What are the sectoral international organizations. Russia's participation in international economic organizations

V In the context of the growing globalization of the world community, the importance of international organizations and cooperation between states is growing. In modern society, single states are not able to defend and protect their interests. Thanks to integration associations and cooperation between countries, each state gets the opportunity to be supported by allies. V modern world there are hundreds of organizations in which almost all states of the world participate. They help the countries and peoples living in them to better understand each other, promote the development of trade and economic relations, cultural exchange. Therefore, most states strive for broad participation in international organizations.

The principles of division of international organizations:

Geographical

By their field of activity

Geographically international organizations can be divided into two groups.

Most of the world organizations are part of the United Nations system, that is, a union that includes almost all the countries of the world. Regional organizations are formed in the interests of the countries of a region, the Organization of American States (OAS) or the European Union (EU). They can only be joined by those countries that are located in a certain region. However, there are also exceptions to the rule. An example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Contrary to the name, this organization also includes states that do not have direct access to the northern part. Atlantic Ocean, for example Turkey.

There are a number of international organizations that have several goals and objectives at once. Thus, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is engaged in solving economic and political problems. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the United Nations Organization (UN) can be referred to as complex, i.e., solving a variety of tasks, international organizations. These organizations cooperate in the fields of politics, economics and culture.

The UN is a unique international community with the goal of contributing to the maintenance and strengthening of peace, economic and social progress of all countries and peoples. In April-June 1945, at a conference in San Francisco, representatives of 51 states approved and signed the text of the Charter of the United Nations. The emblem of the UN and at the same time a symbol of peace has become Earth framed by an olive branch. At present, more than 15 UN structures provide assistance to the Government of the population of the Russian Federation in solving the following main tasks of the country's socio-economic development.

Russia stood at the origins of many international organizations, such as the League of Nations. It was formed in 1919. The League of Nations was the forerunner of the modern United Nations. The League had two goals: the development of cooperation between peoples and the preservation of peace and security. However, this organization was unable to achieve its goals and prevent the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Many new international organizations emerged after World War II. Perhaps the main one is the United Nations Organization, created in 1945. It had the same goals as the League of Nations. But, unlike its predecessor, the UN is better organized, has greater financial capabilities, a good command and control apparatus and even armed forces to maintain peace in different regions... Our country took an active part in the creation of the UN and, as a power - the winner in World War II, became one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council - the highest executive body organizations.

UN General Assembly in New York

Russia is a Eurasian state. Therefore, it not only maintains ties with other European countries, but also cooperates with them, being an equal member of many European organizations. The most significant among European political and economic organizations are the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the European Union. The goals and objectives of the OSCE are to maintain peace and security in Europe. The organization includes not only European states, but also Asian - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Russia is an active member of the OSCE, it often takes part in negotiations and peacekeeping actions conducted by this organization.

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a pan-European security organization with 55 participating States spread over a geographic area from Vancouver to Vladivostok.

Russia takes part in two regional European organizations - the Council of States Baltic Sea(CBSS) and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The Council of the Baltic Sea States was founded in 1991 at the initiative of Germany and Denmark. It includes ten states of the Baltic region. The main areas of cooperation of this organization are politics, economics, trade, energy, ecology, tourism and culture. Participation in the CBSS allowed Russia to establish closer political and cultural ties with the countries of this region. The experience of jointly solving environmental problems is especially important, since the Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted. The "common" sea was the reason for the creation of another regional organization of European states - the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. It was founded in 1992 in the capital of Turkey - Ankara. It includes 11 countries (including Russia), with a total population of more than 400 million people and an area exceeding the total area of ​​the member states of the European Union. The purpose of the organization is the development of political and economic ties the Black Sea states. Our country is not yet a member of some important European organizations, such as the European Union. This is due to the fact that Russia has not yet reached, from the point of view of European partners, the required level of economic and political development... But the cooperation of our country with the EU states, especially with Germany, Italy and France, is constantly developing. At the end of the XX century. about 40% of all Russian foreign trade turnover fell on the states of the European Union. This organization is the main economic partner of Russia. Participation in the Commonwealth of Independent States is important for Russia. This organization was created at the end of 1991 after the collapse Soviet Union... Gradually, almost all states - the former Soviet republics (except for the Baltic countries) were included in it. Russia plays a leading role in the Commonwealth, since politically and economically it is the most powerful state among the members of this organization. The main goals and objectives of the CIS are the development of political, military, economic and cultural cooperation between the states that have arisen on the spot the former USSR... Particular attention is paid to compliance territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of the CIS, protection of human rights.

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS), a community of the former republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Relations between the CIS member states are based on the principles of respect for sovereignty, self-determination and territorial integrity of countries and non-interference in their foreign policy and internal affairs, inviolability of existing borders, non-use of force and settlement of disputes by peaceful means, as well as supremacy international law.

There are organizations in which our country, for various reasons - political, economic or geographic - cannot participate. However, cooperation with many of them is necessary and beneficial for Russia. At the end of the XX century. cooperation with NATO, the European Union and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has been most beneficial.

NATO is a military-political bloc of 28 states, which has all the necessary infrastructure and a system of authorities to manage it. NATO is an intergovernmental organization whose members allocate the funds and resources necessary for its day-to-day functioning in accordance with the Treaty: holding meetings, preparing and making decisions, implementing other tasks within the framework of the common interests of all members of the alliance.

UN headquarters

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization includes several European states, as well as the United States and Canada. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system, NATO became the most powerful military-political organization in the world. The tasks of this organization have also changed, since it has no potential military opponents. NATO is creating a system of military and political security for all European countries. To this end, in 1994, the Partnership for Peace program was developed for states that, not being members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are interested in cooperation with it. Russia also participates in this program: joint military exercises of former adversaries are held, and military information is provided to each other, which was previously obtained only with the help of intelligence. But NATO is in no hurry to accept Russia into its ranks, as it considers it an insufficiently democratic state. Our country, in turn, is opposed to the fact that the states that were previously part of the socialist system were admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Despite the differences, in 1997 in Paris, Russia and NATO signed an agreement on military-political cooperation. Russia is one of largest exporters oil. The world market often experiences strong changes in oil prices, which is very disadvantageous for its exporters. In order to stabilize prices and pursue a single oil policy, a number of states have united in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It includes mainly the countries of the Persian Gulf, which produce and export most of the world's oil. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian economy became even more dependent on oil and gas exports. Therefore, it became necessary for our country to more clearly coordinate and coordinate with OPEC its actions in the oil market.

PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIA IN WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

Russia stood at the origins of many international organizations. After the victory over Napoleonic France, the victorious powers (Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Austria) convened an international congress. It took place in 1814-1815. in the capital of Austria - Vienna. At the congress, new political boundaries were established, and the Holy Alliance was formed. The monarchs of Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed to monitor the observance of international laws and the preservation of peace in Europe.

The Congress of Vienna also created the first international specialized organization - the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, largest river Europe. Until the beginning of the XX century. several more special organizations appeared. Russia took part in most of them, for example, in the Universal Postal Union, formed in 1874.

During the 20-30s. XX century complex international organizations appeared, primarily the League of Nations. It was formed in 1919. The League of Nations was the forerunner of the modern United Nations. The League had two goals: the development of cooperation between peoples and the preservation of peace and security. However, this organization was unable to achieve its goals and prevent the outbreak of World War II in 1939. And yet, thanks to the efforts of the League of Nations, it was possible to extinguish many political and military conflicts that broke out in the 20s and 30s.

In 1917, two revolutions took place in Russia - February and October. Instead of Russian Empire on the political map of the world in 1922 a new state appeared - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In the first years of the existence of the USSR, other states did not recognize it, and therefore the country could not join any international organization for a long time. But at the end of the 20s. the picture has changed: the Soviet Union has established diplomatic relations with many Western states, and in 1934 he was admitted to the League of Nations. The USSR immediately became a member of it supreme body- The council that made the most important decisions.

Many new international organizations emerged after World War II. Perhaps the main one is the United Nations Organization, created in 1945. It had the same goals as the League of Nations. But, unlike its predecessor, the UN is better organized, has great financial capabilities, a good command and control apparatus and even armed forces to maintain peace in different regions. Our country took an active part in the creation of the UN and, as a victorious power in World War II, became one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, the highest executive body of the organization. Russia is still a member of the Security Council (which also includes the United States, Great Britain, France and China) and has a veto, that is, it can impose a ban on any decisions taken by the United Nations.

