Maintenance air transport; air Transport; air Transport; air Transport; the airport; the airport; the airport; aircraft accidents; aircraft accidents; aircraft accidents; aircraft accidents; basic safety rules on the ground and on board the airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board the airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board the airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board the airliner; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; sharp braking; sharp braking; sharp braking; sharp braking; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; plane fire; plane fire; plane fire; plane fire; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; bibliography. bibliography. bibliography. bibliography.
Airport At airports, many situations arise that are similar to incidents in railway stations... These are delays, and the loss of things, and poisoning with poor-quality food, and unpleasant contacts. At airports, many situations arise that are similar to accidents at train stations. These are delays, and the loss of things, and poisoning with poor-quality food, and unpleasant contacts.
Aircraft accidents Aircraft accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas from childhood get used to the noise of airplanes and pay almost no attention to them. However, unusual sound or aircraft roll, smoke, fire should not go unnoticed by them. Aircraft accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas from childhood get used to the noise of airplanes and pay almost no attention to them. However, unusual sound or aircraft roll, smoke, fire should not go unnoticed by them.
Basic safety rules on the ground and on board the aircraft do not take with you prohibited items, packages for transfer from strangers; do not take with you prohibited items, packages for transfer from strangers; do not keep sharp objects with you, which can be injured by jolts; do not keep sharp objects with you, which can be injured by jolts; listen carefully to the instructions on the location of emergency exits from the passenger compartment; listen carefully to the instructions on the location of emergency exits from the passenger compartment; Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, as well as, if necessary, at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is tightly fastened. Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, as well as, if necessary, at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is tightly fastened.
Depressurization of the cabin One of the most dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The reason may be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, someone's attempt to open a door during a flight. One of the dangerous situations in the air is the depressurization of the cabin. The reason may be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, someone's attempt to open a door during a flight.
Oxygen mask In order not to die, in such a situation, you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. In large planes, it is always directly in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the pressure in the cabin drops. At this point, you need to quickly put on a mask. In order not to die, in such a situation, you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. In large planes, it is always directly in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the pressure in the cabin drops. At this point, you need to quickly put on a mask.
Abrupt braking In case of abrupt braking or impact, the following posture is safest: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to burrow into the knees or a bag with soft things), hands cover the head. In case of sudden braking or impact, the following posture is safest: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to burrow into the knees or a bag with soft things), hands cover the head.
Forced landing follow all the instructions of the crew commander and do not get up from the seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; follow all the instructions of the crew commander and not get up from the seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; leave the plane immediately (without hand luggage), in order, using escape hatches and inflatable ladders; immediately leave the plane (without carry-on baggage), in order, using escape hatches and inflatable ramps; do not jump on the ground, especially on concrete, from a height; do not jump on the ground, especially on concrete, from a height; you can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers. you can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers.
Airplane fire In an airplane fire, it is necessary to: protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on your outerwear, a hat, and lie on the floor; protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on outerwear, a hat, and lie on the floor; if the plane is on the ground, then bend over or crawl to the exit; if the plane is on the ground, then bend over or crawl to the exit; do not take carry-on luggage with you; do not take carry-on luggage with you; use not only the passage, but also wade through the chairs; use not only the passage, but also wade through the chairs; after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to be injured in a possible explosion. after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to be injured in a possible explosion.
Aviation accidents and disasters are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Takeoff and landing accidents are among those where there is hope of rescue, as they usually occur when the aircraft is still on or low above the ground and its speed is relatively slow. Moreover, they tend to occur in the airport area where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
Unlike a car, an airplane, bumping into a stationary structure or any vehicle, usually does not stop, but rushes on. Therefore, passengers are not exposed to harsh impacts. An exception to this would be when the plane collides with a mountain. In this case, the chances of salvation are scanty.
In other cases, in the event of an emergency in flight, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing. When preparing it (Diagram 58), you need to immediately free the aisles and take places in your chairs, the backs of which should be brought to an upright position. In addition, it is necessary to take off glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from internal pockets, take off high-heeled shoes, loosen the tie and unfasten the collar. Then put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso, fasten and tighten the harness. At the command of the flight attendant "Attention landing!" you should bend forward, cover your head with soft things and put it on your hands with which to clasp your knees. It is necessary to remain in this position until the aircraft comes to a complete stop (Fig. 23).
