very warm, often very hot and very humid. Winters are very mild, cloudy with frequent and abundant lingering precipitation. The Equivalent Effective Temperature (EET) data indicate that air baths can be carried out from early May to late October. High temperatures air and an abundance of sun cause the water to warm up quickly, and swimming in the sea can last from June to the end of October. The northwestern part of the Black Sea coast is the Anapa region, which occupies a narrow coastal strip of the Black Sea from the village. Deep to Anapa and is solid. In this area are located famous resorts:, etc. The Main Caucasian ridge, starting from Tuapse, continuously decreases, in Novorossiysk its height decreases to 600 m, and in the Anapa region it becomes a plain. As you descend mountain range northeastern winds penetrate the coast more and more, their speed increases and in the region of Novorossiysk they reach a storm speed, especially in the cold half-year. Therefore, the climate of this region, together with the well-expressed features of the seaside, has clearly expressed signs of the continental, increasing to the northwest: the amount decreases from 1100 mm (Dzhubga) to 750 mm (); the duration of sunshine increases to 2400 hours per year. Subtropical vegetation disappears and is replaced by vegetation of the temperate latitudes. Winters are mild, damp and windy. The temperature in January is from 2.6 ° С (Dzhubga) to 1.8 ° С (Anapa), the average humidity is 80%, the cloudiness is 50% lower. Summer is sunny, very warm, in July the air temperature is from 22.6 ° С to 23.4 ° С. Hot weather observed in this area is tolerated relatively easily due to low humidity and sea breezes, there is little precipitation. Autumn is much warmer than spring: September and half of October - the best time of the year. Outdoor sun and air baths can be carried out from May to mid-October, when the EET is above 15 ° C during the day, sea bathing is possible from June to the end of September. The entire region, in terms of climatic conditions, is a resort area for the summer-autumn season. The coast is a wide low-lying coastal strip stretching from the Taganrog Bay to the Taman Peninsula. Most of it is occupied by floodplains and estuaries of the river delta. Kuban and only in the northern part of the region the North Caucasian steppes reach Sea of Azov... There is a resort in the Azov region. In this area, the average annual temperature is 10 - 11 ° С, relative humidity 76 - 79%, slight lower cloudiness 30 - 35%, wind speed 5 - 6 m / s, duration of sunshine 2400-2100 h / year, precipitation amount from 450 up to 500 mm. Summer is sunny, very warm - in July the average temperature is 24.1 ° С (Temryuk) - up to 21.6 ° С (Yeisk), humid in the south - 72% and less humid in the north - 66%, low cloudiness - 10 - 15%, wind speed is significant - from 4 to 5.5 m / s. Winters are moderately mild, rainy, wet and windy. January temperature is from 1.1 ° С (Temryuk) to 3.7 ° С (Yeisk), lower cloudiness - from 24% in the south to 60% in the north. Holiday season lasts from late April to mid-October. The period favorable for air baths according to EET begins in May and ends at the end of September. The season favorable for swimming in the sea is from mid-May to the end of September. This entire area is promising for the organization of seaside resorts in the summer-autumn period. Coast of the Caspian Sea. Kurortny district west coast The Caspian Sea is located on the territory of Dagestan from the city of Makhachkala to the river. Samur. The climate of this region is formed under the general predominant influence of the semi-desert surrounding the Caspian Sea, with its characteristic continental climate and local direct influence of the Caspian Sea. Average annual temperature 12 ° С, relative humidity 75 - 78%, wind speed from 3.2 in the south (Derbent) to 6 m / s in the north (Makhachkala), annual quantity precipitation 355 - 400 mm, sunshine duration from 1900 h (Derbent) to 2000 h (Makhachkala). Summer is sunny, very warm (July 24 - 25 ° С), moderately humid (62%), low cloudiness (20 - 26%), wind speed from 5 m / s (Makhachkala) to 2.8 m / s (Derbent ). Air baths, according to EET, can be carried out from May to September, sea bathing - from mid-May to early October. The data presented show that the resort areas of the three seas are in different climatic conditions: on the coast of the Caspian Sea, features of a continental climate are clearly expressed, on the Black Sea coast of humid subtropics. The climate of the Black Sea coast in the cold half of the year is warmer and drier, and in summer, on the contrary, it is colder and more humid than in the Caspian lowland. In summer, humid tropical, unfavorable for humans, are often observed on the Black Sea coast. Therefore, the climate of the Primorskaya lowland of Dagestan is more favorable in summer and more severe in winter than on the Black Sea coast. This area is favorable for the development of resort construction.
