Antarctica. The organic world of Antarctica

ANTARCTICA.

Lesson topic:

Antarctica. Geographical position... Discovery and exploration. The nature of the mainland.

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. Consider the features of the geographic location of the mainland.

2. To acquaint students with the names of travelers and scientists who contributed to the discovery and study of Antarctica.

3. To give an idea of ​​the peculiarities of the nature of Antarctica. 4. To acquaint students with modern research in Antarctica. Help students understand the practical value of studying the nature of Antarctica.

5. To develop in students the ability to name and show the features of the components of the nature of Antarctica, to establish causal relationships, to determine climatic indicators on a map and climatograms, to predict trends in changes in the nature of the earth under the condition of melting of the ice sheet, to work with various sources of geographic information.

Knowledge, abilities, skills:

1. Be able to independently determine the geographical position of the mainland, describe coastline.

2. Students should know the names of the travelers.

3. Continue work on the formation of the ability to work with the atlas and contour map (interactive maps).

Equipment: maps of Antarctica (physical, climatic), illustrations of natural objects of Antarctica.

DURING THE CLASSES

The question is often asked: why is it necessary to study Antarctica? We still know very little about this huge icy continent: what is hidden under its icy armor, what riches it conceals, how it flows in this area the globe various geophysical processes associated in one way or another with the processes developing all over the planet? - A. Gusev.

I. Organizing time

II. Learning new material

Dress warmly, as you have to travel through the coldest continent of the Earth, cross icy deserts, visit six - yes, six! - its poles. You will once again visit the scientific stations of this continent, swim and sunbathe in the polar summer in its oases, admire the icebergs off its shores and be surprised at the unusual credulity of its indigenous inhabitants towards the people.