In the post-war period, the world seemed to split into two parts. There were two military-political blocs. In 1949, the United States and its allies (Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Italy, etc.) united into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (It is curious that at the origins of NATO was a high-ranking British military man - Kim Philby, who was at the same time a Soviet intelligence officer.) In response, in 1955, the USSR and a number of Eastern European states (Poland, Bulgaria, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, etc.) created the Warsaw Pact Organization (ATS). Immediately thereafter, political, military and economic organizations began to emerge, into which only members of one of these two main political blocs could join. For example, the USSR and its allies could not be members of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC), which united only Western capitalist states. Only socialist countries were members of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

In 1991, the entire socialist system collapsed, including the Soviet Union. The political and economic organizations created within this system have disappeared. New Russia became a member of those organizations that the USSR did not join for ideological reasons, for example, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

There are organizations in which our country, for various reasons - political, economic or geographic - cannot participate. However, cooperation with many of them is necessary and beneficial for Russia. At the end of the XX century. cooperation with NATO, the European Union and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has been most beneficial. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization includes several European states, as well as the United States and Canada. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system, NATO became the most powerful military-political organization in the world. The tasks of this organization have also changed, since it has no potential military opponents. NATO is creating a system of military and political security for all European countries. To this end, in 1994, the Partnership for Peace program was developed for states that, not being members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are interested in cooperation with it. Russia also participates in this program: joint military exercises of former adversaries are held, and military information is provided to each other, which was previously obtained only with the help of intelligence. But NATO is in no hurry to accept Russia into its ranks, as it considers it an insufficiently democratic state. Our country, in turn, opposes the admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the states that were previously part of the socialist system, especially the Baltic countries. But despite these disagreements, in 1997 in Paris between Russia and NATO an agreement on military-political cooperation was signed.

Russia is one of the largest oil exporters. The world market often experiences strong changes in oil prices, which is very disadvantageous for its exporters. In order to stabilize prices and pursue a single oil policy, a number of states have united in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It includes mainly the countries of the Persian Gulf, which produce and export most of the world's oil. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian economy became even more dependent on oil and gas exports. In addition, in 1998, a crisis broke out on the world oil market. The prices for this type of energy resources have more than halved, and the oil exporting countries, including Russia, began to suffer heavy losses. Therefore, it became necessary for our country to more clearly coordinate and coordinate with OPEC its actions in the oil market. In Vienna, negotiations were held between the OPEC member countries and Russia. As a result, oil supplies to the world market decreased and the fall in oil prices stopped.

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"International organizations.

Russia as part of large international organizations "

INTRODUCTION -

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Arctic Council

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

African Union

World Association of Speakers nuclear power plants

World Trade organisation.

European Union

International Monetary Fund

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Council of Europe

Russia as part of world organizations

INTRODUCTION -

On this moment in the world there are more than 60 world international organizations. Each of them performs its own specific functions. I decided to sort out so many groups and find out which organizations the Russian Federation belongs to. Most of the active world groupings are mentioned in this work.

Asian Parliamentary Assembly

The Asian Parliamentary Assembly succeeded the Association of Asian Parliaments for Peace (APAM), which was initiated by Bangladesh in 1999 at the Conference of Asian Parliamentarians for Peace and Cooperation. Russia is one of the founding countries of APAM.

The APA consists of the parliaments of 41 states on a permanent basis:

Bangladesh, Bahrain, Bhutan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Yemen, Cambodia, Qatar, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati, China, DPRK, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, UAE, Pakistan, Palau, Palestinian National Authority, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tonga, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Fiji, Philippines and Sri Lanka.

The Association focuses on coordinating the efforts of national parliaments in solving pressing problems of our time, including by enhancing their role in ensuring peace in the Asian region. APAM is one of the instruments of inter-parliamentary dialogue, the development of a collective strategy to ensure security and stability in Asia. The official working language is English.

Structure:

The supreme body of the Association is the session of the General Assembly (GA), convened annually. The work during the GA sessions is carried out in four sections: political, economic, as well as on problems of peace and security and on the status of women and children.

The duties of the Chairman of the GA (replaced annually) are performed by the head or representative of the parliament of the country where the last session of APAM was held (today - Iran). The vice-chairman is the head or representative of the parliament of the host country for the next session (today - Indonesia).

The main executive body is the Executive Council, which includes a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman and one representative from each The National Committee... The administrative functions are performed by the Secretary General appointed by the President (changes annually), who also participates in the session of the GA.

There is a general fund for APAM, formed by annual voluntary contributions from the participating countries.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum

The regional market of the Asia-Pacific region in modern conditions is the most dynamic and flexible in the world, largely due to the rapid economic growth of the Asian newly industrialized countries (NIS). Differences in the level of development and international socialization determine the complementarity of the economies of the basin The Pacific, which contributes to high trading and investment activity.

Founded in 1989 in Canberra on the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand.

When APEC was created, 12 states (the USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea and 6 countries of Southeast Asia - Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines) joined the forum, now there are already 21 countries participating in the forum and territory: in 1991 Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and Fr. Taiwan, in 1993 - Mexico and Papua New Guinea, in 1994 - Chile, in 1998 - Vietnam, Russia and Peru.

Russia has been participating in APEC since November 1997.

The main goals of the organization are to ensure the regime of free open trade and to strengthen regional cooperation.

In 1994, the establishment by 2020 in the APR of a system of free and open trade and a liberal investment regime was announced as a strategic goal. The most developed countries must liberalize by 2010. Each country independently determines its status and the timing of the introduction of new regimes based on individual plans action.

Russia is interested in participating in the integration projects of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR), in which Siberia and the Far East play a special role, primarily in the energy and transport areas. They can become a kind of "land bridge" between the countries of the so-called Pacific Rim and Europe.

In November 2012, it is planned to conduct APEC summit in Russia. The summit is to be held in Vladivostok on the Russian island. It is planned to turn Vladivostok into a garden city, and the Russian Islands into a garden island.

At the moment, the construction of the summit facilities is underway in the city. The most important of them are the bridge over the Golden Horn Bay and the bridge to the Russky Island. The progress of construction can be monitored in real time thanks to the installed webcams.

Arctic Council (The Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region)

The Arctic Council is an international organization established in 1996 at the initiative of Finland to protect the unique nature of the northern polar zone.

The Arctic Council includes eight sub-Arctic countries:

Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Canada, Norway, Russia, Sweden, USA. Six organizations of Arctic indigenous peoples have the special status of “Permanent Participants”, which gives them the right to make decisions together with the Governments of the countries participating in the Arctic Council.

The Arctic Council (AC) is an international regional structure designed to promote cooperation in the field of conservation environment and ensuring sustainable development of the circumpolar regions. The declaration on its creation was signed on September 19, 1996 in Ottawa (Canada) by representatives of eight Arctic states: Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Norway, Russia, USA, Finland and Sweden.

The Council was created as an intergovernmental “forum high level". It meets in its sessions at the level of the ministers every two years. Along with the aforementioned Arctic countries, the “permanent members” of the Council are the Inuit Circumpolar Conference, the International Aleut Association, the Sami Council, the Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North, Siberia and Of the Far East Russian Federation, Arctic Athabaskan Council and International Gwich'in Council.

According to the founding Declaration, there is also observer status in the Arctic Council. (C) Information published on the site
It can have non-Arctic countries, intergovernmental and inter-parliamentary organizations, as well as organizations of a universal and regional nature, including non-governmental ones. At the moment, the number of observers includes the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, France, UNEP, the United Nations Environment Commission in Europe (UNECE), the Council of Ministers Nordic countries, Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, Northern Forum, WWF, International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), North Atlantic Commission on Marine Mammals, Advisory Committee for the Conservation of the Sea (ACOPS), World Association of Reindeer Herders, Union for the Conservation of the Circumpolar Arctic, International Arctic Association of Social sciences, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Union for Health Protection in Circumpolar, International Union for Conservation of Nature.

At present, the range of issues related to the activities of the Arctic Council covers mainly the environmental sphere and problems of sustainable development. By the decision of the meeting in Ottawa in 1996, under the auspices of the AU, issues related to the so-called. "The Rovaniemi process" - international cooperation within the framework of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS). These are Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programs (AMAP), prevention, preparedness and response to emergencies(EPPR), conservation of Arctic flora and fauna (CAFF), protection of the Arctic marine environment (PAME), sustainable development and use (CDU).

Association of South East Asian Nations

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a political, economic and cultural regional intergovernmental organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 9, 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration, better known as the Bangkok Declaration.

The immediate constituent states were Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Later joined by Brunei Darussalam (January 7, 1984, 6 days after gaining independence), Vietnam, (July 28, 1995), Laos and Myanmar (July 23, 1997), Cambodia (April 30, 1999). At the moment, Papua New Guinea has observer status. In 2002, Timor Leste applied for observer status.

The population of the ASEAN member countries is about 500 million people, the total area is 4.5 million km2, their total GDP reaches about 737 billion US dollars.

According to the Bangkok Declaration, the goals of the organization are:

“(I) accelerating the economic development of countries, social progress and cultural development in the region through a joint aspiration ... in strengthening the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of the countries of Southeast Asia, and (II) establishing peace and stability in the region ... through ... adherence to principles Of the UN Charter ".