Mountain climatic resorts of the South of Russia... From great variety climates North Caucasus the mid-mountainous region stands out for its extremely favorable climate for humans. In this area there are first-class climatic resorts: Teberda, Tsey, etc. Natural conditions and the relief of the mid-mountain region are very diverse: the entire territory stretching from the south-east to the north-west along the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge consists of mountain ranges dissected by gorges and river valleys. The advanced mountain range (Pasture Ridge), separating the mid-mountain region and part of the low-mountain region (above 800 m) from the foothills of the Caucasus, protects this territory from unfavorable winds - cold in winter, accompanied by fog, ice and frost, and hot and dry in summer. The mid-mountainous region of the North Caucasus is characterized by high purity and transparency of the air, increased intensity of solar radiation with a relatively high content of biologically active UV radiation, a long duration of sunshine (Bermamyt 2350 h), a large number of clear days in lower clouds (142, Teberda 134), moderate humidity (70%), weak winds from 1.7 m / s (Arkhyz) to 2.4 m / s (Kislovodsk). In the mid-mountainous region, climatic conditions change depending on the height, relief, vegetation, etc. With an increase in altitude, the air pressure decreases from 992 mb at an altitude of 890 m (Kislovodsk) to 810 mb (Usengi 1900 m), the air temperature decreases on average by 0.4 - 0.5 ° С per 100 m. The average annual temperature, depending on the altitude, varies from 3.3 ° С (Usengi) to 8.0 ° С. Local mountain-valley winds are observed in the valleys. Winter is especially favorable in this area - relatively warm, sunny with a small amount, calm. In the winter period, inversion phenomena and hair dryers are often observed. In January, the air temperature changes from -1 ° С (Gunib) to -5.2 ° С (Arkhyz), cloud cover from 12% (Gunib) to 31% (Arkhyz), wind speed from 1.9 m / s to 2, 5 m / s (Teberda). The amount of precipitation is from 10 mm to 60 mm (Arkhyz). In terms of climatic conditions, summer is less favorable than winter - in July the air temperature varies from 19 ° С (Kislovodsk) to 13 ° С in the highest places (Arkhyz), the relative humidity is moderate - 70 - 80%, the cloudiness of the lower tier is small - about 40 %, often observed rains fall in the form of short-term showers, mainly in the second half of the day, weak winds 1 - 2 m / s. Spring is the windiest season of the year, with unstable and sharp temperature fluctuations, with frequent precipitation and significant cloudiness. Autumn is sunny, dry, windless, air humidity is moderate. Autumn is the most favorable time of the year. The mid-mountainous region, due to the extremely favorable climatic conditions of winter, is a region of winter climatic resorts. This area is promising for the organization of mountain climatic resorts everywhere.