"Fight and seek, find and not give up",

words that became a monument to Robert Scott

date	Researcher	Event The member is mainly formed by sea ice; but also a decent amount of coastal and continental ice connects the drifting mass. Ice formation occurs first in crystals that float horizontally, if the area is large, vertically along long channels so characteristic of the pack. In the Ross Sea, snowfall is limited and the sea freezing creates a layer of ice only 2 meters thick. Priestley and Wright provide an interesting table showing the position of the member in the Ross Sea in December and January for several years. The northernmost limit is 66 ° S. and the southern one at 72 ° S. w .: the area of ​​floating glaciers crossing during these summer months is therefore wide on average about 460 km. The very compact package is the biggest obstacle to exploring the coasts of Antarctica; so far, no ship has been able to penetrate the large area between Charcot Land and Terra Re Edward, with the result that the coasts are completely unknown. As the ice moves towards O., the disadvantage of a few headlands is, of course, Western part, bringing the open sea of ​​Davis on Terminating Land and free waters along the coast of Caird into the Weddell Sea.
	J. Cook (England)	First crossing of the Antarctic Circle. Didn't find "South Land".
1819–1821	F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev (Russia) The western seas, such as the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea, are subject to strong pressure from the swell, making the coast very dangerous both for ships that can be crushed and for which can be blocked, as happened with the eastern and western patrols. Scott's expeditions in January. Feature southern seas are those huge tabular floating ice blocks that separate from the great continental shelf where it reaches present sea level. The highest ice mountain observed by Scott's expedition was increased to 43 meters above sea level. They are very frequent in them, vertical cracks, cracks, which naturally lead to the rapid disintegration of the block itself. In icebergs, the water level often forms caves, and sometimes the erosion of the top leaves a kind of underwater trap that is very dangerous for swimming there. Sometimes ice has tunnels created by discharge waters: these tunnels and other similar structures give big variety and the beauty of the icebergs that have this origin. Antarctica was discovered on January 16, 1820.	Discovery of the Russian mainland round the world expedition
	C. Wilkes (USA) Often the surface is covered with deposits and pebbles. These icebergs were sometimes taken for islands, but subsequent research showed its true nature. Meteorology. - The weather and weather conditions of Antarctica are naturally very different from those of temperate regions, mainly due to the different position of the sun in polar latitudes... No explorer can forget about the appearance of the sun, moving along the horizon, a large golden ball towards the end and towards the principle of the long polar night, but due to the absence of the sun on the horizon for weeks and months, the cold winter settles early and remains relatively constant during the winter. The temperature of spring is very high and for this reason its annual excursion is very noteworthy in the polar lands: the dominant temperatures at various Antarctic stations are summarized in the following table: Isothermal maps made by Rudmos Brown show that the coastal regions of the continent are crossed by the polar circle from the isotherm -17 °, 8 in July and -1 °, 1 in January.	Discovery of Wilkes Land
	J. Dumont - Durville (France)	Discovery of Adelie Land
	D. Ross (England) Simpson estimates the temperature at the South Pole in January is 13 °, lower than the North Pole in July. For average temperature the extreme months and the average year, data from the following stations can be used. S. But then it increases to polo. In West Antarctica, observation stations were implanted at much lower latitudes. From 50 ° to 60 °, the pressure drops by about 1 mm for each degree of latitude, the progression of which decreases significantly more than 60 ° S; the conditions of the southernmost high pressure area are poorly understood.	Discovery of the sea and ice barrier of Ross, Victoria Land
	K. Borchgrevink and L. Christensen (Norway)	First landing on the coast of Antarctica The main feature of the Antarctic climate is the South Pole anticyclone, which is indicated by a strip of constant winds coming from E, which are so remarkable on the lips of the continent. Hobbs described it as the "Antarctic Broom" because its effect is to sweep snow and ice from the South Pole in all directions. There are different opinions about the nature of this anticyclone; Simpson believes that the anticyclonic circulation is limited to a low layer, only in contact with the ice plateau, and above this layer there is a polar cyclone carrying snow on a large Antarctic glacier.
	K. Borchgrevink (Norway)	First wintering on the mainland
	R. Scott (England)	Discovery of the Ross Ice Shelf With their northernmost part, they provide most of the winter rainfall in southern Australia. Detson, applying Bjerknes's theory of the "polar front" to the Antarctic regions, believes that such cyclones develop at the edge of cold currents that blow from the Pole and alternate with warm currents moving towards it. In Antarctica, winds blow frequently and violently, especially in winter when there is the highest temperature gradient between the ice plate and the relatively hot ocean. The following numbers give their hourly speeds in km for the 4 coldest months of May, June, July, August.
	E. Shackleton (England)	First attempt to cross Antarctica
14.12.1911	R. Amundsen (Norway)	First reaching the South Pole. Studied the nature of the islands. This shows how difficult it is to give general rules Antarctic meteorology. Flora. - Some references to Antarctic fossil flora are already given in the Geology section. Antarctica appears to be subject to colder weather conditions during the Pleistocene and in later periods than during the most geological epochs before; and this can almost certainly be said of those long geological periods where near the pole of the pole appears to have a relatively homogeneous climate. The poverty of today's flora is amazing, compared to the abundance of plants growing at equal latitudes in the Arctic regions. Rudmose Brown reports that there are 400 flowering plants in the North Pole regions, while there are only 2 in Antarctica, namely a herb and a small caryophyllacea plant. Lichens are rare, while lichens are arguably more common than mosses. A granite harbor attached to boulders, lichen vegetation 1 and a half feet long was observed. Animal world. - The Antarctic fauna is surprisingly rich; although some species are not alien to the land, but in the seas the animal life is very intense.
	R. Scott (England)	Second reaching the South Pole
	D. Mawson (Austria)	Proof of solid land between 45 and 150 V. D. There are no passers-by, birds of prey and birds. Among the mollusks there are some bigheads. Associated with Antarctic fauna is the fact that some of the islands that look at the Antarctic cap, especially Kerguelen, do not have land mammals on these islands, but there are numerous ocean birds, many of which come to the nest when they migrate from the Antarctic continent, and have a particular palm tree in common with the Crozet Islands. In addition to the spider, 35 species of insects have been found, most of them with insects or vestigial wings: tufts, elite beetles but no wings, flying butterflies in flight, thunder or subars.
	R. Bird (USA)	First plane flight over the South Pole
	M. Somov (USSR)	The first Soviet Antarctic expedition
	A. Treshnikov (USSR)	Creation of the Vostok station, registration of the minimum temperature (-89 о С)
	E. Tolstikov (USSR)	Reaching the pole of inaccessibility
	V. Boyarsky (Russia - USSR)	Research in East Antarctica

Ice sheet

What do you know about the nature of Antarctica? (Student responses). Put on your sunglasses, we set off to explore the ice sheet.