Structure:

The supreme body of ASEAN is the summit of the leaders (heads of state and government) of the member countries, which, since 2001, has been held annually. The summit usually lasts 3 days and is accompanied by meetings with partners of the organization in the region. The governing and coordinating body is the annual meetings of the foreign ministers (CFM), which originate from the period when the summits were held every three years and the CFM was held a year earlier, preparing a future meeting. Also, meetings of the ministers of finance and periodically ministers of economy and agriculture are held annually, but their most important decisions are subject to approval by the ministers of foreign affairs.
Day-to-day management is carried out by a standing committee composed of the minister of foreign affairs of the presiding country and the ambassadors of the remaining member countries. The Permanent Secretariat is located in Jakarta and is headed by the Secretary General (as of November 2008 - the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, Surin Pitsuvan). Also, work is carried out in 29 committees, 122 working groups, which allows for more than 300 events annually within ASEAN.

African Union

The African Union is an international intergovernmental organization uniting 53 African states, the successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Founded on July 9, 2002.

The historical predecessors of the African Union are the Union of African States, a confederation of African states created in the 1960s at the initiative of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah, and the Organization of African Unity, founded by 25 May 1963, and the African Economic Community, founded in 1981.

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Gaborone, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Bujumbura, Gabon, Libreville, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, West Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Kenya, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Lesotho, Liberia, Monrovia, Libya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria , Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Swaziland, Seychelles, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Tuʜᴎϲ, Uganda, Central African Republic of Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Africa.

According to the Constituent Act of the African Union, the objectives of the organization are:

· Strengthening the unity and solidarity of African states and peoples of Africa;

· Protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the member states;

· Acceleration of political and socio-economic integration of the continent;

· Promoting and defending common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;

· Promoting international cooperation in accordance with the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

· Strengthening of peace, security and stability on the continent;

· Strengthening and protecting human rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other instruments to ensure human rights;

· Creation of the necessary conditions, thanks to which the continent will be able to occupy a worthy place in the global economy and in international agreements;

· Promoting sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels, as well as the integration of African economies;

· Promoting cooperation in all spheres of human activity in order to improve the living standards of the African population;

· Coordination and harmonization of policies between existing and future regional economic communities in order to consistently achieve the goals of the African Union;

· Progress in the development of the continent through assistance in scientific research in all areas, primarily in the field of science and technology;

· Collaborating with relevant international partners in efforts to eradicate disease and promote healthy lifestyles on the continent.

World Association of Nuclear Operators

WANO is the worldwide association of nuclear power plant speakers, that is, the organizations that operate them. Today, all organizations in the world that operate nuclear power plants are members of the HLW; in total, there are about 450 power units in their structure.

The prerequisites for the creation of WANO were a serious accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in 1979 and, in particular, the unprecedented disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, which, in addition to its direct consequences, had a serious impact on the entire nuclear power industry as a whole. It forced socialists all over the world to reevaluate the problem of nuclear power plant safety and think about the need for international cooperation.

The formal formation of WANO was proclaimed at the founding assembly on May 15, 1989 in Moscow.

The goal of this organization is to improve safety at all nuclear power plants in the world. Her mission:

Maximize the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants around the world by sharing information and encouraging contacts among members, comparing their performance and following best practices.

The main idea of ​​the organization was to unite the efforts of the speakers to improve the safety and reliability of operating nuclear power plants around the world. Today, WANO is unique in that it is a truly international organization for which there are no political barriers or interests. It performs its tasks on the basis of a voluntary exchange of information on events occurring at the plants, comparison of results achieved, peer reviews and exchange of operating experience. At the same time, the fundamental principles are the independence of the members, the voluntariness of their participation in the programs of the Association, equal partnership, mutual assistance and non-disclosure of information provided. The Association was created to help its members achieve the highest level of operational safety by providing them with access to global operating experience, it is not a commercial organization and does not seek material benefits, it is not directly associated with any government, it is not a supervisory authority, it is not provides consultations on project issues, is not a financial organization and does not belong to lobbying circles, in other words, the Association has no other interests besides ensuring nuclear safety.

Structure:

The World Board of Governors, composed of a biennial chairman and two representatives from each regional Board of Governors, provides overall direction and strategy for WANO. The directors of the regional centers also participate in the meetings of the Board of Governors.

The WANO Coordination Center in London supports the work of WANO's worldwide Board of Governors.

Regional centers follow the decisions of the Board of Governors and implement WANO programs. Most of the work of the Regional Centers involves the collection, systematization and analysis of information on international operating experience, distribution of this information to members, as well as taking into account the needs of members in the further development of the programs of the Association.

Each Regional Center is headed by a director and staffed by highly qualified personnel posted from member organizations. These rotational specialists have knowledge of the specific technologies and culture of exploitation adopted in their country. Upon completion, they bring to their organizations the experience gained during their time at WANO and the understanding of operating practices at other nuclear power plants around the world.

Senior executives meet every two years in a General Assembly to review the organization's activities and set goals and objectives for the future, during which a WANO President is elected for a two-year term.

The implementation of WANO programs is mainly carried out by the operating organizations themselves, while the small staff of WANO centers is responsible for coordinating the work on the programs. At the same time, attention is paid to ensure that the representation of members from different countries in the WANO Boards of Governors is sufficiently equal.

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization created in 1995 with the aim of liberalizing international trade and regulating trade and political relations of the member states. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947 and for almost 50 years in fact fulfilled the functions of an international organization.

As of July 2008, 153 countries were members of the WTO. Each of them is obliged to provide other members of the organization with the most favored nation treatment in trade.

Australia Austria Albania Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Bangladesh Barbados Bahrain Belize Belgium Benin Bulgaria Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Hungary Venezuela Vietnam Gabon Haiti Guyana Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Dominican Republic DRC European Community Egypt Zambia Zimbabwe Israel India Indonesia Jordan Ireland Iceland Spain Italy Cape Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Qatar Kenya Cyprus China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Kuwait Latvia Lesotho Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg Mauritius Mauritius Mauritania Maldives Malta Morocco Mexico Mozambique Moldova Mongolia Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Netherlands Nicaragua New Zealand Norway United Arab Emirates Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Poland Portugal Republic of Korea Rwanda Romania El Salvador Saudi Arabia Swazi Swaziland and Senegal Senegal -Lucia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia United Kingdom Solomon islands Suriname USA Sierra Leone Thailand Taiwan Tanzania Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tuʜᴎϲ Turkey Uganda Ukraine Uruguay Fiji Philippines Finland France Croatia CAR Chad Czech Republic Chile Switzerland Sweden Sri Lanka Ecuador Estonia South Africa Jamaica Japan.

The WTO is responsible for the development and implementation of new trade agreements, and also monitors members' compliance with all agreements signed by most countries in the world and ratified by their parliaments. The WTO builds its activities on the basis of decisions taken in 1986-1994 in the Uruguay Round and earlier GATT agreements. Discussing problems and making decisions on global issues liberalization and further development of world trade take place within the framework of multilateral trade agreements (rounds). To date, 8 rounds of such agreements have been held, including the Uruguayan, and in 2001 the ninth was launched in Doha, Qatar.

The WTO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

The stated goal of the WTO is to spread the ideas and principles of free trade and stimulate economic growth. Many believe that free trade does not make the life of the majority more prosperous, but only leads to the further enrichment of the already rich (both countries and individuals). The WTO treaties have also been accused of partial unfair priority to multinational corporations (transnationals) and rich countries.

WTO rules provide a number of benefits for developing countries. Currently, developing countries - members of the WTO have (on average) a higher relative level of customs and tariff protection of their markets in comparison with developed ones. Nevertheless, in absolute terms, the total amount of customs and tariff sanctions in developed countries is much higher, as a result of which access to the markets of high-limit products from developing countries is seriously limited.

The WTO rules regulate only trade and economic issues. Attempts by the United States and a number of European countries to start a discussion about working conditions (which would allow us to consider insufficient legislative protection of workers as an "illegitimate" competitive advantage) were rejected due to protests from developing countries, since such measures, in the end, would further aggravate the situation of workers due to job cuts, declining incomes and declining competitiveness.

In particular, the activities of the WTO are often criticized and condemned by anti-globalists.

Organization of the Islamic Conference

(Organization of the Islamic Conference)

The Organization of the Islamic Conference (Arabic: гдШгЙ ЗбгДКгС ЗбЭУБЗгнээ) is an international organization of Islamic countries. Founded on September 25, 1969 at the Conference of Heads of Muslim States in Rabat with the aim of promoting Islamic solidarity in the social, economic and political spheres, fighting colonialism, neo-colonialism and racism and supporting the Palestine Liberation Organization. Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, the Russian Federation, as well as the National Liberation Front of the Philippines Moro and a number of organizations (UN, Non-Aligned Movement, etc.) have observer status. The headquarters of the organization is located in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia).

The Organization of the Islamic Conference is the largest and most influential official government Muslim international organization. It currently unites 57 countries with a population of about 1.2 billion people. Initially, it included 25 states of Asia and Africa and the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Azerbaijan Algeria Albania Afgaktan Bangladesh Bahrain Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Gabon Guyana Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Djibouti Egypt Indonesia Jordan Iraq Iran Yemen Cameroon Kazakhstan Qatar Kirghizia Comoros Côte d'Ivoire Kuwait Malan Lebanon Libya Mauritania Nigeria Nepal Saudi Arabia Senegal Syria Somalia Sudan Suriname Sierra Leone Tajikistan Togo Tu Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Chad.

cooperation between Muslim states, joint participation in activities in the international arena, achievement of stable development of the participating countries.

