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Climatic zones. 7 class
The climatic zone is a vast territory with more or less homogeneous conditions. Climatic zones are: Basic (7) Transitional (6) Basic climatic zones are zones in which the general nature of air movement throughout the year remains unchanged. Transitional climatic zones are areas where six months are signs of one main belt, and the next six months are signs of another main belt.
Our garden is about 53.1 ° north, so it is in the middle of the temperate zone. It is not easy to compare the climate in different places. Too many factors play a role. For example, average rainfall doesn't tell you anything about rainfall distribution; average temperature doesn't tell you how hot the summer is or how cold the winter is. In addition, for each of these climatic zones, a list of indicator installations was identified that may still exist in the corresponding zone under normal circumstances.
Translated into European terms, the results of this division. As a reward, the oleander can stay out of this winter and the rosemary was planted right outside. But if you can rely on the mild winters of recent years? Yes, I have the same feeling for our garden. The old boundaries for climate zones are probably wrong today because they are getting warmer. But as you already write: can you rely on it all the time? One extreme winter would be enough to crowd out plants that do not "officially" belong here. In December, the scientist reported that in recent years the North Sea has warmed by 1, 2 °. But more importantly for fish stocks, cold winters drop completely for 20 years. This took place at least once every ten years. As a result, in recent years, cod and herring have increasingly been moved by anchovies and sardines. The sea is really beautiful, unique and really filled with new things. You can lie in Autumn on the beach in the sun, or travel east to the Himalayas, perhaps ascending this path. The prices in this country are still extremely favorable, which makes a family's stay with little effort seem extremely favorable. Both survived the winter well. ... The physical meaning of the main parallels of the Earth.
The main climatic zones. Equatorial (1) Tropical (2) Moderate (2) Polar (2): Arctic and Antarctic
Intermediate climatic zones Equatorial l Subequatorial Tropical Subtropical Moderate Subpolar Polar
Equatorial climatic zone. There are no seasons. All year round 26-280С Precipitation all year round. More than 2000mm per year. The length of the day during the year is equal to the night. The climate is always warm and very humid
An infinite number of parallels can be traced, but there are four on Earth that delimit zones of relatively homogeneous geographic features. In addition, the latitude of these parallels is associated with the translational motion of the Earth, the change in the inclination of the Earth's axis during the year, and the apparent annual motion of the Sun.
Antarctic polar; Tropic of Capricorn. Between the two tropics is the Hot Zone or Intertropical. As the name suggests, this is the zone of the Earth where the highest temperatures are recorded. There are hot deserts, savannah and equatorial forest. The polar circles mark the colder zones.
In the equatorial climate, humid equatorial forests grow. MMM
Subequatorial climate On both sides of the equator between 5-15C. There are seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. Hot rainy summers. Dry winters. Here are the SAVANNAS
Savannahs are located in the subequatorial climate.
Tropical climate. Located along the tropics. All year round high pressure area In summer it is very hot up to 40-50gr. With winter up to 15C Little precipitation up to 100mm High daily temperature fluctuations Deserts are characteristic.
The Arctic Circle, borders the Northern Cold Zone. The Antarctic Circle delimits the cold zone in the south between the hot zone and the cold zone — temperate zones. Temperate zone of the North, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. The temperate zones mark the transition between the hot zone and the cold zones. Since they are transitional zones, they are.
Figure 1 - Climatic zones of the Earth and main parallels. Figure 2 - Equatorial forest. Figure 3 - Hot Deserts Figure 4 - Savannah is blessed with greater geographic heterogeneity and a more complex definition. These areas include, for example, mild climates, such as the Mediterranean regions where we live, and those with a much harsher climate, such as Central Asia. These zones, separated by these parallels, also denote the limits associated with the apparent annual movement of the Sun: the tropics also delimit an area where, at least once a year, the sun's rays can affect the vertical.
In tropical climates, there are usually deserts.
Subtropical climate Located between 30-40 degrees of both latitudes. In summer, the temperature is 25-30C, there is no rain. In winter, up to 15C, rains. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are mild and rainy. The climate is good for health.