How much ice is in Antarctica? What is under the thick ice sheet? Even 35-40 years ago, these questions could not be answered with confidence.

Questions for self-searching for answers have been written:

What is the average elevation of the mainland? ( 2040 meters away)

What lithospheric plate lies at the base of Antarctica? ( Antarctic lithospheric plate)

What ancient platform underlies most of the mainland? ( Antarctic platform)

What forms of relief are associated with ancient platforms? ( Plains and lowlands)

Which part of the mainland has a more indented coastline? ( western part of Antarctica)

Whoever is the first to cope with the questions raises his hand to the assessment.

Quite right, about 1/3 of the continent's surface lies below ocean level. However, Antarctica also has mountain ranges, and mountain ranges.

It is in the western part of the Antarctic Peninsula that mountains stretch, which tectonically are a continuation of the Andes. South America... The highest mountain range of Antarctica is located here - 5140 m.

The Transantarctic Mountains stretch across almost the entire continent. Find them on the map on page 18. Also in the western part of Antarctica lies the Byrd Plain.

The Vernadsky Mountains stretch in the east of Antarctica, and the Schmidt Plain is also located here.

In the eastern part of the continent, under continuous ice cover, flat areas alternate with mountain ranges.

There are also active volcanoes in Antarctica.

Find the Ross Sea on the map in the atlas on page 18. On one of the islands in this sea, there is an active volcano Erebus - a witness of active mountain-building processes in this area.

As you can see, many landforms are named after the great scientists and explorers of Antarctica, perpetuating their names on the map.

Millions of years ago, the territory of modern Antarctica was part of the southern supercontinent - Gondwana.

And the composition of the rocks that make up the relief of Antarctica is similar to those on other continents, which once again proves the kinship of the southern continents.

Now scientists have established that at the heart of most of the continent - in its eastern half- the Antarctic platform lies.

Almost the entire continent is covered with an ice sheet, the average thickness of which is about 2000 m, and in the eastern part the maximum thickness reaches 4500 m.

The average height of the continent, taking into account the ice sheet, is 2040 m. This is almost three times higher than the average height of other continents.

The ice sheet of Antarctica contains about 80% of all fresh water on Earth and 90% of the volume of all natural ice planets.

What happens if there is a complete melting of Antarctica's glaciers (students' answers).

Scientists estimate that the complete melting of the Antarctic ice sheet would lead to a rise in ocean levels by 60-65 meters!

Under the influence of its gravity, Antarctic ice spreads from several centers to the periphery of the cover. In different parts, this movement goes at different speeds. In the center of Antarctica, as in Greenland, ice moves slowly, at the glacial edge its speed increases to many tens and hundreds of meters per year. And here the ice streams move the fastest, discharging into open ocean... Their speeds often reach a kilometer a year, and the Pine Island Glacier “makes” several kilometers a year. Such ice streams reaching the ocean form icebergs.

(Student message about icebergs)

Of course, the entire glacial shell of the planet is now not the same as it was 20 thousand years ago, but it did not disappear, but only shrank. It has been reduced more than once in the past, after which it has been restored again and again. Large fluctuations in glaciation are a characteristic feature of the ice age, which is still ongoing.

Ice relief

Antarctica like others southern continents, was part of Gondwana. Modern research methods have made it possible to obtain a clear understanding of the subglacial topography of the continent.

About 1 / W of its surface lies below ocean level. At the same time, mountain ranges and massifs were discovered under the glacial shell.

