Which lies almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle. Difficult in terms of the outlines of the coastline, the White Sea is deeply cut into the continent. It has natural land borders, and only from the Barents Sea it is separated by a conditional border - the line of Cape Svyatoy Nos to Cape Kanin Nos on the Kanin Peninsula.
The White Sea belongs to the inland seas. Its area is 90.1 thousand km2, volume - 6 thousand km2, average depth - 67 m, maximum depth - 351 m.
Prior to the project, the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers flowed down the mountains, carved northwest through the Kyzyl Kum desert, and finally merged into the lowest part of the basin. The lake they made, the Aral Sea, was once the fourth largest in the world. Although irrigation made the desert bloom, it devastated the Aral Sea. The North Aral Sea separated from the South The aral sea.
The South Aral Sea split into eastern and western petals, which were kept in shadow on both sides. As the Aral Sea dwindled, fisheries and the communities that depended on them collapsed. More and more salty water contaminated with fertilizers and pesticides. Blowing dust from an open lake bed contaminated with agricultural chemicals has become a public health hazard. Salt dust was blown off the lake bottom and settled on the fields, destroying the soil. Arable land had to be dumped with large and large volumes of river water.
The shores of the White Sea, different in their external forms and landscapes, have local names - Summer Coast, Winter Coast, Terskiy Coast, etc. and belong to different geomorphological types.
According to the shape of the coastline and the nature of the bottom in the sea, seven regions are distinguished: Voronka, Gorlo, Basin and bays: Kandalaksha, Mezenskaya Bay, Dvinskaya Bay, Onega Bay.
The loss of the moderate influence of so much water caused the winters to get colder and the summers hotter and drier. In a final attempt to save part of the lake, Kazakhstan built a dam between the northern and southern parts The Aral Sea. The dam caused fishery in the North Aral to rebound, even though the flow into the South Aral was limited. Differences in water color are due to changes in precipitation and water depth.
You may be one of the millions of visitors who saw Niagara Falls first-hand, but how much do you really know about this natural wonder? Here are some Interesting Facts and facts about Niagara Falls. Did you know that Niagara Falls is not the tallest waterfall in the world? There are about 500 other waterfalls in the world that are "taller" than Niagara. Angel Falls in Venezuela stands 979 meters. What makes Niagara Falls so impressive is the amount of water that flows.
The deepest areas of the sea are the Basin and the Kandalaksha Bay. The depths from the Basin (depth about 200 m) to the top of the Dvinskaya Bay are decreasing rather smoothly. The bottom of the shallow bay of Onega Bay is slightly raised above the basin of the Basin. The bottom of the Sea Throat is an underwater trench with a depth of 50 to 100 m, stretching along the strait somewhat closer to the Tersk coast.
Most of the tallest waterfalls in the world have very little water flowing over them. It is this combination of height and volume that makes Niagara Falls so breathtaking. This measurement is taken from the top of the waterfall to the top of a mountain pile at the base called the slope of the talus.
- The deep pool under the waterfall is located at a depth of 35 meters.
- The height of the American Falls ranges from 21 to 34 meters.
- The height of the waterfall from the top of the waterfall to the river is 57 meters.
The northern part of the sea is the shallowest. The bottom here is very uneven (especially near the Kaninsky coast), the depth does not exceed 50 m.
The climate of the White Sea is transitional from oceanic to continental. Winter is long and harsh. Summers are cool and moderately humid.
On the White Sea during almost the whole year there is no long-term stable weather, and the seasonal change of the prevailing winds is monsoon in nature.
First, the term "tons" refers to the metric ton, also known as the long ton. In this case, we mean water, which at standard temperature and pressure weighs one ton per cubic meter. To convert from ton per second to ton per minute, multiply them by converting from ton per second to ton per hour, multiply by 3.
As the ice sheets advanced south, they gouged the Great Lakes basins. Then, when they melted north for the last time, they released huge amounts of melt water into these basins. Our water is “fossil water”. Less than one percent of it is renewed on an annual basis, the rest is from ice sheets.
The structure of the White Sea waters is formed mainly under the influence of desalination by continental runoff and water exchange with, as well as tidal mixing (especially in Gorla and the Mezen Bay) and winter vertical circulation. The Barents Sea waters (in their pure form are presented only in the Voronka), the desalinated waters of the tops of the bays, the waters of the upper layers of the Basin, the deep waters of the Basin, and the Gorla waters stand out here.