Moderate climatic zone. Four seasons Located between 400 and 650 in both latitudes. They are distinguished by a maritime, continental and harsh continental climate. They differ in the amount of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures and amplitude. Depending on the temperatures (winter and summer) and precipitation in the temperate zone, there are deciduous, mixed, coniferous (taiga) forests, steppes and deserts.
In the tropics, the sun's rays strike vertically at the solstices. The polar circles, in turn, define zones that have 24 hour day and night periods. For example, in the Arctic Circle there are regions with polar nights during the December solstice, i.e. night for 24 hours. In the Antarctic Circle, the process is canceled.
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Figure 5 - Transfer motion of the Earth and seasons of the year. As seen in Figure 5, at the winter solstice, the Southern Hemisphere receives more solar radiation than the Northern Hemisphere. The polar night occurs in the Arctic, and in Antarctica it is a day for 24 hours, since the South Pole is completely exposed to solar radiation. As a result, the Southern Hemisphere is warmer, with the highest temperatures occurring in the continental regions of the Tropic of Capricorn, where the Sun reaches vertical at this time of year. The highest values then occur in Australia, South America and southern Africa.
Temperate deciduous forests.
Taiga - temperate coniferous forests
Temperate zone. Steppe
Moderate climatic zone. Gobi Desert.
Subpolar climate zone Low temperature in winter Summer signs of a temperate zone Winter is long and cold Summers are cool and windy. Permafrost is characteristic - a thick layer of the earth's crust that does not thaw for hundreds and thousands of years. The tundra is located here.
At the summer solstice, the Earth revolved around the Sun relative to the Winter Solstice. Now it is the Northern Hemisphere that receives more thermal energy, because it is more exposed to solar radiation. The sun's rays are focused vertically at the equator. Thus, in Ecuador, the Sun hits the vertical twice a year, at the equinox.
The sun almost touches the horizon line, and from that moment it rises again. Figure 6 - Solstices Figure 7 - Temperature distribution in January and July. Figure 8 - Inclination of the sun's rays in accordance with the three climatic zones. Higher heating in the equatorial regions and the registration of very low temperatures in the polar regions are associated with the angle of incidence of sunlight on the surface. More vertical incidence implies that the same sunbeam has less atmosphere to traverse and less surface area to warm up.
Tundra. Subpolar climate.
Polar climate. Arctic .. Very cold Most pronounced in Greenland. In summer, on polar days, it is warmer to minus 10-150. Little precipitation and low evaporation. In the Arctic, there is water under the ice, except for the islands. There are few animals in the Arctic desert. Polar bears live here.
Antarctic climatic zone. The coldest belt on Earth In 1983, -89.20C was recorded - this is the cold pole. The mainland is under the snow. The climate is very dry. Central Antarctica has the driest place on Earth - there is no precipitation. Of the animals, flightless birds - penguins - live on the ocean coast. There are polar days and nights and the northern lights.
Therefore, it is more effective when the temperature rises. The opposite occurs at the poles, where the greater inclination of solar radiation implies not only that more is reflected in space, but also the mass of the atmosphere is traversed, making heating difficult.
Figure 9 - Engagement of the sun's rays. Climate is a combination of different climatic elements. In addition to climatic factors responsible for the formation and change of climatic and meteorological conditions in a given place, there are also climatic elements, which are those that act in the atmosphere and which are directly or indirectly modified by influencing factors. Climatic elements have their own functioning and interfere with each other. These are: atmospheric pressure, temperature, solar radiation and humidity.
Antarctica
Thank you for your attention! Were used: www.ecosystema.ruwww.google.com
AND dominant air masses... In accordance with their properties, the main features of the climate are determined. The change of climatic zones on the planet is taking place zonal, i.e. from equator to poles... The classification of climatic zones, which is used in Russia and in most countries of the world, was created by a Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov at $ 1956. It allocates basic and transitional climatic zones.
A represents the pressure that air exerts on us, although we do not necessarily perceive its work. This is mainly due to the force of gravity on air molecules, an atmospheric event so important that it has an impact on the climate. Thus, in areas where gravity acts more sharply, i.e. at lower altitudes, atmospheric pressure is higher. In higher areas, the air is thinner. In warmer areas, the air also becomes more diffused and the pressure decreases. Therefore, the poles tend to have higher atmospheric pressure, and the equatorial zones almost always have lower values.