In the western hemisphere, in the Pacific sector of the mainland, during the period of alpine folding, mountain systems- continuation of the Andes of South America - Antarctic Andes.

Here is located highest point- Vinson Massif (5140 m). The deepest depression is 2555 m.

On the islands in the Ross Sea there is an active volcano - Erebus - witness to active mountain-building processes in the area.

In East Antarctica, under a continuous ice cover, flat areas of the surface alternate with mountain ranges 3000-4000 m high. They are composed of ancient sediments, similar to the rocks of other continents that were part of the ancient continent of Gondwana.

Climate

How do you feel, frozen? Why is it so cold? Let's figure it out!

The formation of the climate of any territory is influenced by the so-called climate-forming factors. Let us recall what climate-forming factors affect the climate of the continent? ( geographic location, underlying surface and air currents)

A student is called to the blackboard, who fills in a previously prepared diagram, and explains the influence of these factors, in general.

Draw this reference diagram in your notebooks. Open the map of the Climatic zones of the world in the atlas and say in which climatic zones lies Antarctica? ( temperate, subantarctic, antarctic)

Within what climatic zone does most of Antarctica lie? ( within the Antarctic climate zone)

Quite right. Guys, the climate of Antarctica

very harsh. There are several reasons for this.

Note the map of Antarctica on the board. The mainland, as we have said more than once, occupies a near-polar position. We know that the further from the equator to the poles, the lower the angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the less solar heat enters the territory. Consequently, this geographical position determines the least amount of solar heat that Antarctica receives in comparison with other continents.

So, the first reason is the circumpolar position of Antarctica.

Pay attention to the board for the diagram of air movement in the troposphere.

What air currents circulate over the mainland - ascending or descending? ( downdrafts)

If these are downdrafts, tell me which pressure area is located over Antarctica - high or low? ( high pressure area)

Right. Downdrafts do not form clouds and are dry air. So, dry, cold and very transparent air circulates over the mainland.

Such air does not trap the heat coming from the ground, which further contributes to the cooling of the mainland surface.

So, the second reason is the lack of cloud cover.

Consider the following factor. Antarctica has a unique underlying surface - an ice sheet, which cannot be found on any other continent.

Thus, the icy, mirror-like surface of Antarctica reflects up to 90% of the sun's rays entering the mainland in summer time.

Thus, these three factors determine the harsh climate of Antarctica.

Average daily temperatures in the interior regions of the mainland, even in summer, do not rise above -30 ºС, and in winter they are below -70 ºС

It is in Antarctica that the so-called cold pole of the earth- at the Vostok station, the lowest temperature on the planet was noted - -89.3 ºС.

Besides the extreme low temperatures the strongest winds are observed in Antarctica. This is due to the difference in atmospheric pressure over the mainland and the ocean.

In which direction does the wind blow - from high pressure to low pressure or vice versa? ( from high pressure to low pressure)

Thus, strong constant winds blow towards the sea, blowing off huge masses of snow from the mainland. Therefore, special residential buildings are required here - attached to the ground with metal cables, on high piles.

In what climatic zones is Antarctica located? (students' answers)

Using the climatic diagrams (Figure 80), determine the climatic zones and their main properties in Antarctica, draw a conclusion about the type of climate. (Student responses)

Almost all of Antarctica is located in the Antarctic climate zone. The climate is especially harsh in the interior regions of the continent. The average daily temperature there, even in summer, does not rise above -30 ° C, and in winter it is below -70 ° C. Polar explorers at Vostok station recorded the lowest temperature on Earth (-89.3 ° C). That is why the Vostok station is called the cold pole of the Earth. Special clothing is used to work in such conditions.

But Antarctica has not one, but 6 poles.