After stopping the plane, unfasten your seat belts and prepare for evacuation. For emergency escape by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage, are used. Passenger exits, entrances and opening means are prominently marked to make them easier to find. All decals are illuminated from the inside regardless of the main lighting system. The device of escape hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches). Where emergency exits are located, the aisles between the seats are wider than elsewhere, and do not interfere with the opening of hatches and the exit of passengers.
When leaving your seat, do not bring any baggage you have taken on board as carry-on baggage. This is dictated by safety measures, as it is likely that some of the items in your bag have sharp corners and edges. This can cause damage and deflation of the inflatable escape ramp, which in turn will lead to injury and possibly death of passengers waiting for their turn to evacuate.
Leaving the plane through the exit with a released and inflated gangway, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge, and then slide down. An increase in the rate of evacuation is achieved only by jumping (Fig. 24, 25).
Try to wear a coat or jacket made of materials that are not easily flammable and hard to melt;
Think about what kind of shoes you should wear; avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you are wearing them and you have to use an inflatable escape ramp during evacuation, take them off when you leave the plane;
At each takeoff and landing, make sure that the seat belt is tightly tightened at your hips;
Know what kind of fixed posture you need to take in an emergency landing; watch what is happening outside the plane; if everything indicates that an accident is imminent, take the desired position;
Know where exits are located on the plane and how they open.
During decompression, i.e. rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air is quickly released from the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case (Scheme 59), without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a sudden drop.
The most dangerous month for air travel is September. This is the conclusion made by the online edition PlaneCrashInfo.com after analyzing data on plane crashes that occurred in the period from 1950 to 2013. More than 15% of annual crashes occur in September. May has the smallest share of annual plane crashes - about 6%. The riskiest days for air travel are August 12 and 29, September 3 and 11, October 2, November 23, December 7, 8, 21 and 22. December 22 at different years there were more catastrophes than on other days - 17.
Most experts agree that safe place on the plane does not exist. However, a study by one of the American journals showed that this is not the case. The study analyzed the statistics of accidents of American passenger liners for the period from 2001 to 2013. In total, 25 plane crashes occurred during this time. As it turned out, it is safest to sit in the rear of the plane - for passengers who are closer to the tail, the chances of surviving a crash are 40% higher than for those sitting in the front rows of the front of the cabin.
A calculation of the safety levels of various seats on the plane showed that passengers in the rear had a 69% chance of survival. For those whose seats are on the wing line - 56%. Passengers are most at risk business class, which is traditionally located in the front of the cabin, right behind the cockpit - their chance is estimated at 49%.
According to the estimates of the International Aviation Transport Association, in most cases the main cause of the crash is pilot errors (including those forced - for example, due to the influence of unfavorable weather conditions) - pilots are responsible for 53% of accidents. In 20% of cases, disasters were due to mechanical problems, in 11% - due to the effects of weather (including hurricanes, fogs, lightning strikes, etc.), in 8% - due to acts of sabotage (terrorism, attack on the pilot, etc.).
Landing is the most dangerous phase of a flight, according to Boeing. 45% of accidents occur at the time of landing, another 13% - during the landing approach. 12% of accidents occur at the time of take-off, 13% - ascent, 6% - during the main flight, 5% - during preparation for take-off, loading baggage and cargo, boarding passengers, etc.
According to the International Air Transport Association, Russia and other former Soviet republics have the worst air travel safety records.
In the accident rate rating of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which takes into account the irretrievably lost aircraft and helicopters of Western production, the CIS, including Russia, is in an unenviable first place, overtaking the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
So, in the CIS, 5 aircraft per million flights are killed, in Africa - only 3.5. In North Asia, Europe and North America- less than 0.5 aircraft for the same million flights. So, according to IATA in 2010, one serious accident occurs in 1.6 million flights. A total of 786 people died in them in 2010.
At the same time, the airlines in North America were recognized as the safest, where the accident rate was only 0.1. In Europe, this figure is 0.45, in Japan - 0.34.
The European Union maintains a list of airlines that have in their fleet dangerous aircraft... It has 17 Russian airlines.
This is due to the fact that over the market years, the quality has fallen sharply. Maintenance... Experts point out that it has become commonplace to find faults just before the flight. Until now, the repair of domestic aircraft is often carried out due to the dismantling of a part of the fleet that is idle. Until recently, scandals with the sale of fake spare parts did not stop.