As the ice receded northward, melt water began to flow down what became Lake Erie, the Niagara River, and Lake Ontario, all the way to the St. Atlantic Ocean... There were originally five spillways from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. In the end, they were reduced to one, the original Niagara Falls, on the escarpment at Queenstown-Lewiston. From here the falls began to erode steadily through the rocks.
The icy melt water was redirected through Northern Ontario, bypassing the southern route. Then the falls reached the whirlpool. It was a short and brutal meeting: the geological moment lasted only a few weeks, maybe even days. At this point, the falls of the young Niagara River crossed an old river bed that was buried and sealed during the last ice age. The falls turned into this buried ravine, tore out the debris of ice that filled it, and cleaned out the clear river bed.
The distribution at the surface and at depth is highly varied and highly seasonal.
The presence of a warm intermediate layer - characteristic Of the White Sea.
The rivers flowing into the White Sea annually bring about 215 km3 of fresh water. More than 3/4 of the total runoff falls on the rivers flowing into the bays: Onega Bay, Dvinskaya Bay, Mezenskaya Bay. In high-water years the rivers: the Northern Dvina bring in about 170 km3, Mezen - 38 km3, Onega - 27 km3 of water per year. Flowing into west coast the seas of the rivers Kem and Vyg give respectively 12 km3 and 11 km3 of water per year. Other rivers provide only 9% of the runoff.
Probably now it was not falling, but huge, billowing rapids. Cavitation is a special type of erosion that occurs at waterfalls because it is only at the base of the waterfall that there is enough speed to create enough bubbles close enough to the rock to act on it. This is the fastest type of erosion. When water flows over waterfalls, it accelerates, loses internal pressure, air comes out in the form of bubbles or cavities. These cavities collapse when the water calms down, throwing shock waves onto the surrounding stone, decaying into it.
Large rivers discharge 60–70% of their water in the spring. The maximum runoff is observed in spring and amounts to 40% annual flow... For the sea as a whole, the maximum runoff occurs in May, and the minimum in February - March. Over a year, more than 2/3 of the total mass of deep (below 50 m) White Sea water is renewed.
The exceptional green color of the Niagara River is a notable tribute to the erosive power of the water. An estimated 60 million dissolved minerals roll across Niagara Falls every minute. The color comes from dissolved salts and "mountain flour", a very finely ground rock, collected mainly from limestone, but probably also from shale and sandstone under the limestone lid near the waterfalls.
Drinking water Leisure Fishing Industrial cooling water supply Receiver of municipal and industrial effluents Hydropower. The Great Lakes are generally very sensitive to high or low rainfall levels and this can affect the flow from Lake Erie to the Niagara River, however the levels are regulated by the International Joint Commission since.
The horizontal circulation of the White Sea waters is formed under the influence of wind, tides and compensation flows. The resulting movement of the waters of the White Sea occurs counterclockwise, which is characteristic of the seas of the northern hemisphere.
The velocities of surface currents are low and usually equal to 10–15 cm / s, in narrow areas and at capes they reach 30–40 cm / s. Much higher speeds in some areas have tidal currents... In Gorla and the Mezenskaya Bay they reach 250 cm / s, in the Kandalaksha Bay - 30–35 cm / s and in the Onega Bay - 80–100 cm / s.
The contract also states that all water in excess of that required for internal and sanitary purposes, navigation and waterfall, can be diverted to generate electricity. If the river were allowed to return to natural levels, it would probably rise another 5 meters, but the fall would increase as a result.
Here are some of the numbers to answer some of the most frequently asked questions about the Niagara River, which runs a total of 58 kilometers from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Tonawanda Canal is 24 kilometers long and ranges from 460 to 610 meters wide over Tonawanda Island. The Niagara Gorge stretches from the falls 11 kilometers downstream to the foot of the escarpment at Queenstown.
- The speed of the water ranges from 6 to 9 meters per second.
- This channel accounts for about 60% of the total river flow.
- The speed ranges from 6 to 9 meters per second.
The level of the White Sea is experiencing non-periodic surges. The largest surges are observed in the autumn-winter season with northwest and northeast winds. The rise in level can reach 75–90 cm. The strongest swells are observed in winter and spring with south-westerly winds. The level at this time drops to 50–75 cm.