1. South Pole of the Earth - geographical, 90 ° S .;

2. South magnetic pole of the Earth - 72 ° 25'S. w., 155 ° 16'E (plateau of the Adélie Land in the eastern part of Antarctica, on January 16, 1909), 70 ° S. NS. and 150 ° east. in 1950, in the area mountain plateau Victoria Land, and by 1977 it had shifted from land to water, not far from the coast, near the French station Dumont d'Urville;

3. South geomagnetic pole - 78 ° Z6'S. latitude, 109 ° 54 'east d. (in the middle of the twentieth century), the area of ​​the Vostok scientific station;

4. Pole of relative inaccessibility 82 ° S, 60 ° E, in the summer of 1958. there was a scientific station - the Pole of Inaccessibility;

5. Pole of cold - Vostok station - 89.2 ° С in 1984;

6. Pole of winds - Cape Denison on Adelie Land (wind speed here can reach 70-80 m / s, and in 1912-1913 235 days were noted in 12 months with a wind speed of 18 m / s and more).

Antarctica is called the "refrigerator" of the Earth.

Where do you think it is colder in the northern hemisphere or in the southern? Prove your answer. (Student responses).

The southern hemisphere is much colder than the northern one. What explains such harsh climatic conditions mainland other than its geographical location? To do this, consider the manifestation of climate-forming factors (see Fig. 21) in Antarctica. Trace air movement in Antarctica using Figures 17 and 18.

The area of ​​what pressure is over Antarctica? (Student responses)

As can be seen from the analysis of the circuits, there is an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure with descending currents of air that do not form clouds. Air masses flow from the center of the mainland to the coastal zone. The Antarctic air formed here is distinguished not only by low temperatures, but also by amazing transparency and dryness. It transmits well the heat coming from the surface of the Earth.

What is the reason for the severity of the climate? (Student responses)

The underlying surface in Antarctica is very different from the underlying surface of all other continents of the Earth. In the summer, Antarctica receives a lot of solar heat. But about 90% of this heat is reflected by snow and ice and goes into space. Thus, the severity of the climate is due to three factors. First, the geographic location. Secondly, by the presence of a powerful ice cover. Thirdly, the absence of cloud cover, which contributes to the further cooling of the territory. 10% of the heat that is absorbed by the surface of Antarctica, as well as 90% of the reflected heat from the ice surface of the sun, go into space.

In Antarctica, geographic zoning is well expressed in the distribution of temperatures and precipitation in the solid state. Due to the large difference in temperature and atmospheric pressure over the interior regions of Antarctica and over the washing oceans, constant winds blow from the mainland in the coastal strip. Towards the shore, they intensify and sometimes reach hurricane force. These winds blow huge amounts of snow from the mainland into the ocean. Therefore, special residential buildings are required here: on high piles and attached to the ground with metal cables.
In winter, the seas are covered with solid ice.

Taking advantage of climate map Antarctica, confirm that the law of latitudinal zoning is in effect in Antarctica. To do this, trace the change in temperatures and precipitation by 70 0 v. etc.

Organic world

Open the atlas on page 9 for a map of Natural Areas of the World.

Within what natural zones is Antarctica located? ( antarctic desert)

Quite right, most of Antarctica lies within the Antarctic Desert. This is for the most part a lifeless territory, devoid of flora and fauna.

Modern organisms of Antarctica are represented by mosses, lichens, microscopic fungi and algae. Life is almost everywhere. Even in the area of ​​the cold pole, bacteria were found in the snow.

Penguins are typical inhabitants of Antarctica. The most common species is the small Adélie penguin. Emperor penguins are especially beautiful. Penguins cannot fly, but they swim well, feed on fish, molluscs and crustaceans.

In summer about a dozen species of birds nest on the coast - skuas, albatrosses, cormorants.

In the ocean waters, rich in plankton, there are seals, blue whales, sperm whales, killer whales, sea lion, elephant seal.

Most of Antarctica is devoid of flora and fauna. Here is the Antarctic Desert. (State the reasons for its formation.)

Modern organisms of Antarctica are represented by mosses, lichens, microscopic fungi and algae, etc. Life is present almost everywhere. even in the area of ​​the cold pole, bacteria were found in the snow.

What is it that can be seen in the distance?