Pilots began to fly more often, but the level of training is still insufficient. To train a pilot, you need to burn tons of fuel, and not every airline will do this. Air carriers prefer to poach pilots from competitors, rather than invest in the education of their own. As a result, the average salary is growing, and the quality of the flight crew is not getting higher.
Today, the Russian aviation is undergoing a process of gradual degradation. Officials are looking to cut the number of airlines in the hopes that it will improve flight safety. As a result, the entire sphere of air transport began to decline. Airports in remote areas have been closed.
A list of the most safe airlines the world. At the end of 2013, the top ten included:
10. BRITISH AIRWAYS
9. VIRGIN AUSTRALIA
8. HAINAN AIRLINES (China)
6. EVA AIR (China)
5. ETIHAD AIRWAYS (UAE)
4. EMIRATES (UAE)
3. CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS (Hong Kong)
2. AIR NEW ZEALAND. The only accident with the carrier's plane happened in 1979.
1. FINNAIR. The world's safest airline has had no accidents for the past 49 years.
According to the estimates of the US Department of Transportation, the risk of death during a flight on an airliner is estimated at 1 in 52.6 million. The risk of death for passengers of smaller aircraft making short flights is much higher - 1 in 581.4 thousand. For passengers of small planes (sports, air taxis, etc.) n.) - even higher - approximately 1 in 164 thousand.
According to a study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the risk of a passenger being killed in a plane crash on domestic airlines in industrialized countries is 1 in 8 million. domestic flights this probability rises to 1 chance in 500 thousand. The risk of death of a passenger during international flights between industrialized countries is 1 in 5 million. International flights between developing and developed countries of the world are more dangerous - 1 in 600 thousand. On flights between developing countries , the risk is the highest - 1q 400 thous.
According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, about 60 air transport accidents occur annually in Russia on average. Aircraft accidents occur more often during landing than during takeoff. The reason for them is the subjective (human) factor, as well as the serviceability of equipment. Human factors include crew fatigue, disorientation, miscalculations during landing and a number of other reasons. Unlike car drivers Vehicle pilots undergo psychophysiological selection, and this factor is of less importance than in case of accidents on vehicles.
Technical malfunctions of aircraft and helicopters in case of accidents recent years due to their deterioration, they began to play a greater role than the human factor. Technical malfunctions include a significant decrease in reliability characteristics, deterioration in the quality of maintenance and repair.
Priority measures to rescue people in such an accident, as a rule, are associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to requirements The International Organization civil aviation(ICAO) all passengers must leave the aircraft in the event of an accident on board through exits located on one side within 90 seconds.
To reduce losses in plane crashes, it is necessary minimal preparation of the passenger for the flight.
First, you need to use seat belts when lifting and landing. Secondly, know the location of emergency exits from the passenger compartment. Thirdly, during the period of an accident, it is necessary to take a safe position, bend and tightly clasp your hands under your knees, put your head on your knees, and if you cannot bend as low as possible. Legs should be resting on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat, which you need to put crossed arms, and press your head against them, stretch your legs and lean. Both poses are taken with the seat belt fastened. When the cabin is destroyed at a height and the air leaves the cabin, decompression develops, which is accompanied by a deafening roar (air leaves). The salon is filled with dust and moisture (fog), visibility is sharply reduced, air escapes from the lungs, pains in the intestines appear due to swelling of gas. In these cases, you must wear an oxygen mask. During decompression, the aircraft crew lowers the flight altitude to 3000 m, where the oxygen content in the atmosphere is close to normal.
In the event of decompression, without waiting for a command, immediately:
· Put on an oxygen mask.
· Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child. If you fail to help yourself and pass out, both of you will find yourself without oxygen.
· Immediately after donning the mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a sudden drop.
In case of an emergency leaving the aircraft through the doors, an average of one second is spent per passenger. In addition, food, water, medicine and an emergency radio station must be removed from the aircraft. The captain of the aircraft must check that there is no silt left in the aircraft any of their passengers or crew, and be the last to leave.
When organizing rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft it must be remembered that: after 2-3 minutes. after a fiery combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the passenger compartment reaches a lethal concentration; the temperature inside the passenger compartments rises sharply along their height (at floor level - 50 0 С, and at a height of 1.5 m from the floor - 250 0 С.
In accidents in air transport, up to 80% of passengers die. At the same time, 60-80% of the affected survivors receive TBI, 60% - shock, 70% - rupture of internal organs, 60% - limb injuries.