Structure:

A number of independent organizations operate under the OIC, created by decisions of its conferences and whose activities are coordinated by the General Secretariat:

Islamic Development Bank

Islamic news agency

Organization of the broadcasting and television service of Islamic states

Islamic Commission on Economic and Cultural Affairs

Islamic Center for Vocational Training and Research

Islamic Fund for Scientific and Technological Development

Center for the Study of Islamic Art and Culture

Jerusalem Foundation, Jerusalem Committee

Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Organization of Islamic capitals

Center for Statistical, Economic and Social Research

The Committee of Islamic Solidarity with Muslims African countries Sahel zones

Islamic Association of Shipowners

Islamic Trade Development Center

Islamic Development Fund

Islamic court of justice

Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture

World Intellectual Property Organization

(World Intellectual Property Organization)

The World Intellectual Property Organization is an international organization that administers a number of key international conventions in the field of intellectual property, most notably the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Since 1974 it has also served as the United Nations agency for creativity and intellectual property.

Currently, 184 states or more than 90% of the countries of the world are members of WIPO; about 250 NGOs and IGOs ​​have observer status at the meetings of the organization. The WIPO Secretariat or International Bureau is located in Geneva and has staff members representing over 90 countries.

Promoting the protection of intellectual property throughout the world through the cooperation of states and, as appropriate, in cooperation with any other international organization;

Providing administrative cooperation of the Unions.

In summary, WIPO's work is dedicated to the development of a balanced and accessible international system that provides rewards for creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while respecting the interests of society.

To achieve the set goals, the following main functions of the organization were developed

· Assistance in the development of measures designed to improve the protection of intellectual property throughout the world and to harmonize national legislation in this area;

· Conclusion of international treaties on the protection of intellectual property;

· Fulfillment of the administrative functions of the Paris Union, the social unions formed in connection with this Union, and the Berne Union;

· Provision of technical and legal assistance in the field of intellectual property;

· Collection and dissemination of information, research and publication of their results;

· Ensuring the operation of services facilitating the international protection of intellectual property;

· Taking any other appropriate action.

European Union

(European Union)

The European Union (European Union, EU) is an economic and political union of 27 European states that have signed the Treaty on the European Union (Maastricht Treaty). The EU is an international entity that combines the characteristics of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other. The Union is a subject of public international law, has the authority to participate in international relations and plays an important role in them.

The main innovation associated with the creation of the European Union, in comparison with other international entities, is that the members of the Union renounced a certain part of national sovereignty in order to create a political association with a single structure.

Today the European Union includes: Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia , Slovenia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania.

Among the main goals that the EU intended to achieve, some ten years ago were such as:

1.carrying out a balanced and long-term social and economic policy, in particular, by creating without internal borders, by strengthening economic and social equalization and creating an Economic and Monetary Union, with the ultimate goal of introducing a single currency;

2.confirmation of the European identity in the international arena, in particular, through a common foreign policy and a public security policy that could lead to a joint defense system at the right time;

3. Strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Member States by holding the citizenship of the Union;

4. development of close cooperation in the field of judicial practice and internal affairs;

5. preserving the achievements of the Community and developing them in order to determine to what extent the policies and forms of cooperation established by the treaty need to be reviewed in order to ensure the effectiveness of the mechanisms and institutions of the EU.

Structure:

European institutions

European Council

European Commission

EU Council

European Parliament

European court

Court of auditors

European Central Bank

European investment bank

European Social and Economic Committee

Committee of the Regions

Institute of the European Ombudsman

15 socialized agencies and bodies

United Nations

(United Nations)

The United Nations Organization is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, and develop cooperation between states.

The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition. The name United Nations was first used in the United Nations Declaration signed on January 1, 1942.

The UN Charter was approved at the San Francisco Conference, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 51 states. The date of entry into force of the Charter (October 24) is celebrated as United Nations Day.

The original members of the UN include the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at a conference in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. During 1946-2006, 141 more states were admitted to the UN (in reality, more states were part of the UN in this period, but the figure is lower due to the secession from a number of states, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia due to their division into independent states).

Among the 50 founding countries of the UN, along with the USSR, there were also two union republics: the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR.

Peacekeeping mission

UN peacekeeping organizations are an important instrument for maintaining peace and international security. Their activities are determined by a number of General Assembly resolutions adopted in accordance with the Charter of the Organization. The UN Charter itself does not provide for peacekeeping operations. However, they may be conditioned by the goals and principles of the UN, in this regard, the General Assembly regularly considers the issue of the need for one or another peacekeeping mission.

The implementation of the UN peacekeeping organization can be expressed in:

· Investigation of incidents and holding agreements with conflicting parties in order to reconcile them;

· Verification of compliance with the ceasefire agreement;

· Contribute to the maintenance of law and order;

· Providing humanitarian aid;

· Monitoring the situation.

The first UN peacekeeping mission was to monitor the emigration achieved in the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948. It is also known to conduct peacekeeping missions in Cyprus (in 1964 - to end hostilities and restore order), in Georgia (in 1993 - to resolve the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict), Tajikistan (1994 - to resolve a religious conflict), and UN peacekeeping missions to Yugoslavia and Somalia.

Weapon control and disarmament

Social and economic development

The UN holds conferences and forums where decisions on many pressing international issues are discussed and worked out. Among them:

Ecology, Economy, Statistics, Security, Family, Education, Population, Crime, Healthcare, Disabled People, Science, Elderly People, Communication.

Structure:

General Assembly

It occupies a central place as the main deliberative, policymaking and representative body. The General Assembly considers the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security; elects non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council; appoints the UN Secretary General on the recommendation of the Security Council; jointly with the Security Council elects members of the International Court of Justice; coordinates international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres; exercises other powers provided for in the UN Charter.

The General Assembly has a sessional working order. She can hold regular, social and emergency social sessions.

The Annual Regular Session of the Assembly opens on the third Tuesday in September and is chaired by the President of the General Assembly (or one of his 21 alternates) in plenary and Main Committees until the agenda is completely exhausted.

The General Assembly, according to its decision of December 17, 1993, has 6 committees, a General Committee and a Credentials Committee:

· Credentials Committee - reports to the Assembly on the credentials of representatives.

Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee)

Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee)

Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (Third Committee)

Social Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee)

Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee)

Legal Committee (Sixth Committee)

The General Committee is composed of the President of the General Assembly; Vice-Chairmen, Chairmen of the Main Committees, who are elected taking into account the principle of equitable geographical representation of five regions (regions): Asia, Africa, Latin America, Western Europe(including Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and of Eastern Europe.

Special sessions of the UN General Assembly may be convened on any issue at the request of the Security Council within 15 days from the date of receipt of such a request by the UN Secretary General or a majority of the UN members. Until the end of 2006, about 30 special sessions were convened on issues related to most states in the world: human rights, environmental protection, drug control, etc.

Extraordinary special sessions may be convened at the request of the UN Security Council or most of the UN member states within 24 hours after the receipt of such a request by the UN Secretary General.

The Security Council

Primarily responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security; all members of the UN are obliged to obey its decisions. Five permanent members of the Security Council (Russian Federation, USA, UK, France, China) have veto powers. Russia is represented by Russia's Permanent Representative to the UN.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - "non-permanent") are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter ( paragraph 2 of Article 23).

Secretariat

It is an international staff working in institutions around the world and carrying out the diverse day-to-day work of the Organization. It serves the other principal organs of the United Nations and implements the programs and policies they have adopted. Secretariat units are located at UN Headquarters in New York and at other UN headquarters locations, the largest of which are the UN offices in Geneva and Vienna.

The UN Secretariat makes the work of UN bodies, publishes and distributes UN materials, stores archives, registers and publishes international treaties of the UN member states.

The Secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary General.

Secretary General

The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election.

international Court

The main judicial organ of the United Nations. The court is composed of 15 independent judges, acting in their personal capacity and not representatives of the state. They cannot devote themselves to any other occupation of a professional nature. In the exercise of their judicial duties, members of the Court shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.

Only the state can be a party to the case of this Court, and legal entities and individuals have no right to apply to the Court.

Economic and Social Council

Carries out the functions of the UN in the field of economic and social international cooperation. Consists of 5 regional commissions:

European Economic Commission (EEC)

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean(ECLAC)

Oke advice

The Okka Council suspended its work on November 1, 1994 after the last remaining UN Trust Territory, Palau, gained independence on October 1, 1994. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to abolish the obligation to meet annually, and agreed to meet as needed by its decision or by a decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly, or Security Council.

Socialized institutions

According to the UN Charter, any main UN body can establish various subsidiary bodies to carry out their duties. The most famous of them are: World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNESCO.