Near the coast of the mainland, we found unusual areas with lakes, completely free from ice, and in the summer and from snow, surrounded by a glacier. Such areas are called Antarctic oases. The area of ​​oases is from several tens to several hundred square kilometers. In summer, the rocks, free from snow and ice, absorb up to 85% of the sun's heat, heat themselves up to + 20-30 ° C, and heat the surrounding air. Here the air temperature is 3-4 ° C higher than above the surrounding glaciers. In the shallow lakes of some oases, the water temperature reaches + 10-15 ° С. The oases of Antarctica can be seen as hotbeds of warmth and life in icy desert... The lakes of the oases are rich in a variety of algae. Antarctic oases are a unique phenomenon. Nowhere on Earth is there anything like it natural conditions... They are of great interest to researchers. In addition, in oases devoid of ice cover, it is possible to directly study the upper layers of the lithosphere, to identify minerals, various kinds of ancient remains.

What animals live in Antarctica? (Student responses)

The fauna is associated with the oceans washing the mainland. Antarctic waters are rich in plankton, which is a food source for whales, seals, fish and birds. Several species of cetaceans are found here, among them the largest animals on our planet are blue whales.

So, attention, we are sinking into the sea off the coast of Antarctica to hear with the help of a hydrophone - a device that picks up noise in the depths of the ocean. Do you hear loud sounds that resemble the rhythmic beat of some kind of motor? The source of its origin moves at a speed of 12 km / h and from time to time stops working, as if someone turned it off. What is it? (Student responses). Submarine? No! The owner of the "motor" is a mustachioed whale fin whale. What do you know about him? (Student responses)... There are 8 tons of blood in the body of this sea giant, it is pumped by the heart, which weighs 200-250 kg. But since the sounds of the heartbeat are absorbed by his multi-ton body, which has a thick (10 cm) layer of subcutaneous fat, the pulse is heard only through his opening mouth when the fin whale eats. Pinnipeds are widespread, as well as sperm whales and killer whales.

In summer, about a dozen bird species nest on the coast. Penguins are typical inhabitants of Antarctica. They do not fly, but they swim well, feed on fish, molluscs and crustaceans. There are about 17 species of penguins. The most common is the small Adélie penguin. Especially beautiful are the emperor penguins, weighing up to 50 kg and more than a meter high. They breed their offspring in a harsh winter. Nests are not made, but eggs are kept on their paws, pressing a warm belly to the fluff. Antarctic and snow petrels nest high in the mountains. On the coast in summer you can see cormorants and skuas.

Meaning modern research Antarctica.

Would you like to be polar explorers, explorers of Antarctica? Why? (Student responses)

Research in Antarctica is taking place under extremely difficult conditions. What explains the huge interest in the study of the icy continent? The interest is explained by the desire of people for knowledge. The earth is our home, and it is important for people to know what is going on in it. A variety of minerals have been found in the depths of Antarctica: coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals. Found traces of oil, natural gas. Scientists suggest that there is gold, diamonds, uranium. Ocean waters Antarctica is especially rich in large marine animals and fish. Antarctica has huge reserves of fresh water. The processes taking place in Antarctica inevitably affect the nature of the surface of the entire Earth. For example, the change in the level of the World Ocean largely depends on the behavior of ice (accumulation of ice, change in speed, melting). The atmosphere over Antarctica influences movement air masses the whole planet. The ice sheet, which appeared 20 million years ago, contains a wealth of information about the history of development. natural complexes Earth, about the influence of the Cosmos on our planet. At a depth of 2 km, it is already 180 thousand years old. Studying it, you can not only compile a chronicle climate change on the planet, but also to predict the climate of the future.

