In So Spoke and Did Ivan Vasilievich / To the 485th Anniversary of the Great Ruler
Also from
8 wise sayings of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV
Ivan the Terrible - a wise king, educator and reformer
On August 25, 1530, the first Russian tsar, Grand Duke of All Russia, was born Ivan IV Vasilievich the Terrible... It is difficult to overestimate his contribution to the formation of Russian statehood - he laid the foundation for the convocation of Zemsky Sobor, supervised the compilation of the Code of Law, fought against the invasions of the Crimean Khanate, developed political and trade ties, and actively supported printing. More about Ivan the Terrible, and
Tourist map of pre-war Poland
A person does not have to live, sometimes you have to choose for relaxation. Major monuments, town halls, castles and natural monuments. The places in the areas left in Poland after the war were more or less the same. Particular attention should be paid to the sights of the Eastern border regions. Today is a little forgotten and lost. There are overhead lines in the lower right corner. The exact mapping is unknown.
Pre-War Poland Map - 10 Fascinating Historical Maps of Poland. At first glance, there is a difference in network density between the east and west of the country. The differences are so obvious that you can see the course of the former divisions, mainly between the Russian and Prussian units. It is these different levels of development that have led to such inconsistencies. Today, many of these formations, built on former German lands, have been canceled.
On his initiative, the construction of the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed and other structures in Moscow was carried out, the murals of the Faceted Chamber were created.
In our review, the statements of Ivan the Terrible, many of which have not lost their relevance to this day, and brief facts about his legacy for Russia.
Of course, the first Russian tsar is an ambiguous personality, but at the same time, many modern historians believe that Ivan the Terrible is a wise tsar, an enlightener and a reformer ...
Fragment of the painting by I. Repin "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan November 16, 1581" (more often "Ivan the Terrible kills his son")
This is an interesting and extremely ambitious vision of Poland's development, developed in the 1970s by the authorities of People's Poland. The plans provided for the development of specific industries for individual regions of the country, mining, construction of power plants, highways, etc. the growth of huge urban agglomerations is particularly striking. Lower Silesia was waiting for a big action and a third largest metropolitan area Walbrzych.
These plans were also stolen by colleagues. The map depicts the use of nuclear weapons in the territories of the Warsaw Pact countries, including Poland. Particularly interesting is the participation of the Polish People's Army in the attack on northern Germany. The map shows the situation and the disposition of the troops on the 18th day since the beginning of the war.
The great sovereign, by God's grace, the tsar and great prince of all Russia, the murderer of his own son, terrible and powerful. Today, books and films, paintings and plays are dedicated to him, and, as a rule, he is portrayed as an inhuman monster. But Ivan IV the Terrible entered Russian history not only as a tyrant. He was perhaps one of the most educated people of his era, with a theological erudition and phenomenal memory. Despite various "excesses", this man has done a lot for Russia. Today we are talking about this.
Ivan the Terrible executed no more people than his European "colleagues"
While some call Ivan the Terrible the Russian Count Dracula, a bloodthirsty monster, he was not. Or rather, he did not do anything that the European monarchs would not have done at that time. Historians argue that, without taking into account, during the reign of John Vasilyevich and on his order, fewer people were executed than the Huguenots were killed in France in just one Bartholomew's night.
It is worth noting that since 1578 Ivan the Terrible has ceased to be executed. In his will of 1579, he repented of his deed, however, these periods of prayer and repentance were abruptly replaced by bouts of rage. In November 1582, during such an attack, the king, unwillingly, killed his own son, hitting his temple with an iron tip of a staff.
Ivan the Terrible doubled the territory of the state
Despite the fact that in the second half of his reign, John Vasilyevich met many military failures, for example, in the Livonian War, the first half of the tsar's reign was marked by significant territorial expansions of Rus. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the territory of Rus has more than doubled and has become larger than the territory of the rest of Europe. There is evidence that during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the population in Russia increased by almost a third of people. For comparison, it should be noted that during the reign of Peter the Great, the population decreased by about a quarter.
Ivan the Terrible's Conquest Map
Ivan the Terrible took measures to limit the arbitrariness of the authorities
Ivan the Terrible made an attempt not only to streamline some relations between the estates, but also to limit the arbitrariness of the authorities. This was reflected in the 1550 code of law. According to the decrees recorded in the law code, the peasant communities were granted the right to self-government. In addition, the representatives of the upper classes could not detain the representatives of the lower classes without reason. Moreover, if the latter happened, then the "dishonored" could demand payment in money or blood for the damage caused to them. If it came to blood, then anyone could challenge the offender with any of the weapons. The only limitation for the kind of fights was that they could not be carried out without the participation of the local voivode, who had to act as a witness.