There are seven main climatic zones:
- Equatorial belt;
- Two tropical zones;
- Two moderate belts;
- Two polar belts - arctic and antarctic.
In these climatic zones, one air masses dominate during the year, with the same names.
Transitional belts include
The main effect of atmospheric pressure is the change in air circulation. Typically, winds - and air masses - move from large areas to areas of lower pressure. In some cases, changing this dynamics changes, for example, the precipitation pattern in a given region, because moisture-absorbing winds move from this logic. An example is the climate that strongly affects some regions of South Asia, in particular India.
The apparatus used to measure atmospheric pressure is named and the value is expressed in millibars. Temperature is one of the most important climatic factors as it is one of the most easily perceived by humans. It is influenced by almost all elements and climatic factors, including humidity, solar radiation, latitude, air masses, and many other atmospheric agents.
Equatorial climate zone located on either side of the equator. The territory and water area of the belt receives a large amount of heat throughout the year, and the average monthly temperatures are $ 24 - $ 28 degrees. On land, the radiation balance reaches $ 90 kcal / cm2. in year. Annual precipitation is up to $ 3000 $ mm per year, and on windward slopes - up to $ 10,000 $ mm. Humidification is excessive here, because the amount of precipitation is much higher than evaporation.
For example, some areas at higher altitudes tend to be colder because they have less contact with heat absorbed and reflected by the earth's surface, in addition to lower atmospheric pressure. Areas around latitudes near the poles, because they receive less sunlight, also tend to be cooler, while equatorial zones tend to be warmer.
Solar radiation represents the effect of the sun's rays on the earth's surface. Areas of the Earth that receive these rays with greater intensity tend to have higher average temperatures, while areas that receive less of these rays are usually colder, unless there is interference from other factors. Due to differences in the reception of solar radiation, there are different thermal zones of the Earth, which vary depending on latitude.
Tropical climatic zones... One tropical belt is located in North hemisphere of the planet, the second - in Southern hemisphere. Tropical belts cross all continents except Antarctica and well expressed in the oceans between $ 20 and $ 30 by the parallels of both hemispheres. The formation of the climate of the tropics is influenced by tropical air masses, with their characteristic high atmospheric pressure and anticyclonic circulation. During the year there is very little cloud cover, relative humidity and annual rainfall. The prevailing winds are trade winds... Summer average monthly air temperatures are + $ 30 - $ 35 degrees, winter temperatures are not lower than + $ 10 degrees. The daily and annual amplitudes are quite high. Annual precipitation from $ 50 $ - $ 200 mm. The exception is the eastern outskirts of the continents, and on the islands the windward slopes of the mountains receive up to $ 2000 mm and more. For example, in the Hawaiian Islands, about $ 13000 $ mm falls. On the western coasts of the continents, the climate will be cooler due to the cold ocean currents. There will be higher air humidity, even temperature and frequent fogs.
Moderate climatic zones... One moderate belt is located in North hemisphere, between $ 40 $ and $ 65 $ parallel, the other in Southern between $ 42 $ and $ 58 $ parallel. These are the largest climatic zones in terms of their area. One of the differences between these belts is that in the Northern Hemisphere, the belt occupies more than half sushi, while in the Southern Hemisphere, on the contrary. There, $ 98 \% $ falls on Ocean... In temperate zones, there is a clear seasonality of the climate. It is expressed in a large difference between summer and winter temperatures. Moreover, in the Northern Hemisphere, the annual and daily amplitude is much higher than in the Southern. The western transport of air masses of temperate latitudes dominates here, and intense cyclonic activity is observed. Towards the outskirts of the continents, the amount of precipitation increases, and the annual amount is $ 800 - $ 2000 $ mm. On the windward oceanic slopes, their number increases and reaches $ 5000 - $ 8000 mm.