Every winter the White Sea is covered with ice, and in spring it completely disappears, so the sea belongs to the seas with seasonal ice cover. The White Sea ice is 90% floating ice. A very significant feature of the White Sea ice regime is the constant removal of ice into the Barents Sea. Floating ice is 35–40 cm thick, but in severe winters it can reach 135 cm even 150 cm. Fast ice in the White Sea occupies a very small area. Its width does not exceed 1 km.
If it spread, the volume of water in the Great Lakes would cover North America in about 1 meter of water! Water flows from streams and rivers that empty into the Great Lakes, from Upper Lake down through Niagara to Lake Ontario, and then into the St. Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean. Water always flows to the sea and land flows down through the Great Lakes basin from west to east, but the Niagara River actually flows north.
Today, less than one percent of the water in the Great Lakes is renewed annually. The rest is the legacy of the last ice age or "fossil" water. Brown foam under Niagara Falls is a natural result of tons of water falling into the depths below. Brown is clay containing suspended particles of decaying vegetative matter. It is mainly from the shallow eastern basin of Lake Erie.
The White Sea belongs to the inland seas of the Arctic Ocean, that is, it is located in the northern hemisphere, on almost all sides it is bounded by land and only on the northern side from the Barents Sea is it separated by a water boundary drawn through Cape Svyatoy Nos to Kola Peninsula and Cape Kanin nose. The White Sea is an ocean bay deeply cut into the mainland. This deep depression of the basin ("ladle") type was covered by a glacier in remote geological epochs.
Learn more about creating a vortex bath
The surface of the water here falls 15 meters, and the rushing waters can reach speeds of up to nine meters per second. The whirlpool is a pool 518 meters wide, 365 meters wide, and up to 38 meters deep. When the Niagara River is in full flow, the water moves through the rapids and enters the pool, and then moves counterclockwise around the pool past the natural outlet. The pressure builds up when the water tries to cross itself to reach the outlet, and this pressure forces the water under the incoming stream. Swirling waters create a vortex or whirlpool. The waters then continue to Lake Ontario. If the water flow is low, no reversal occurs; the water simply flows clockwise through the pool and goes to the outlet. Below the whirlpool is another set of rapids that fall about 12 meters.
What stone is in the Great Gorge
- This is the elbow where the river makes a sharp turn to the right.
- In the maelstrom, you see the “reversal phenomenon”.
It is the only Arctic sea that lies almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle. Only the northernmost regions of the sea are within the Arctic Circle
Water area white sea extends from 63 ° 47 "to 68 ° 4" north latitude. Its area is about 90 thousand square kilometers. Average depth about 67 m, the largest-365 m. The bottom relief is uneven and complex. The large bays of the White Sea are: Mezensky in the east, Dvinsky and Onega in the south and Kandalaksha, cutting into the mainland in a deep and narrow strip in the northwest. The deepest area of the sea is the Kandalaksha Bay. The coast of this bay is rocky, there are many narrow long bays and islets. The bottom of the Throat is an underwater trench with a depth of about 50 m. The shallowest part of the sea is the northern one, the depths here do not exceed 50 m, and the bottom is very uneven, especially at the Kaninsky coast and the entrance to the Mezen Bay. Large islands of the White Sea - the Solovetsky archipelago in the west, about. Morzhovets in the north and about. Mudyugsky in the southeast. Most large rivers flowing into the White Sea - Northern Dvina, Mezen, Vyg, Kandalaksha, Kem, Varzuga, Ponoy and Onega. The coasts of the sea are named: Tersky, Kandalaksha and Karelian-in the north-west, west coast Onega Bay, called the Pomor Coast (the area from Kem to Onega), has a rugged coastline, Summer-in the south and Winter-in the east. The summer coast with a powerful, wide tongue juts into the sea in the direction to the northwest, to the Solovetsky Islands, separating the Onega Bay from the Dvinsky Bay.
These layers of clay, mud, sands and shells were then “cooked” under pressure in sedimentary rocks. You'll find superb View of the Layers, one of the most extensive Silurian displays in Southern Ontario, looking across the river to the American side as you step out from under the shade of the trees.
What is the future of Niagara Falls?
Fossils in the gorge include annelids, bryozoans, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, graptolites, corals, sponges, and fish. Currently, the decline continues to worsen, however, the speed has been significantly reduced due to flow and leakage control for hydropower production. The recession for at least the last 560 years is estimated at 1-5 meters per year. Its current erosion rate is estimated at 1 foot per year and can be reduced to 1 foot in 10 years.