UN - Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2001; Prize "For Contribution to a More Organized Peace and Strengthening World Peace" awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan). Earlier, in 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Force received the Nobel Peace Prize.

International Atomic Energy Agency

The IAEA (English IAEA, abbreviated International Atomic Energy Agency) is an international organization for the development of cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. Founded in 1957. The headquarters is located in Vienna (International Vienna Center).

The IAEA was created in 1957 in accordance with the UN decision of December 4, 1954; it is part of the UN system, with which it is associated with a special agreement; annually submits a report on its activities to the UN General Assembly and, if necessary, to the UN Security Council.

The Agency was created as an independent intergovernmental organization in the UN system, and with the advent of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, its work acquired special significance, since the NPT made it mandatory for each participating state to conclude a safeguards agreement with the IAEA.

As of December 2009, the IAEA included 151 states.

The purpose of the Agency's work in the country is to state that work in the peaceful nuclear field is not switched to military purposes. The state, signing such an agreement, as it were, guarantees that it does not conduct military research, in this regard, this document is called a guarantee agreement. At the same time, the IAEA is a purely technical body. It cannot give a political assessment of the activities of this or that state. The IAEA has no right to speculate - the Agency works only with the facts at hand, basing its conclusions solely on the tangible result of the incidents. The IAEA safeguards system cannot physically prevent the switch of nuclear material from peaceful to military purposes, but only allows the detection of a safeguarded material diversion or misuse of a safeguarded facility and initiates consideration of such facts in the UN. At the same time, the Agency's conclusions are distinguished by extreme caution and correctness.

The functions of the Agency include:

· Encouragement of research and development on the peaceful use of atomic energy;

Encouraging exchange scientific achievements and methods;

· Formation and application of a system of guarantees that civil nuclear programs and developments will not be used for military purposes;

Developing, establishing and adapting health and safety standards

Structure:

The governing bodies are the General Conference of all member countries convened annually, the Board of Governors of 35 states that governs the Agency's practical activities, and the Secretariat that carries out the day-to-day work (chaired by the Director General).

The headquarters of the IAEA is located at the International Vienna Center. In addition, the IAEA maintains regional offices in Canada, Geneva, New York and Tokyo, laboratories in Austria and Monaco, and a research center in Trieste, Italy, which is administered by UNESCO.

International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a United Nations agency headquartered in Washington, USA.

At the Bretton Woods UN conference on monetary and financial issues on July 22, 1944, the basis of the agreement (IMF Charter) was developed. The most significant contributions to the development of the IMF concept were made by John Maynard Keynes, who led the British delegation, and Harry Dexter White, a senior official of the US Treasury Department. The final version of the agreement was signed by the first 29 states on December 27, 1945 - the official date of the creation of the IMF. The IMF began operations on March 1, 1947, as part of the Bretton Woods system. In the same year, France took out a first loan.

Currently, the IMF unites 186 countries, and its structures employ 2,500 people from 133 countries.

The IMF provides short - and medium - term loans with a deficit in the balance of payments of the state. The provision of loans is usually accompanied by a set of conditions and recommendations aimed at improving the situation.

The IMF's policy and recommendations in relation to developing countries have been repeatedly criticized, the essence of which is that the implementation of the recommendations and conditions is ultimately aimed not at increasing the independence, stability and development of the national economy of the state, but only by tying it to international financial flows.

· "To promote international cooperation in the monetary and financial sphere";

· “To promote the expansion and balanced growth of international trade” in the interests of developing productive resources, achieving high levels of employment and real incomes of the member states;

· “Ensure the stability of currencies, maintain orderly currency relations among the member states” and prevent “currency depreciation in order to obtain a competitive advantage”;

· To assist in the creation of a multilateral system of settlements between the member states, as well as in the elimination of currency restrictions;

· Temporarily provide member states with funds in foreign currency that would enable them to “correct imbalances in their balance of payments”.

The main functions of the IMF

Promoting international cooperation in monetary policy

Expansion of world trade

Crediting

Stabilization of monetary exchange rates

Advising countries of debtors

Development of standards for international financial statistics

Collection and publication of international financial statistics

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

The organization was founded on November 16, 1945 and its headquarters are located in Paris, France. The organization includes 67 offices and divisions located in various parts of the world.

The UNESCO Constitution was adopted at the London Conference in November 1945 and entered into force on November 4, 1946 after the deposit of acts of acceptance by the twenty signatory states.

The organization currently has 192 Member States and 6 Associate Members. 173 Member States maintain a permanent mission to the Organization in Paris.

The main goal of UNESCO is to contribute to the strengthening of peace and security by expanding cooperation between peoples in the field of education, science and culture in the interests of ensuring universal respect, justice, observance of the rule of law and human rights, as well as the fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations for all peoples , without distinction of race, gender, language or religion.

In order to fulfill its mandate, UNESCO has five main functions:

· Conducts sᴨȇktivny research of forms of education, science, culture and communication necessary in tomorrow's world;

· Carries out the promotion, editorship and exchange of knowledge, relying mainly on research, training and teaching;

· Carries out normative activities: preparation and adoption of international acts and binding recommendations;

· Provides expert services to Member States to define their development policies and design projects in the form of technical cooperation;

· Carries out the exchange of socialized information.

In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and natural heritage, which entered into force in 1975 and has now been ratified by 184 countries (USSR - in 1988).

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europeᴨȇ

(Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe)

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the world's largest regional security organization. Founded in July 1973.

CFE unites 56 countries located in North America, Euroᴨȇ and Central Asia.

The organization is aimed at preventing the emergence of conflicts in the region, resolving crisis situations, and eliminating the consequences of conflicts.

The main means of ensuring security and solving the main tasks of the organization:

· "The first basket", or the political-military dimension:

· Control over the proliferation of weapons;

· Diplomatic efforts to prevent conflicts;

· Measures to build trust and security;

· "The second basket", or the economic and environmental dimension:

· Economic and environmental safety.

· "The third basket", or the human dimension:

· Protection of human rights;

· Development of democratic institutions;

· Monitoring of elections;

Structure:

All OSCE participating States enjoy equal status. Decisions are made by consensus. The decisions are not legally binding, but have great political implications.

The staff of the organization is about 370 people employed in the governing bodies of the organization, as well as about 3500 employees working in field missions.

The 2006 budget is EUR 168.2 million.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

NATO is a military-political bloc. It appeared on April 4, 1949 in the United States. Then the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal became NATO member states. It is a "transatlantic forum" for the Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could threaten their security; provides deterrence or protection against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.

Belgium United Kingdom Denmark Italy Iceland Canada Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal USA France Greece Turkey Germany Spain Hungary Poland Czech Republic Bulgaria Latvia Lithuania Romania Slovakia Slovenia Estonia. Next in line for NATO are Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine, Albania.

NATO's main goal is to guarantee the freedom and security of all its members in Europe and North America in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter. To achieve this goal, NATO uses its political influence and military capabilities in accordance with the nature of the security challenges faced by its member states.

Serve as the basis for stability in the Euro-Atlantic region;

Serve as a forum for consultation on security issues;

Conduct and defend against any threat of aggression against any of the NATO member states;

Promote effective conflict prevention and actively participate in crisis management;

To promote the development of comprehensive partnership, cooperation and dialogue with other countries of the Euro-Atlantic region.

NATO has signed a cooperation agreement with a number of European states. The program of interaction with these countries is called the Partnership for Peace. Among the participants of the program: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmetan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Finland, Montenegro, Sweden, Switzerland.

Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

(Black Sea Economic Cooperation - BSEC)

BSEC - established in 1992, headquartered in Istanbul.

Azerbaijan, Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

The goal is closer economic cooperation of the participating countries, the free movement of goods, capital, services and labor and the integration of the economies of these countries into the world economic system.

Established in 1992, headquartered in Istanbul.

Significance. Turkey and Ukraine attach particular importance to the BSEC as an organization that increases their weight in the agreements on possible future accession to the EU. Russia has not yet set itself such goals, however, like other participants, it is interested in ensuring its participation in projects that relate to the development of a joint energy market, transport infrastructure, border cooperation, etc.

The population of the BSECO countries is over 330 million people. The region is fabulously rich in resources, has a strong manufacturing base, skilled labor force... The fact that France, Germany, Austria, Egypt, Israel, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Tu, as well as such international organizations as the Energy Charter Conference, the Black Sea Club, considered it necessary to have observer status in the organization, speaks about the organization's assets. BSEC cooperates with the European Union, organizations of the Baltic region.

One of the fundamental differences from other regional integration groupings (CIS, GUUAM, EurAsEC) is that BSEC unites countries that are involved in other institutionally well-developed international structures. So, for example, the European Union, NATO are organizations, membership in which is the aspiration of many countries that are members of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. Greece since May 1, 2004 has already become a member of the EU. In this regard, BSEC is focused entirely on the economic aspect of integration, without scattering its attention and resources on the spheres of politics and defense. In particular, this is due to the fact that a number of its member countries have mutual territorial claims. However, economic interests and the Black Sea identity have a positive unifying effect on the relations of these states. Another feature of the BSEC in comparison with other sub-regional groupings is that, in contrast to them, already in the Declaration on the establishment of the organization, the focus of the forthcoming activities was not trade, but industrial cooperation. This is reflected in the sectoral approach to solving common economic problems in the region.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the Shanghai Five, founded as a result of the signing in 1996-1997. agreements between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan on confidence-building in the military field and on mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the participants renamed the organization.