Similar information.
Aviation emergencies are defined as cases of partial or complete destruction of an aircraft.
Over the past 10 years, aircraft in Russia began to fall twice as often. Emergency situations with helicopters and light aircraft are a pressing problem at the present time.
They began to fall more often 3-4 times (excluding the accidents of military helicopters).
The safest wide-body aircraft in the world is the domestic Il-86. For 20 years of service with these aircraft in the sky, not a single disaster has occurred.
More than 80% of air crashes are caused by the "human factor", 15% are the result of equipment breakdowns. Sometimes it is difficult to prove what caused the disaster - a piloting error or a technical malfunction of the aircraft, since the crew, as a rule, dies along with the passengers. The surviving passengers receive injuries of various nature and severity. Among them there will be persons who require emergency care due to acute somatic conditions that have developed in them (fainting, psychogenic shock, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris or bronchial asthma attack, stroke, etc.).
Any aircraft accident is accompanied by the infliction of large material damage, which is determined in monetary terms and in the number of damaged, destroyed or disappeared aircraft.
Emergencies in air transport are subdivided into disasters, accidents and breakdowns.
An aircraft accident is an aircraft accident that resulted in the death of one or more people, the complete or partial destruction of an aircraft, or its disappearance without a trace.
An aircraft accident is an aircraft accident without fatalities that causes significant damage to an aircraft.
An aircraft breakdown is a situation that reduces flight safety.
Fire and explosion are currently the most dangerous and frequent tragedies on board.
Flight safety is ensured by:
Strict regulation of design, construction, testing and certification of aircraft, aircraft engines and equipment;
A complete list of technical requirements and standards for the characteristics of aircraft, their elements, systems, units and equipment;
Aircraft technical operation system with a list of mandatory rules for their preparation and maintenance;
Technical requirements and regulations for airports, airfields, airways;
Air Traffic Control Organization Rules;
The procedure for the operation of meteorological services providing air traffic;
Aircraft accident investigation system.
Rules of Conduct for Passengers in Case of an Aircraft Accident. It is necessary to follow the instructions of the crew exactly and maintain a sober calmness. It is very important to overcome panic and numbness in yourself and in other flight participants.
Air passenger behavior during decompression. Decompression is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin when its tightness is violated. There is a deafening roar - air leaves the passenger compartment very quickly, and then the interior begins to fill with dust and fog, which reduces visibility; the air temperature drops sharply in the plane. In a person, air is rapidly drawn out of the lungs, no matter how you strain the chest, it is impossible to keep it. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, pain and tinnitus, headache occur. Gas expands in the intestines and sharp pains appear. After a few seconds, loss of consciousness occurs from suffocation.
At the sound of air leaving the passenger compartment, you must immediately put on an oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the seat in front. First of all, you should protect yourself: a person cannot control the symptoms of decompression, he quickly loses consciousness and does not have time to help others, including his own child. Then, buckle up your seat belts as the plane will descend rapidly and you could be thrown out of your seat. Prepare for a sharp decline: remove hard, sharp, cutting objects, lighter, tie, glasses from your pockets.
Behavior of an air passenger in the event of a fire on board. In case of smoke in the interior, protect the respiratory system with a damp cloth, a piece of clothing; do not take off outerwear, as it will protect the body from the direct effects of high temperatures. It is better to take off synthetic clothes, tights, and underwear adjacent to the body: when melted, synthetics will cause severe skin burns.
If the plane is on the ground, make your way to the nearest exit, crouching or on all fours, and if the passage is blocked - through the seats, lowering their backs. Do not take carry-on luggage - it can cost your life. Do not stand in the crowd at the exit - there are other exits.
Do not open hatches near which there is fire or strong smoke.
After getting out of the plane, run away from it as far as possible, this will save you from a possible explosion.
Passenger behavior during a "hard" landing and after it. Free yourself from sharp, cutting and heavy objects, glasses and tie and adopt one of the fixed positions.
Pose I (Optimal): Bend and grasp your hands tightly under your knees or grasp your ankles. Put your head on your knees, and if this does not work, tilt it as low as possible. Put your feet on the floor, pushing them further, but not under the front seat.
Pose 2: Place soft things under your chest and abdomen. Place your crossed arms on the back of the front seat and press your head against them. Extend your legs further, but not under the front seat, and rest them on the floor.