Climate:
Although in ancient times the White Sea was called Studenny, the climate of its coast is more continental than, for example, the climate of the Murmansk coast. Surrounded by land, the absence of cold currents and the dominance of winds from the ocean, carrying warm air currents - these are the main factors that soften the harsh climate. In almost all areas of the White Sea, there is no long-term stable weather throughout the year, which is due to the variable influence of oceanic and continental air masses.
The current level of the recession is unclear; assessing its value remains the responsibility of the Joint International Commission. The Treaty on International Frontier Waters provides for a minimum flow over waterfalls during the day, night and tourist time.
Erosive forces include the action of frost from the spray, the dissolving action of the aerosol itself, and the abrasion of softer shales by fallen limestone boulders. No one knows when the next major rock fall in Horseshoe is going to happen; the effect may be to accelerate erosion. A stable position is abandoned when the ridge line develops a relief configuration and Falls retreats relatively quickly until a new stable position is reached. It is also possible that the current or future flow and volume of the river is not enough to carve out a basin deep enough to accommodate rock falls; in this case, Canadian Falls can be supported by talus in much the same way as American Falls.
The water temperature of the White Sea on the surface (near the coast) in summer, sometimes even reaches 18 - 20 °. In summer, the water temperature in the southern part of the White Sea is higher than in its northern part. But the cooling of the water begins in the southern part earlier than in the northern one, and in the middle of autumn the water temperature in both parts of the sea is equalized. The salinity of water in different areas The White Sea is also different. It is slightly below the average ocean salinity, 27.5-28% o. In some places, it is relatively small due to strong desalination by means of river water supply in others - it reaches significant values, as there is an active exchange of waters of the White and Barents Seas. Near the surface, runoff from the White Sea predominates, and at depth - into reverse direction... Therefore, in the White Sea at a depth, the water is not only saltier (30% 0) but also colder. The tides are of the correct semi-diurnal character. The tide speed is 0.1-4 m / s. The greatest value of tides (about 7 m) is observed in the Mezen Bay.
The strongest sea agitation (4-5 points and more) is observed in October-November in the northern part of the sea and in Gorla. The small size of the sea does not allow large waves to develop - waves up to 1 m high prevail in the White Sea.
Summers in the White Sea are cool and moderately humid. With prevailing northeastern winds, the air temperature in July is on average 8-10 o C. Passing over The Barents Sea cyclones can change the direction of the White Sea winds and increase the temperature to 12-13 o C. On the days when an anticyclone is established over northeastern Europe, southeastern winds and sunny weather prevail over the sea, the air temperature rises to an average of 17-19 о С, and in the southern part of the sea it can reach 30 C. In summer, the water temperature on the surface it reaches 13-16 o s, the thickness of the heated layer is 30-40 m, starting from these depths, there is first an abrupt, and then a gradual drop in temperature to -1.4 o s at horizons of 100 m and more.
The transparency of the water is 10 - 20 m in summer and up to 40 m in winter.
Winter on the White Sea is long and severe.
With the onset of winter, the sea, gradually cooling down, gives off warmth to the land. The warming role of the sea is also reflected in the relatively high (-9.4 or -9.6 ° C) average January temperature. Since February, the warming effect of the sea, which by this time has already cooled down, decreases, and the climate takes more continental character; February is the coldest month ( average temperature-15.2 ° C). However, with the invasion of warm air from the Atlantic, the air temperature rises to -6 - -7 о С, and the displacement of the anticyclone from the Arctic to the sea area causes a cooling down to -24 --26 о С and below. In winter, in the bays, the water temperature on the surface is -0.5 o C, with depth it drops to -3 o C.
In April-May, the cooled sea gives off intense cold, playing a cooling role in relation to land, so the average temperature of these months (-2.1 ° in April and + 3.7 ° C in May) is not high. There are frequent fogs in the northern parts in spring and summer.
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The fauna of the White Sea, although it is poorer than the other northern seas, is extremely interesting and peculiar due to its mixed character and belongs to the temperate arctic. On the treeless rocks of the islands, there are bird colonies of various species - cormorants, gulls, terns and others nest here. There are especially many cormorants here - in August, chicks of different ages sit in the nests.