PRC Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan

The total territory of the SCO member states is 30 million km?, That is, 60% of the territory of Eurasia. Its total demographic potential is one fourth of the world's population, and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States.

One of the peculiarities of the SCO is that in terms of status it is neither a military bloc, like NATO, nor an open regular meeting on security, like the ARF ASEAN, occupying an intermediate position.

The main tasks of the organization are to strengthen stability and security in a wide space uniting the participating states, the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, the development of economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.

The importance of the SCO. The international weight of this organization is determined not only by the aggregate demographic and territorial potential of its member countries, but also by the emerging strategic partnership between the two nuclear powers and the permanent members of the UN Security Council - Russia and China.
This determines the role of the SCO in building a collective security system both in Central Asia and in the Asia-Pacific region. The SCO is an open organization for the admission of new members who share its basic principles. Although security issues were initially decisive in the formation of the SCO and remain one of the highest priorities, at the same time, it would be wrong to regard it as military organization... This status is unacceptable due to the participation of the SCO member states in international unions and organizations with various obligations. So for China, its participation is generally an exception to the rule, because this country traditionally adheres to the policy of non-alignment with the blocs of any states, adhering to independence and independence in foreign policy.

As noted by many experts, membership in the SCO largely meets the geopolitical interests of its members. Thus, some of the SCO initiatives, quite understandably, are aimed at weakening American influence in the region, which corresponds to China's desire to weaken American influence in the region and meets Russia's desire to create a multipolar world, voiced even during the time of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and then the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, Yevgeny Primakov. According to Minister of Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov, made after the 2003 Moscow summit, "The SCO must become a modern organization of a new type that meets the requirements of a multipolar world."

Commonwealth of Independent States

CIS is an interstate association (agreement on cooperation between independent countries) of most of the former union republics THE USSR.

The CIS was founded by the heads of the BSSR, the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR by the signing of the Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 8, 1991 in Viskuli near Brest (Belarus)

Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmetan Uzbekistan Ukraine

The CIS is based on the principles of sovereign equality of all its members, in this regard, all member states are independent subjects of international law. The Commonwealth is not a state and does not have supranational powers.

The main goals of the organization are:

· Cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields;

· All-round development of the member states within the framework of the common economic space, interstate cooperation and integration;

· Provision of human rights and freedoms;

· Cooperation in ensuring international peace and security, achievement of general and complete disarmament;

· Mutual legal assistance;

· Peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between the states of the organization.

The areas of joint activity of the member states include:

· Provision of human rights and fundamental freedoms;

· Coordination of foreign policy;

· Cooperation in the formation and development of a common economic space, customs policy;

· Cooperation in the development of transport and communication systems;

· Protection of health and the environment;

· Issues of social and migration policy;

· Fight against organized crime;

· Cooperation in the field of defense policy and the protection of external borders.

Any state that is part of the CIS has the right to withdraw from the organization at any time and at its discretion.

The CIS did not take shape as a union state. De facto, the so-called "CIS institute" is nothing more than a group of agreements on predominantly bilateral cooperation in various areas between The Russian Federation and some former republics the USSR

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe is the oldest international political organization in Europe. Its main declared goal is to build a united Europe based on the principles of freedom, democracy, protection of human rights and the rule of law.

One of the most significant achievements of the Council of Europe is considered the development and adoption of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

Council of Europe: Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, United Kingdom, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia.

Chapter I of the Statute of the Council of Europe is devoted to the aims pursued by the Council of Europe, and consists of one single article 1. It, in particular, states the following:

“A) The aim of the Council of Europe is to bring about a closer union between its members to protect and promote the ideals and principles that are their common heritage and to promote their economic and official progress.

b) This aim will be pursued through the organs of the Council by considering issues of common interest, concluding agreements, conducting joint actions in the economic, social, cultural, scientific, legal and administrative fields, as well as by protecting and promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms ".

Gradually the Council of Europe focused on legal and human rights issues. Today, its goal is defined as building a Europe without dividing lines, based on the principles of democracy, human rights and the rule of law (the rule of law). Its activities are aimed primarily at ensuring and protecting human rights, be they civil, political, economic, social or cultural rights, that is, the activities of the Council of Europe cover all spheres of human life. However, the organization does not deal with economic and military-political issues.

Structure:

Committee of Ministers

Parliamentary Assembly

European Court of Human Rights

Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe

Council of Europe Secretariat

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) (OPEC)

OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by the oil-producing powers to stabilize oil prices. The headquarters is located in Vienna.

OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola.

OPEC as a permanent organization was created at a conference in Baghdad September 10-14, 1960. Initially, the organization included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (initiator of creation). These five countries that founded the organization were later joined by nine more: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962-2008, withdrew from OPEC on November 1, 2008), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria ( 1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973-1992, 2007), Gabon (1975-1994), Angola (2007).

Currently, OPEC has 12 members, taking into account the changes in the composition that took place in 2007: the emergence of a new member of the organization - Angola and the return to the fold of the organization of Ecuador. In 2008, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in the cartel.

The OPEC headquarters was originally located in Geneva (Switzerland), then on September 1, 1965, it moved to Vienna (Austria).

The goal of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among the member countries of the organization, maintain stable oil prices, ensure stable oil supplies to consumers, and receive returns on investments in the oil industry.

The ministers of energy and oil of the OPEC member states meet twice a year to assess the international oil market and forecast its development for the future. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.

OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. From largest manufacturers The peak of oil has not yet been passed only by the OPEC countries (with the exception of Venezuela) and Canada. In the USSR, the peak of oil was passed in 1988.In Russia, since 1998, there has been a constant increase in production, but there are assumptions that a peak was reached in 2007-2008.

Russia as part of world organizations

Russia is a member of such world organizations as:

1. Asian Parliamentary Assembly

2. Asia-Pacific Parliamentary Forum

3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum

4. Arctic Council

5. World Association of Nuclear Power Plant Speakers

6. European Free Trade Association

7. Common economic space

8. Zone of European higher education

9. International Aviation Federation

10. International Union of Young Farmers

11. International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol

12. Organization of the Collective Security Treaty

13. United Nations

14. United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization

15. United Nations, Universal Postal Union

16. United Nations, World Bank Group

17. United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency

18. United Nations, International Monetary Fund

19. United Nations Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

20. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

21. Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

22. Barents Euro-Arctic Council

23. Council of the Baltic Sea States

24. Council of Europe

25. Commonwealth of Independent States

26. Shanghai Cooperation Organization

There are more than 60 active global international groupings in the world that perform various functions:

· Safety of the environment;

· Economic stability;

· Prevention of terrorist attacks;

· Restoring and preserving peace in hot spots;

· Improvement of youth education;

· Protection of human rights, etc.

Russia is a member of more than 25 organizations. She plays an important role in these groups.

Bibliography

To create the work, information from Wikidia was used - the free encyclopedia:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

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• The Holy Alliance is the alliance of Austria, Prussia and Russia, concluded in Paris in 1815 after the fall of Napoleon's empire.
• The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was organized in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR. In 1998, it included 11 independent states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. Of the former Soviet republics, only Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia did not join the CIS.
• Interpol building in Lyon, France. 11 Interpol is a bourgeois-native police organization for the fight against crime. Russia is a member of Interpol.
• In foreign newspapers and magazines, the "Big Seven" is designated by the symbol "G7", and after the accession of Russia - "G8".

In the modern world there are hundreds of organizations in which almost all states of the world participate. They help the countries and peoples living in them to better understand each other, promote the development of trade and economic relations, cultural exchange. Therefore, most states strive for broad participation in international organizations.

WHICH ORGANIZATIONS EXIST

All international organizations can be divided into two groups. The first is world organizations, for example, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Any country can join these organizations on certain conditions. Most of these organizations are part of the United Nations system, that is, a union that includes almost all the countries of the world. The second group is regional organizations. They are formed in the interests of the countries of a region or continent, for example, the Organization of American States (OAS) or the European Union (EU). They can only be joined by those countries that are located in a certain region. However, there are also exceptions to the rule. An example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Contrary to its name, this organization also includes states that do not have direct access to the North Atlantic Ocean, such as Turkey. Thus, the first principle of dividing international organizations is geographic.

The second principle of dividing international organizations is according to their field of activity. There are political organizations, for example, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), or military-political (NATO). There are also economic organizations (World Trade Organization - WTO), scientific and cultural (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO).

There are a number of international organizations that have several goals and objectives at once. Thus, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is engaged in solving economic and political problems. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the United Nations Organization (UN) can be referred to as complex, i.e., solving a variety of tasks, international organizations. These organizations cooperate in the fields of politics, economics and culture.

PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIA IN WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

Russia stood at the origins of many international organizations. After the victory over Napoleonic France, the victorious powers (Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and Austria) convened an international congress. It took place in 1814-1815. in the capital of Austria - Vienna. At the congress, new political boundaries were established, and the Holy Alliance was formed. The monarchs of Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed to monitor the observance of international laws and the preservation of peace in Europe.

The Congress of Vienna also created the first international specialized organization - the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, the largest river in Europe. Until the beginning of the XX century. several more special organizations appeared. Russia took part in most of them, for example, in the Universal Postal Union, formed in 1874.

During the 20-30s. XX century complex international organizations appeared, primarily the League of Nations. It was formed in 1919. The League of Nations was the forerunner of the modern United Nations. The League had two goals: the development of cooperation between peoples and the preservation of peace and security. However, this organization was unable to achieve its goals and prevent the outbreak of World War II in 1939. And yet, thanks to the efforts of the League of Nations, it was possible to extinguish many political and military conflicts that broke out in the 20s and 30s.

In 1917, two revolutions took place in Russia - February and October. Instead of the Russian Empire on political map peace in 1922, a new state appeared - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In the first years of the existence of the USSR, other states did not recognize it, and therefore the country could not join any international organization for a long time. But at the end of the 20s. the picture changed: the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with many Western states, and in 1934 was admitted to the League of Nations. The USSR immediately became a member of its highest body - the Council, which made the most important decisions.

Many new international organizations emerged after World War II. Perhaps the main one is the United Nations Organization, created in 1945. It had the same goals as the League of Nations. But, unlike its predecessor, the UN is better organized, has great financial capabilities, a good command and control apparatus and even armed forces to maintain peace in different regions. Our country took an active part in the creation of the UN and, as a victorious power in World War II, became one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, the highest executive body of the organization. Russia is still a member of the Security Council (which also includes the United States, Great Britain, France and China) and has a veto, that is, it can impose a ban on any decisions taken by the United Nations.

In the post-war period, the world seemed to split into two parts. There were two military-political blocs. In 1949, the United States and its allies (Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Italy, etc.) united into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (It is curious that at the origins of the creation of NATO was a high-ranking British military man - Kim Philby, who was also a Soviet intelligence officer.) In response, in 1955, the USSR and a number of Eastern European states (Poland, Bulgaria, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, etc.) ) created the Warsaw Pact Organization (ATS). Immediately thereafter, political, military and economic organizations began to emerge, into which only members of one of these two main political blocs could join. For example, the USSR and its allies could not be members of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC), which united only Western capitalist states. Only socialist countries were members of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

In 1991, the entire socialist system collapsed, including the Soviet Union. The political and economic organizations created within this system have disappeared. New Russia became a member of those organizations in which the USSR did not join for ideological reasons, for example, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

RUSSIA AND EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS

Russia is a Eurasian state. Therefore, it not only maintains ties with other European countries, but also cooperates with them, being an equal member of many European organizations. In the past, this was often hindered by political and military conflicts between our state and European powers, as well as biased ideas about each other.

The most significant among European political and economic organizations are the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the European Union. The goals and objectives of the OSCE are to maintain peace and security in Europe. The organization includes not only European states, but also Asian states - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Russia is an active member of the OSCE, it often takes part in negotiations and peacekeeping actions conducted by this organization.

In order to join the Council of Europe, our country was required to amend its legislation: it was necessary to bring it closer to the legal norms of most European states. But Russian legislation does not yet fully meet these requirements. For example, Russians still (in 1998) do not have the right to freely choose their place of residence in their own country (i.e., mandatory registration remains), Russian legislation has not yet been canceled the death penalty and etc.

Russia takes part in two regional European organizations - the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).

The Council of the Baltic Sea States was founded in 1991 at the initiative of Germany and Denmark. It includes ten states of the Baltic region. The main areas of cooperation of this organization are politics, economics, trade, energy, ecology, tourism and culture. Participation in the CBSS allowed Russia to establish closer political and cultural ties with the countries of this region. The experience of jointly solving environmental problems is especially important, since the Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted.

The "common" sea was the reason for the creation of another regional organization of European states - the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. It was founded in 1992 in the capital of Turkey - Ankara. It includes 11 countries (including Russia), with a total population of more than 400 million people and an area exceeding the total area of ​​the member states of the European Union. The purpose of the organization is, first of all, the development of political and economic relations of the Black Sea states.

Our country is not yet a member of some important European organizations, such as the European Union. This is due to the fact that Russia has not yet reached, from the point of view of European partners, the required level of economic and political development. But the cooperation of our country with the EU states, especially with Germany, Italy and France, is constantly developing. At the end of the XX century. about 40% of all Russian foreign trade turnover fell on the states of the European Union. This organization is the main economic partner of Russia.

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Participation in the Commonwealth of Independent States is very important for Russia. This organization was created at the end of 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Gradually, almost all states - the former Soviet republics (except for the Baltic countries) were included in it. In 1998 the CIS consisted of 12 states. Russia plays a leading role in the Commonwealth, since politically and economically it is the most powerful state among the members of this organization.

The main goals and objectives of the CIS are the development of political, military, economic and cultural cooperation between the states that emerged on the site of the former USSR. Particular attention is paid to the observance of the territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of the CIS, and the protection of human rights. By the end of the XX century. almost all the states of the Commonwealth were in either an economic or a political crisis, therefore, cooperation developed extremely slowly and unevenly. In addition, political conflicts took place between some CIS countries, for example, between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. Russia and Ukraine have been in difficult negotiations for several years on how to split the Black Sea Fleet. Therefore, an organization was needed that would help solve the numerous problems arising on the territory of the former USSR, and promote mutually beneficial cooperation between the new states.

Processes of integration (i.e., unification) are taking place within the CIS. Russia and Belarus have entered into a political and economic union. In order to form a single economic space, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed a customs agreement.

For our country, participation in the CIS is of fundamental importance. It seeks to maintain its influence in the states - the former Soviet republics. Therefore, Russia had to take upon itself the protection of the external borders of the CIS in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia. This is also important because more than 20 million Russian and Russian-speaking populations live outside of Russia in the CIS countries.

COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

There are organizations in which our country, for various reasons - political, economic or geographic - cannot participate. However, cooperation with many of them is necessary and beneficial for Russia. At the end of the XX century. cooperation with NATO, the European Union and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has been most beneficial. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization includes several European states, as well as the United States and Canada. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system, NATO became the most powerful military-political organization in the world. The tasks of this organization have also changed, since it has no potential military opponents. NATO is creating a system of military and political security for all European countries. To this end, in 1994, the Partnership for Peace program was developed for states that, not being members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are interested in cooperation with it. Russia also participates in this program: joint military exercises of former adversaries are held, and military information is provided to each other, which was previously obtained only with the help of intelligence. But NATO is in no hurry to accept Russia into its ranks, as it considers it an insufficiently democratic state. Our country, in turn, opposes the admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the states that were previously part of the socialist system, especially the Baltic countries. But despite these disagreements, in 1997 in Paris between Russia and NATO an agreement on military-political cooperation was signed.

Russia is one of the largest oil exporters. The world market often experiences strong changes in oil prices, which is very disadvantageous for its exporters. In order to stabilize prices and pursue a single oil policy, a number of states have united in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It includes mainly the countries of the Persian Gulf, which produce and export most of the world's oil. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian economy became even more dependent on oil and gas exports. In addition, in 1998, a crisis broke out on the world oil market. The prices for this type of energy resources have more than halved, and the oil exporting countries, including Russia, began to suffer heavy losses. Therefore, it became necessary for our country to more clearly coordinate and coordinate with OPEC its actions in the oil market. In Vienna, negotiations were held between the OPEC member countries and Russia. As a result, oil supplies to the world market decreased and the fall in oil prices stopped.

RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL CLUBS

Among international organizations, there are a few not quite ordinary ones. They are often called clubs, as membership and admission conditions to these organizations are not strictly formalized. It is very difficult to get into them. Admission conditions may vary - it all depends on the country that wants to join such an organization. It is very prestigious to be a member of the club, as it gives an opportunity to influence the political and economic processes taking place in the world. In 1997, Russia joined three similar organizations - the London and Paris Clubs and the G7, which eventually became the G8.

The London Club brings together the world's largest private lending banks. If a country regularly pays debts and interest on financial loans, and also has a reputation as a "reliable debtor", then it can establish official relations with this club to achieve certain benefits. At the end of the XX century. economic crisis in our country led to the fact that its external debt increased, but it is still considered a "reliable debtor". The agreement with the London Club allowed Russia to ease its debt burden and to maneuver its financial resources.

Along with the London one, there is another international club - the creditor countries. The Paris Club was founded in 1956. The countries that make up the Paris Club have united, because, acting together, it is easier to get back "their hard-earned money". Some of the loans that these states issued are almost impossible to return (for example, the debtor countries went bankrupt, etc.). Therefore, the creditor state, upon joining the Paris Club, irrevocably loses part of the money issued (as if forgiving its debtors), but the rest is guaranteed to it.