Resorts of the Caspian semi-desert... The territory of this region is a lowland adjacent to the Caspian Sea from the northwest. This entire vast area is a completely flat semi-desert and lies below sea level from 0 to 29 m. The landscape of this area is a solonetzic-clayey steppe with wormwood-grass vegetation. The climate of the region is continental, dry with moderately cold winters and hot summers, strong winds and low precipitation: from 186 mm per year in the east to 300 mm in the west, the average annual temperature is from 8 - 9 ° С in the north to 10 - 11 ° С in the south, relative humidity 60 - 64%, cloudy big in winter and small in summer, wind speed 5 - 6 m / s. Winters are cold, air temperature in January is 9 - 10 ° С in the north, and 3 - 4 ° С in the south; relative humidity is very high, on average 86 - 88%, with easterly winds fogs are observed, lower cloudiness 57 - 76%, wind speed from 3 to 5 m / s. Summers are sunny, very dry, hot: the average July temperature is 23 - 27 ° С, relative humidity is low 45 - 55%, cloud cover is 18 - 23%, it rains in small quantities and only in the form of short showers, wind speed is 3 - 5 m /With. Dry winds are a characteristic feature of the summer season, less often dust storms. Spring is short, at first with cold, humid, unstable weather, soon turning into summer, dry and warm weather. In the first half of autumn, cloudiness and humidity increase, fogs appear, and at the end of September the first frosts are observed. The warm period, favorable for climatotherapy, begins in the second decade of April and ends in the second decade of September. Very hot weather is observed during this period. The beginning of this period is the end of May, the end is the second decade of September. EET, favorable for carrying out air baths, continue from the first ten days of April to the beginning of October. The hot weather period, when the EET is above 22 ° C during the day, lasts from mid-June to the end of August. Spas can be organized here to treat certain diseases requiring hot and dry climates.
Instructions
The arctic climate is typical for the most northern regions Polar region. Natural zones of this territory: tundra and arctic taiga. The earth warms up very little, the air temperature is extremely low for most of the year. Flora and fauna are very scarce. Most of winter lasts polar night, which makes this climate even more severe. In winter, the temperature often drops to -60 degrees. Generally, climatic winter in these places lasts about 10 months. Summers are very short and cold, the air rarely warms up above +5. There is little precipitation, usually it falls in the form of snow. The Arctic islands are slightly warmer than the mainland.
The subarctic climate is typical for more southern territories The Arctic Circle is the region of the Arctic Circle. Winters are slightly milder than in the Arctic, but are still very long. The average summer temperature is +12 degrees. The amount of precipitation is 200-400 mm per year. The subarctic regions are characterized by the constant presence of cyclones, cloudiness and rather strong wind... The polar night is also very noticeable here.
The most significant part of Russia is occupied by a temperate climate. Its territory is so large that usually this belt is additionally divided into regions: moderately continental, continental and sharply continental. The monsoon climate is also added to them, since in Russia it is also under the influence of the continental one. Temperate climate characterized by sharp drops between winter and summer temperatures.
Moderately continental climate characteristic of Central Russia and its surroundings. Summer is quite hot, in July the temperature often reaches +30 degrees, but winter is frosty, readings of a thermometer -30 are not rare. The closer to Atlantic Ocean, there is a higher level of precipitation. In general, this climate is very strongly influenced by air masses from the Atlantic. In the north, precipitation is usually abundant, but in the south it is somewhat lacking. So natural areas despite the same climate, they change from steppe to taiga.
The continental climate is typical for the Urals and Western Siberia... Atlantic air masses are becoming more and more continental, the climate is shaped under their influence. The difference between winter and summer temperatures increases even more. average temperature January is approximately -25, and July +26. Precipitation is also unevenly distributed.
A sharply continental climate is observed in Eastern Siberia... This climate is more even than the previous two. It is characterized by low cloud cover and low precipitation (most often in summer). The difference between winter and summer temperatures becomes even more noticeable, summers are very hot and winters extremely cold. In this climate, there is only taiga, since there are almost no differences between north and south.
Monsoon climate can be seen on Far East... It is influenced by both air masses from the mainland and sea currents with tropical cyclones. In winter, cold air from the continent moves towards the ocean, and in summer it is the other way around. The climate is characterized by strong winds, there is an abundance of monsoons ( monsoon- this is a particularly strong wind). V summer time typhoons are not uncommon. There is a lot of precipitation, but mainly in warm weather.