... The underwater world of the White Sea is rich and unique. The rock surface is overgrown with soft corals, anemones, sponges and hydroids. In cracks and between stones crawl sea stars, ophiuras, crabs and shrimps. Of the fish, catfish, sea bass, flounder and pinogor fish are often found. You can see hermit crabs and the rarest ophiura with an exotic name - the head of the gorgon.
The White Sea is not rich in islands. Solovetsky Islands-the largest archipelago of the White Sea basin. They are located in the relatively shallow western half of the sea, at the entrance to Onega Bay, forming the western and eastern passages to it. The Solovetsky Islands are located in an area dominated by the sewage flow of the Onega River and the Onega Bay, going from the mouth of Onega to the north along the Summer Coast, then enveloping the Solovetsky Islands with a turn to the east, around the northwestern tip of the Summer Coast. This part of the White Sea is not only shallower, but also warmer than its other regions. During the summer months sea water near the Solovetsky coast it warms up well.
Ice mode:
A few words about the ice regime of the sea, which plays the role of one of the important climate-forming factors in this area. As you know, the White Sea does not completely freeze: a strip of ice fast ice forms around all land areas, the width of which, although it depends on the winds, temperature regime and other reasons, but there is no less than a few kilometers. Girdling all parts of the land, fast ice leaves part of the sea unfrozen, free of ice; long-term observations have established that the width of this strip of water between the mainland and the islands remained constant even in the most severe winters.
A continuous strip of ice fast ice surrounds the Solovetsky Islands in winter. In November, the Bay of Prosperity and small bays freeze, and the open part of the bay and the roadstead are filled with moving ice. The non-freezing sea strip between the mainland and the island fast ice is the reason that for many centuries the Solovetsky Islands from November to May were completely cut off from the outside world. Using the waters of the White Sea:
For Russia, and for the Republic of Karelia in particular, the White Sea is of great importance:
· Transport. The navigation period is from mid-May to late October. Thanks to the White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Baltic canals, Petrozavodsk became a port of five seas: White, Caspian, Baltic, Azov, Black. Route White Sea - White Sea-Baltic Canal - Lake Onega- The Baltic Sea passes through itself a huge number of merchant, cargo and passenger ships. Before the founding of St. Petersburg, the White Sea served as the only waterway for trade with Western Europe, with which relations began here in 1553, when the Englishman Chancellor arrived at the mouth of the Northern Dvina by ship. With the founding of St. Petersburg, the White Sea route lost its significance and revives again with the development of the shipping company and with the Railway to the city of Arkhangelsk. There are six ports on the White Sea: the city of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the S. Dvina, Onega, Mezen, Kem, the village of Sumy and s. Sorotskoe (Soroki). Up to 800 foreign ships (about 400 thousand tons) arrive annually, mostly empty, up to 700 ships (350 thousand tons) leave, mostly with cargo. Import up to 3 mln. pood. ( coal, cars); export 27 mln. pood.; timber and forest material to England, bread (rye flour) to Norway, flax, tow, lard, leather, etc. from Arkhangelsk urgent shipping company along the Murmansk coast to Norway and to the Solovetsky Islands.
The biological resources of the White Sea are widely used in Food Industry... Extensive fishing (up to 600 tons of poods.); caught: herring, salmon, cod, navaga, smelt, etc. Significant marine fisheries - near the Tersk coast, seals are beaten (bald); in the North, many eggs are collected and wild birds are beaten - gulls, gavoks (eider down). Fishing in the White Sea is developed both on an amateur level and on an industrial scale.
· Recreational resources. Particular attention should be paid to the Solovetsky Islands. This is a unique and mesmerizing monument of Russian history. Numerous excursions are held here.
On the island of Bolshoy Zhuzhmui there is another object of pilgrimage for tourists. This is a twenty-stemmed pine tree. It is a natural monument and is under protection.
Diving safari is also developed on the White Sea. In addition to exciting diving in various places, during the trip, land excursions are organized around the White Sea islands.
1. Geographical location:
Introduction
· square
· depth
Main bays
Large flowing rivers
Coast names
Factors that mitigate the harsh climate
· water temperature
Salinity of water
Tides
Summer on the White Sea
Winter on the White Sea
3. Animal world
4. Solovetsky Islands
5. Ice regime
6. Using the waters of the White Sea
· transport
Biological resources
Recreational resources