If a child is flying with you, put him on your lap and cover with your body.
At the moment of impact, tense as much as possible to alleviate the effects of significant overloading of the aircraft as it moves forward and, possibly, downward. Do not, under any circumstances, leave your seat until the aircraft has come to a complete stop.
For a forced landing, enhanced security measures are applied. The evacuation of passengers by inflatable ramps is organized. In this case, it is necessary to remove shoes with heels so as not to break the tightness of the ladder and not to let the air out of it.
Emergency rescue operations in the event of an emergency in air transport.
ASDNR can be divided into 2 types: conducted by crew members and organized by ground services. The crew usually does not have enough time to take action, as everything happens very quickly. Usually the crew sends a distress signal and lands at the nearest airport. In a number of cases, ground services take over the leadership for rescuing an aircraft in distress in the air.
The main part of emergency situations in air transport (about 80%) occurs in the airport area (parking, takeoff, approach, landing). Emergency rescue operations are carried out here by emergency rescue teams (ASK), which include calculations from each service: dispatch, launch, fire and rescue, firefighting, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police. After receiving information about an accident on an aircraft, ASK are obliged to immediately start work.
The priority measures are related to the evacuation. The evacuation capabilities of aircraft of various classes differ from each other. They depend on the layout of the cabins, the number of passengers, the availability of emergency and emergency exits, and the time of their preparation for work. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft in the event of an emergency on board through exits located on one side in 90 seconds. In an emergency, all main, service, emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. It can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, vents in the cockpit. Emergency exit locks are designed to open them both from inside the passenger compartment and from outside. Crew members or passengers open the exits from the inside. Outside, this work is done by rescuers. They bring a mobile ladder, a special vehicle to the emergency exit, and hang rope systems. The handles of the locks on the emergency exits are simple, noticeable and do not require much effort to open.
Sometimes the deformation of the fuselage and heat resulting from a fire lead to jamming of doors and hatches. In these cases, rescuers proceed to open the fuselage. The opening points cannot be arbitrary, since electric wires and high-pressure hydraulic system pipelines are laid along the entire length of the fuselage. Damage to them can lead to additional complications. The optimal opening points are marked on the fuselage with yellow corners on a white background. Opening should be done using circular saws, electric grinders, special cutters and axes. This work must be done quickly and in compliance with all safety precautions.
The evacuation of passengers and crew members from an aircraft in an emergency can be carried out using mobile ladders, access and fire ladders, bodies of large vehicles, rope systems.
In the aircraft itself, near the exit, there are also special means for evacuation: inflatable ladders, fabric gutters, life ropes. Inflatable ladders TN-2 are located under the floor hatch in front of the entrance door (Il-62) or on a folding platform (Tu-154), ladder TN-3 is located on a folding platform at the front entrance door. To bring the inflatable ladder TN-2 (TN-3) to the working position, it is necessary to open the emergency door, the hatch in the floor (IL-62), remove the ladder and fix the hatch. At the same time, pull the pins out of the cover pins with a cable. In this case, the cover will open and the ladder will fall out of it. If at strong wind the ladder, after being pushed out, will wrap under the fuselage, then it must be pulled away from the aircraft by the lower end. After straightening the ladder, turn the handle of the carbon dioxide cylinder valve strongly. The ladder is filled with gas in 10-12 s and takes a working position at an angle of 45-50 ° from the aircraft to the ground.
It is allowed to simultaneously lower no more than 2 people down the ladders ТН-2 and ТН-3. The carrying capacity of one inflatable gangway is 100 people in 2.5-3.0 minutes.
Cloth gutters are usually located near the exits on the right side of the fuselage. The fabric chute is designed for lowering people to the ground during emergency evacuation through service and emergency exits. It is made of material "cape-cover tent" with combined impregnation. After opening the door (hatch), it is necessary to remove the gutter from the cover and insert the gutter hooks into the upper and lower parts of the door. Having thrown the gutter to the ground, the panel is stretched 4-5 m from the aircraft. Holding the loops, they lower the passengers down. It is allowed to simultaneously lower no more than 1 person along the fabric chute with his compulsory insurance.
Over each emergency exit, as well as above the cockpit window or hatches there are rescue ropes attached to the fuselage bracket.
Opening a window or hatch, the rope is thrown out.