Polar climatic zones(arctic and antarctic). In the Northern Hemisphere arctic the belt starts north of the $ 70 $ parallel, and Antarctic south of the $ 65 $ parallel. Both belts are characterized by polar nights and polar days. Everlasting ice and snow radiate a huge amount of solar heat, which is the reason for the very chilled air. Atmospheric pressure is high all year round and easterly winds prevail. Located in Antarctica cold pole planets. In summer, the average air temperature is $ 30 degrees, and in winter - $ 70. At the Russian polar station " East"The temperature drops to - $ 88.3 degrees. On the Antarctic coast, average monthly summer temperatures are from - $ 1 to - $ 5 degrees, and winter temperatures are from - $ 18 to - $ 20 degrees. Over the Greenland ice sheet in Arctic climatic conditions are similar, but milder. In the Atlantic regions Arctic and to the pole the summer temperature is about $ 0 $ degrees, and with a warm air invasion it rises to + $ 5 $. Average winter temperatures are around $ 20 degrees. American the arctic sector is more severe with temperatures - $ 50 degrees in winter and $ 10 degrees in summer. The largest amount of precipitation falls on European sector of the Arctic, where $ 300 - $ 350 mm falls, and in Asian and American sector from $ 160 $ - $ 250 mm.
Transitional climatic zones.
Zones are located between the main climatic zones transition belts... Their $ 6 $ and they are characterized by a seasonal change in the prevailing air masses, i.e. one air mass dominates there in summer, and another in winter. The prefix “ sub", Which translated from Latin means" under", Ie, the belt located under the main.
Transitional belts include:
- Two subequatorial belts;
- Two subtropical zones;
- Subarctic belt;
- Subantarctic belt.
Subequatorial climatic zone... These belts are located to the south and north of the equatorial. As a result of the shift in climatic zones according to the seasons, humid equatorial air comes here in summer, and dry tropical air comes in winter. Summer for subequatorial belts will be wet, a dry winter... Despite this, the average annual precipitation is excessive and reaches $ 1500 mm per year. On the slopes of the mountains, precipitation falls even more - $ 6,000 - $ 10,000 mm per year. The difference between summer and winter temperatures is small, but the difference with the equatorial zone is felt. Summer temperatures range from $ 22 - $ 30 degrees. In addition to the oceans, the subequatorial belt passes through South America, Central Africa, Hindustan, Indochina, and Northern Australia.
Subtropical climatic zones... They are located within $ 30 - $ 40 degrees of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. In the south, the subtropics are bordered by the tropical belt, and in the north with the temperate belt in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical belt is located north of the subtropics, and the temperate belt to the south. Thermal regimes alternate in six months - a moderate regime is observed in winter, and a tropical regime in summer. For the subtropics, frost is already possible. Within the ocean, the belts are distinguished by high temperatures and high salinity of water.
Subarctic climate zone... This transition belt is the closest to North Pole Earth. Moderate and arctic air masses replace each other throughout the year. The belt occupies Northern Canada, Alaska, the southern tip of Greenland, northern Iceland and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Within Russia, it passes through the northern part of Western and Central Siberia, as well as the Far East.
Subantarctic climate zone... Located in the Southern Hemisphere, this belt covers a number of Antarctic islands and the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The belt is characterized by a short summer with temperatures below + $ 20 $ degrees. Cold air masses in winter reduce the temperature to negative values. And it keeps below zero for most of the year. The same is typical for the subarctic belt. There is little precipitation and they decrease from $ 500 - $ 250 mm and below.
Climate-forming factors
The formation of the planet's climate is greatly influenced by external and internal factors. Most of the external factors affect the total amount of incoming solar radiation, its distribution over the seasons of the year, over the hemispheres and continents.
External factors include the parameters of the earth's orbit and the earth's axis:
- The distance between the sun and the earth. It determines the amount of solar energy received;
- The inclination of the rotation of the earth's axis to the orbital plane, which determines the seasonal changes;
- Eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. Influences heat distribution and seasonal changes.
Internal factors include:
- Configuration of oceans and continents and their relative position;
- The presence of volcanoes that can change the climate up to a volcanic winter;
- Albedo of the Earth and its surface;
- Air masses;
- The proximity of oceans and seas, which soften the climate, with the exception of cold currents in them;
- The nature of the underlying surface;
- Human economic activity;
- Heat flows of the planet.