Ivan the Terrible laid the foundations of the Russian army
Under Ivan IV, the makings of a regular army appeared in the Russian army, which subsequently had a considerable influence on the Peter's army. So, under Ivan, the "outfit" or artillery was reorganized. The cannons of the times of John, made by the cannon master Andrey Chokhov, served until the accession of Peter I and his military reform. Under John IV, rifle regiments began to form, which not only were not inferior to the military formations of Europe, but in some respects they were superior.
Gripsholm, a cannon from the times of Ivan the Terrible
Ivan the Terrible - the author of the first border charter in the history of Russia
It was during the reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia that the first border charter in history was created - "The verdict on the stanitsa and guard service" (1571). By order of the tsar, the first frontier outposts were created on the border of the Russian lands, which were supposed to warn the tsar about the raids of the nomads. The system introduced by John took root for many centuries and was reformed only under Catherine II. Even Peter I, an outstanding reformer, saw no flaws in Ivan the Terrible's border regulations.
Alexey Kivshenko. Conquest of Kazan. Captured Edigir, Tsar of Kazan, is brought to Ivan the Terrible
Ivan the Terrible developed peasant communities
The years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible were marked by a boom in the growth of the country's population. During the years of his reign, the number of subjects of the Russian tsar increased from 8-9 million to 12-13 million. And this is due to the fact that John created a very good standard of living for the people. This was achieved with the help of the development of bourgeois and peasant communities, into which almost the entire society of the lower classes was divided.
Portrait of Ivan the Terrible, located in the Cabinet of Curiosities of the Academy of Sciences. author unknown
Ivan the Terrible - educator
Ivan the Terrible paid special attention to culture and education. Under him, one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia was erected - the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed. Under John, the Facial Chronicle Arch was erected. It is known that the tsar had a particular weakness for chess. Ivan the Terrible patronized typography and was known even in enlightened Europe as a man of outstanding intelligence and erudition.
His son became the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III... He inherited three-quarters of the state's holdings and received the exclusive right to power.
Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor. The assembled representatives of the regions, together with the king, will have to outline a number of serious measures to improve public administration and judicial system as well as prepare a new one "Code of Law"(adopted in 1550). Creation of unified management bodies (orders) of finance, military and foreign affairs. Restriction of the power of governors: they are placed under the control of elected representatives and must gradually be replaced by elders, also elected. The first registration of land in order to establish the amount of taxes levied. Local government reform.Sebezh (Russian-Lithuanian war, 1534-1537). Russian fortress, built in 1535 to protect the southern borders of the Pskov region. On February 27, 1536, the Polish-Lithuanian army under the command of the Kiev governor A. Nemirovich (20 thousand people) tried to capture Sebezh. The fortress was defended by a garrison under the command of the governor P.V. Zasekina and Tushin. Nemirovich began the attack by shelling the fortifications. However, his cannons were performing poorly. Without causing any harm to the besieged, they basically hit on their own. In the end, the Sebezh garrison made a sortie and inflicted a complete defeat on the Lithuanians. Their remnants retreated to Lake Sebezh, trying to escape to the other side. But the ice broke under them, and most of the warriors were under water. Nemirovich's army was almost completely destroyed. After this defeat, the Lithuanian prince Sigismund I entered into negotiations with Moscow on an armistice. It was concluded in 1537. In honor of the Sebezh victory, the ruler of Russia Elena Glinskaya ordered the foundation of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the fortress.
Sirice (Russian-Livonian War, 1500-1503). A river in the Izborsk region, near which on August 27, 1501, a battle of the Russian army took place under the command of the princes V.V. Shuisky and Penko Yaroslavsky (40 thousand people) with the Livonian army under the command of Master V. Plettenberg (10-12 thousand people). Despite their significant numerical superiority, the Russians did not have enough firearms. The Germans had good artillery and experienced gunners who decided the outcome of the battle. From well-aimed and frequent fire, the Russians fled from the battlefield, however, without any special losses. After this victory, the Germans laid siege to Izborsk, which repulsed their attack. On September 7, they burned down the Ostrov fortress, killing 4 thousand people there. However, soon in the Livonian army mass dysentery began, forcing Plettenberg (he also fell ill) to stop the campaign and return home (see Helmed, Battle of Pskov).