For the emergency evacuation of passengers and crew members, the Il-86 and Yak-42 have emergency doors with built-in inflatable ramps. In the process of emergency door opening, the inflatable ladder is automatically ejected from the container and filled with air from the cylinder.
On the IL-86 there is a two-track ladder, at the same time 4 people can leave the aircraft and be on the ladder. On the Yak-42 there is a single-track ladder, at the same time 2 people can be on the ladder.
In an emergency evacuation, rescuers, together with the crew, provide assistance and insurance to passengers. First of all, children, women, the elderly are evacuated, and only then - everyone else. Passengers who are unconscious or seriously injured are carefully carried out on stretchers, tarpaulins, shields and lowered to the ground using ropes.
After the end of the evacuation, rescuers check hidden places in the passenger cabins and the cockpit, as well as kitchens, wardrobes, sanitary and hygienic and luggage rooms, to make sure that there are no people on board. If there is information about the number of passengers and the composition of the crew, then they are compared with the data on the rescued and, in case of discrepancies, the search continues until the victims are found. Aviation accidents accompanied by fire are especially dangerous.
Fires inside passenger compartments are classified as confined spaces. They are characterized by high smoke density, small size of the combustion zone, high temperature gradient and low (compared to external fires) fire temperature, as well as the presence of significant concentrations of highly toxic substances in combustion products. A fire in passenger cabins can occur as a result of accidents, careless handling of fire, short circuiting of electrical wiring, transportation of flammable substances by passengers, etc.
One of the main reasons for the injury of people inside the cabins in case of fires is poisoning by combustion products. Within 2-3 minutes after the spread of the fire, carbon dioxide in the cabins reaches a lethal concentration. The air temperature rises sharply along the height of the cabin: if at floor level it is 50 ° C, then at a height of 1.3-1.5 m from the floor it is already 250 ° C.
Extinguishing a fire inside the cabins, rescuing passengers and crew begins with the penetration of rescuers into the damaged vessel. When the fuselage is opened, the combustion intensity increases, the volume of the space covered by the flame and the temperature of the fire increase sharply.
Rescuers must be equipped with personal thermal and gas-smoke protection equipment, a working hose line filled with a foaming agent solution, and an overhead barrel.
The presence of a large amount of dense smoke and toxic substances in the salons significantly complicates the situation of both the victims and the rescuers themselves.
Since during a fire inside the aircraft the temperature rises sharply along the height of the passenger compartments, the rescuers must, at the initial stage of extinguishing, until the average volumetric temperature is reduced, bend down, cooling the upper high-temperature layer of the air volume of the passenger compartment.
When operating in a smoky atmosphere, one rescuer must be outside the fuselage and have the same protective equipment as the rescuers working inside the ship. His duties include maintaining constant communication with the rescuers who are in the smoky salons, providing immediate assistance to both the injured and, if necessary, other rescuers.
In case of fires inside the passenger cabins, a situation is so complex and dangerous for the life of people that their salvation becomes possible only with immediate evacuation. It should be carried out simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, and through all doors, openings and hatches, preferably from the windward side. It is most advisable to start opening the fuselage with the doors, since their throughput is higher than that of the holes made in the skin. These openings should be used when evacuation through doors is not possible.
Some air crashes do not occur in the airport area, which makes it necessary to organize and promptly search for an aircraft. Search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:
Receiving a distress signal from an aircraft;
If, within 10 minutes after the estimated time, the aircraft has not arrived at the destination and there is no radio communication with it;
If the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the specified time, and radio communication with him was terminated;
If during flight on the route communication with the crew of the vessel was lost and its location could not be established within 20 minutes, as well as in all other cases when the crew of the aircraft requires assistance.
Search and rescue operations are carried out with the involvement of aircraft and helicopters equipped with search equipment and sets of rescue equipment, as well as off-road vehicles and rescue boats. If necessary, the means of the international space search system for aircraft and ships in distress "COSPAS-SARSAT" can be used.
When an aircraft is detected, its coordinates are determined, communication is established with it, the state of health of people and the amount of necessary assistance are specified. The possibility of landing and routes of advancement of ground vehicles to the location of the aircraft are determined. If it is impossible to land search aircraft, then the search and rescue squad (SAR) and the equipment necessary for the operation are dropped off at the location of the SAR.
Upon disembarkation, the USAR team will immediately proceed to evacuate and move the passengers of the distressed aircraft to a safe distance. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary living conditions for them to protect them from bad weather, to provide them with first aid. It is also necessary to calm people down and prevent panic.