After the collapse of the USSR, most of the Soviet loans went to Russia, and now other states owe our country more than $ 100 billion - almost as much as Russia itself owes. Most of these debts are not paid or are paid very slowly, as Russia's debtors are mostly poor developing countries. Therefore, our country decided to join the Paris Club. Russian loans and the status of payments on them were carefully studied at the Paris Club, and its specialists decided that most of them could be received back. In 1997 Russia became a member of this prestigious international organization.

The Big Seven is a union of seven leading industrialized countries: the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan and Italy. It was created to solve the most important global economic and financial problems. The G7 heads of state meet every year. Over time, the range of topical topics discussed has expanded. And now much attention is paid to such important issues as environmental pollution, conservation of energy resources, international crime, drug trafficking, etc. Since 1997, Russia has been a full member of this most prestigious international club.

Today Russia participates in 300 international organizations. The UN and the system of international economic organizations operating under its auspices are of great importance. In most of its bodies, Russian specialists are actively working both on a permanent basis and as invited experts. Attention should be paid to the nature and degree of Russia's participation in such large and representative international organizations as the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Until the early 1990s, Russia was not a member of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Russia joined these organizations only in 1992. Participation in them opened up wider opportunities for obtaining resources for economic restructuring and development, since agreements with the IMF are a positive signal for other investors. Reaching agreements with the IMF also makes it possible to come to agreements with the Paris and London Clubs on the re-registration of Russia's foreign debt, most of which is the debts of the former USSR.

International organizations in which Russia participates, and there are more than 300 of them, can be conditionally subdivided into three groups:

1) organizations of the UN system;

2) specialized economic and scientific and technical organizations;

3) multilateral monetary and financial and trading institutions - organizations of the so-called Bretton Woods system.

In the strict sense of the word, all these organizations are not called upon to directly carry out foreign economic relations. Their purpose is not to generate profit, they are funded from a budget made up of contributions from member countries and extrabudgetary voluntary funds. At the same time, in their totality, they are of great importance for the Russian and world economies. In them (primarily in the first and third groups), a kind of legal space is created, within which foreign economic relations are carried out.

Significance of the UN for Russia.

The UN is of paramount importance to Russia. The involvement of our country in the activities of the UN is great and varied. Today, the UN is turning from just a world "parliament", an arena for states to defend their political interests, into an operational organization that implements programs in various fields - socio-economic, political, humanitarian, environmental, etc.

The effectiveness and return on Russia's participation in international organizations cannot be assessed only in absolute terms, although we are talking about many tens of millions of dollars coming in the form of scientific, technical, economic, social information, know-how, documents and materials. So, in last years Many organizations have adopted and are already implementing special programs to assist Russia and other countries in transition. The term "countries in transition", "countries with an economy in transition" appeared in the UN relatively recently - in the early 90s. - and is used to designate a group of states that are making the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy model. These include primarily the European states of the former socialist camp and the CIS countries. Russia has the status of a recipient of technical assistance within the entire UN system. This opens up the prospect of receiving additional assistance from the UN system, including financial. In addition, part of Russian contributions to the budgets of the UN and special agencies is returned in the form of technical and other assistance provided to Russia through these organizations. Another thing is also important. The UN system, whose financial resources are limited, can act as a catalyst for international cooperation and attracting creditors to it - both countries and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.

Finally, it is important for Russia to use the unique world experience accumulated in the UN in solving social and economic problems.

Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

Russian ministries and departments participating in the EEC's activities have the opportunity to receive information on the latest trends and trends in scientific and technical policy, which, according to the EEC, provides stakeholders with tens of millions of dollars in annual savings on relevant scientific and technical developments and acquisition of know-how. how abroad. Of practical importance is the use of the EEC to introduce the European and world experience in the field of privatization and transfer of the economy to market relations.

UN operational programs and funds. Of great interest to Russia are such UN funds and programs in the field of operational activities as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the World Food Council (UPU), the World Food Program (WFP) ). Cooperation with these organizations opens up significant potential opportunities for Russia in obtaining technical and other assistance. Within the framework of projects developed by UNDP for Russia, additional resources of bilateral and multilateral donors are attracted. Projects are already underway to provide consulting services to interested Russian departments, to retrain the heads of Russian enterprises taking into account the requirements of a market economy, to protect the ecology of the Black and Caspian Seas, and a number of others.

Further deepening cooperation with UNICEF, an organization for development of child health care and social welfare. Only in 1992-1993. Through this organization, it was possible to attract humanitarian assistance to Russia for more than 4.5 million dollars, in particular for scarce vaccines. There are significant opportunities to use UNICEF's expert and advisory base to establish the “social monitoring” system we need in Russia.

Cooperation between the Russian Federation and UNIDO has noticeably intensified in recent years. UNIDO's activities in a number of areas are of significant practical interest for Russia. First of all, this is the development of concepts for industrial development and international cooperation, technology transfer, industrial ecology, energy, conversion, promotion of industrial investment, free economic zones, promotion of cooperation at the enterprise level, industrial management, privatization, assistance to small and medium-sized businesses. UNIDO assisted Russia in preparing the concept of a free economic zone "Greater Vladivostok". Agreements were signed on UNIDO's participation in projects to modernize the pharmaceutical industry in St. the plant (financing - from the budget of the Tyumen region), etc. Cooperation with UNIDO in the field of attracting foreign investment in Russian industry is of particular importance. The organization has a network of industrial investment promotion centers located in leading Western countries, Japan, South Korea, and others, which makes it possible to work out investment proposals, relying on an extensive database of potential investors and their requests for capital investment objects.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is one of the largest specialized agencies. With the assistance of the ILO, the concept of social partnership is being introduced in Russia. This was reflected, in particular, in the creation of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, consisting of representatives of the government, trade unions and employers, the purpose of which is to coordinate socio-economic policies, develop a system of social partnership, and promote the settlement of collective labor conflicts. ILO specialists also provide assistance in conducting a survey of the labor market, improving labor statistics, developing a new Russian classifier of professions, updating statistics on labor costs, and creating modern employment services. Within the framework of The International Center The ILO provides training for representatives of the private sector of the Russian economy on the following topics: modern enterprise management, assistance to the development of small enterprises, and the development of entrepreneurial skills.

WHO. Russia's participation in the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO) provides our country with a unique opportunity to widely use the large scientific, organizational, methodological, educational, rule-making, personnel and, partially, financial potential of this international organization. Of great practical importance for Russian health is its participation in the International Program on the Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident, in the Global Program to Fight AIDS, in the Expanded Program on Immunization, in the WHO program on environmental health, in the program of action on essential drugs, in the WHO programs on health care and family planning. Russia's membership in the MBRD

Russia became a member of the IBRD on June 16, 1992. The IBRD provided loans to Russia for $ 11.4 billion for the implementation of 41 projects (as of the end of 1998, $ 5.4 billion had been spent). In 1998, Russia became the largest IBRD borrower in Europe and Central Asia. In the 1997-1998 financial year, it received loans for $ 1.63 billion (Russia ranks fifth in the world list of recipients). In 1997, Russia for the first time participated in the session of the World Bank and the IMF (in Hong Kong) as a full member and declared its direct and full interest in discussing world financial problems. Having become a member of the IBRD, Russia also joined the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Negotiations on Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization lasted 18 years, from 1993 to 2011. Russia became a member of the WTO on August 22, 2012. The accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO gives rise to opposite points of view. 157 countries of the world are already members of the World Trade Organization, and their number will increase in the coming years. This means that almost every state that claims to create a modern, efficient economy and equal participation in world trade, aspires to become a member of the WTO. Russia in this sense is no exception.

Advantages of Russia's accession to the WTO:

1) reduction of duties. As a result, imported goods will become cheaper. Export duties will also decrease, which will lead to the fact that Russian exports will also increase. Primarily the primary industries will benefit from this.

2) foreign companies will work more actively in the Russian market, and competition will intensify. As a result, Russian goods will also become cheaper.

3) joining the WTO is a serious step for the country. Russian foreign economic activity will become more predictable and stable. As a result, an increase in the number of foreign investments can be expected. It is also likely that the ruble will become less volatile.

Cons of Russia's accession to the WTO:

1) many Russian companies turn out to be uncompetitive. As a result - the loss of jobs, an increase in the number of unemployed. The consequences will be especially serious in monotowns, where a social explosion may occur due to the bankruptcy of a city-forming enterprise.

2) the Russian economy will lose significant flexibility in matters of foreign economic activity. For example, we will no longer be able to defend our auto industry so zealously, which is now in "greenhouse" conditions, and during periods of drought we will not be able to impose an embargo on agricultural products, as it was in 2010.

3) It will be more difficult for Russia to get rid of its dependence on raw materials.

4) a decrease in export duties will lead to an even larger budget deficit, which will be covered by issuing government bonds. This can lead to an increase in public debt with the corresponding consequences.