If the disaster area is inaccessible, rescuers set up a temporary camp with the necessary life support system.
If passengers and crew need immediate and serious health care, and there is no opportunity to deliver them to a medical institution, then a temporary field hospital is deployed in the disaster area.
A feature of rescue operations in the field is the absence of powerful special equipment at the initial stages, then the opening of the fuselage is performed with a hand tool (ax, crowbar, sledgehammer, shovel, etc.).
Rescue operations stop only after the evacuation of all people on board the aircraft. Then, if possible, they begin to rescue the aircraft itself and the cargo it carries, looking for "black boxes".
The exceptions are cases when goods are of great material and artistic value, as well as dangerous goods(explosive and radioactive substances, hazardous chemicals, etc.). In such cases, the rescue of people and goods is carried out simultaneously.
Forced landing on the water. While intact, the aircraft has sufficient buoyancy to be able to save people in time. Before boarding the water, each passenger must get and put on a life jacket, and all passengers must be instructed in advance about the rules for using it.
If there is a danger of water entering through the front doors when they are opened, the evacuation of passengers and crew members is carried out through emergency exits (if they are above the water level) or upper hatches (astrolic doors) and a window in the cockpit. When evacuating from an aircraft, group life-saving floating devices (rafts) are used, on which, first of all, children, wounded, sick and elderly passengers are transported.
After transferring to watercraft, it is necessary to: check the number of passengers, sail to a safe distance from the aircraft (not less than 100 m) until it begins to submerge in the water; prepare emergency radio and signaling equipment for operation and send a distress signal.
While on a raft, it is necessary to organize round-the-clock control over the observance of the course of movement, the appearance of the coast, ships and aircraft, and if they are detected, try to get in touch with the help of an emergency radio station.
When the emergency landing site is far from the coast, aviation equipment (helicopters, seaplanes, ekranoplanes) is used to rescue people.
An aircraft during an emergency landing on water may sink in its entirety or, if it collapses, in parts. In the sunken aircraft, there is a supply of air, which should be enough for passengers and crew members for some time. Then, special diving teams are involved in the rescue of people, having the appropriate training for conducting the ASR. When conducting ACP on a sunken aircraft, its fuselage should be opened in such a place that the air retained in the cabins does not escape.
Plane crash - a dangerous accident on an aircraft, in flight or in the process of evacuation, leading to the death or disappearance of people, causing bodily harm to the injured, destruction or damage to the vessel and the material values transported on it.
Today air transport occupies one of the leading places in the total transport system transportation of passengers and goods. Airplanes carry on average more than 300 thousand people per day, and more than 100 million passengers per year. On average, 60 plane crashes occur annually in the world, and in 35 cases all people die. For comparison: annually 300 thousand people die on the roads of the world, while less than 2000 people are killed in plane crashes. Statistics claim that airplanes are the most safe view transport. However, for hundreds of thousands of plane crash victims, this is no consolation.
Decompression refers to the rapid release of air from the aircraft cabin. Decompression is accompanied by a deafening roar and hiss of air escaping. The salon is filled with fog and dust, visibility drops sharply. Air comes out of a person's lungs, there is a ringing in the ears, gases in the intestines expand, and this creates additional, sharp pain. To avoid death from suffocation and lung rupture, you must put on an oxygen mask located near each seat in the first seconds of decompression. An oxygen mask that is poorly worn or simply pressed to the nose and mouth does not always save you from loss of consciousness, so it is necessary to put it on. To provide assistance to a passenger or a relative who is sitting next to you, you must first put on a mask for yourself. Otherwise, both of you can die without oxygen! The actions of the aircraft crew are an immediate descent to an altitude of less than 3000 m, at which the oxygen content is considered almost normal. Decompression
An aircraft fire can occur for several reasons. One of them is the ignition of one or more engines. In this case, through the windows, you can see the flame escaping from the engines or turbines, on the wing of the aircraft, and at the very beginning of the fire, a thick black smoke plume emanating from them. Such a fire is associated with abnormalities and serious malfunctions in the operation of the aircraft engines and, as a rule, leads to engine shutdown and an emergency landing. Otherwise, a fire may occur due to negligence in the handling of fire in the aircraft cabin. Modern aircraft are made not only of aluminum, they carry a significant amount of synthetic and other flammable substances, such as plastic, foam rubber, polystyrene and others. These materials are dangerous not only because of their increased flammability, when burning or smoldering, they emit poisonous substances, which, together with fire, spread through the cabin very quickly, while a lot of thick black smoke is released, which makes breathing difficult and contributes to loss of orientation. In the event of a fire in the aircraft engines or inside the cabin, the crew makes an emergency landing. In this case, the main thing is not to create panic, but in an organized way after the plane stops, go to the main or emergency exits, observing the established sequence of children, pregnant women, disabled people, then everyone else. Fire
Takeoff Accident This is perhaps the most dangerous type of accident, as the aircraft has a full load of fuel during takeoff, which can explode or ignite on impact. In addition, a takeoff accident is a possible engine failure at low altitude, resulting in a sudden crash of the aircraft. It is practically impossible to survive in such a situation, although in world practice there are cases of the rescue of one or even several people who miraculously survived. Forced landing During a forced landing, an airplane or helicopter can crash into trees, rocks, split in half, catch fire and explode. In the event of an emergency landing announcement, a safe, fixed posture must be adopted.
Causes of accidents in air transport The main causes of accidents are: pilot errors 50-60%, malfunctions in control systems, communications, power supply, destruction of some aircraft structures, engine failure, etc. 15-30%, environmental impact 10-20%, others (international terrorism) 5-10%. They are distributed according to flight elements: takeoff 30%, cruise flight 18%, landing approach 16%, landing 36%.
Rules of conduct in an emergency The most important thing, in an emergency landing or in the event of other problem situations, is to listen to all the instructions of the flight attendants. Even the most stupid remarks or admonitions can help save your life, which is the most important thing in this situation. Even if you don't speak the language of the flight attendants, you just need to look at their gestures, which will help you figure out what and how to do. It is very important to be strapped in in any situation. Moreover, you need to fasten yourself correctly: very tightly and the seat belt should lie on your pelvic bones and in no case on your stomach. When landing an emergency, you should always take off your shoes if they have high heels, as well as glasses and all earrings and other items that you may be wearing. In case of use life jacket, it is very important not to inflate it in the aircraft cabin. This should only be done after you have left the boat. Otherwise, you run the risk of getting stuck in the cabin, especially if it starts to fill up with water, the vest will prevent you from moving.
Aircraft Fire Conduct Remember: In the event of a fire on board an aircraft, it is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through items of clothing soaked in water; When making your way to the exit, move crouched or on all fours (there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin) Protect open areas body from direct exposure to fire, using existing clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the aircraft, immediately: Go to the nearest exit, because high probability of explosion; If the passage is blocked, make your way through the seats, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of carry-on baggage Avoid going out through hatches near which there is an open fire or strong smoke. how an explosion is possible)
Rules of safe conduct on the plane If a passenger takes a seat that does not give direct access to the aisle, he should try not to bother his neighbor with frequent requests to get up and let him pass. As a last resort, invite your neighbor to swap places; unless absolutely necessary, do not bother staff with requests to serve you food or drink immediately after boarding the plane: flight attendants serve refreshments and lunch shortly after take-off; if you are traveling in a group, try not to move all together from one cabin of the plane to another, do not accumulate in the aisles and near toilets; in the cabin, it is recommended to speak quietly so as not to disturb the neighbors: very often people fly by air in order to save time and take the opportunity to look through cases or glean information from the latest newspaper. In addition, it is not recommended to engage in chatter of your neighbor, especially at the moment when the flight attendant or pilot is reporting flight data or about the rules of conduct on the plane and safety measures, even if the explanations are given in a foreign language you do not know; do not abuse smoking, if only because in the rules of conduct on the plane, unlike in the train, there is no real possibility to separate smokers from nonsmokers; if you are traveling with a child, sit him next to the window: this will help distract him; at the time of takeoff and landing, as well as if the plane gets into a zone of turbulence, passengers with “long experience” should not behave too freely or make fun of the fears of “newbies”; on the contrary, it would be gracious of them to drop a few words designed to reassure the neighbors. Leaving the plane and not seeing your luggage on the conveyor belt, contact the special information desk: your suitcases may have been sent to the wrong address. Usually troubles of this kind are resolved safely sooner or later, but you have to be patient, and most importantly, remember: hand luggage You should always have a shirt, a change of underwear and toiletries with you to avoid such misunderstandings.