III. Lesson summary - We have completed an amusing trip to the amazing lost world of Antarctica, where, following the discoverers and famous travelers, they set foot on its icy expanses, visited the Antarctic desert and were surprised by its oases, visited the six poles and active volcano... We sailed along the entire coast and sank into the depths of the sea. Admired the icebergs and the inhabitants of the mainland. You can rightfully be considered polar explorers and connoisseurs of Antarctica. Please answer briefly and show on the map:

III. Homework -§ 48-49;

Card number 1. What is Antarctica? Are the shores ghosts in Antarctica?	Card number 10. Name the area of ​​the mainland Antarctica.
Card number 6. What are the winds in Antarctica? How does ice move in Antarctica?	Card number 2. What is the main feature of the geographic location of the continent? On the back of the questionnaire, sketch out the outline of Antarctica. Note the only major peninsula in Antarctica and the mountains located on it.
Card number 4. Who and when was Antarctica discovered? What is an oasis in Antarctica?	Card number 3. Where is the lowest temperature recorded on Earth? What is the absolute minimum temperature .. How thick is ice in Antarctica?
Card number 8. Name the most on the mainland. How much fresh water is stored in the world in Antarctica?	Card number 7. Why does the nature of Antarctica differ so sharply from the nature of other continents of the southern hemisphere? Which constellation "hangs" over the North Pole, and which over the South Pole?
Card number 24. Prove that Antarctica is a continent of science and peace. How much precipitation does Antarctica have?	Card number 9. Name a flightless bird that thrives in Antarctic waters. On land, she is very clumsy. Several species of this bird are found in Antarctica. What is the relationship between internal structure and the relief of Antarctica?
Card number 23. What is the largest penguin in Antarctica and the smallest? Who discovered the South Pole and when?	Card number 12. Which continent is separated by the world's widest strait from Antarctica? On the back of the questionnaire, sketch out the outline of Antarctica and mark this strait. Why is Antarctica called a continent - a nature reserve?
Card number 16. Which continent was Antarctica once a part of? What does the last relief of Antarctica look like?	Card number 13. Name the volcano located off the coast of Antarctica, on one of the coastal islands of the Ross Sea, and its height. What plants are found in Antarctica?
Card number 5. Why is sailing around Antarctica so difficult? What is the current washing over Antarctica?	Card number 15. What place is Antarctica in terms of area among other continents? How is such a harsh climate of Antarctica formed?
Card number 21. In what climatic zones is Antarctica located? What is at the base of most of Antarctica?	Card number 17. Who was the first to set himself the task: "Open Antarctica"? In what century did this happen? Sketch out the outlines of Antarctica. Mark (write) the seas surrounding Antarctica.
Card number 22. How many landforms does Antarctica have? Name the extreme point of the mainland and its coordinates.	Card number 18. What is the average height of Antarctica and the maximum. Is there a permanent population in Antarctica?
Card number 25. What is the area of ​​ice in Antarctica? What mineral deposits have been found in Antarctica?	Card number 20. What is the largest animal in the waters of Antarctica? On the back of the questionnaire, sketch out the outline of Antarctica and mark the mountains that are in Antarctica.
Card number 11. What oceans is Antarctica washed by? What is at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula?	Card number 14. Describe the geographical position of Antarctica in relation to the equator, the prime meridian. In which hemisphere is the mainland? When did the scientific research relay start in Antarctica?
Card number 19. What are the remains of trees found in Antarctica talking about? What areas of Antarctica are favorable for animals?	Card number 26. What is the main reason for the low rainfall in Antarctica? What are the names of the large ice mountains that are often found in Antarctic waters? How are they formed?

Cards with answers to questions.

Card number 1.

Antarctica includes Antarctica, islands and adjacent oceans up to 50-60 0 S latitude.

There was a coast and no! Where did he disappear to? Broken off, an iceberg formed.

Card number 2.

The main feature of the geographical position of Antarctica is that the mainland lies around the south pole, south (inward) of the south polar circle.
2. Antarctic Peninsula

Card number 3.

1. The lowest temperature on Earth was recorded in July 1983 at the Vostok station. Absolute minimum temperature = -89.2 0 С.

2. The average ice thickness in Antarctica is approximately 2 km, and the maximum thickness is> 4700 m.

Card number 4.

1. Antarctica was discovered on January 28, 1820 by a Russian expedition under the command of F.F.Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

2. An oasis is a place that does not resemble the surrounding area. An oasis in Antarctica is an ice-free space. On the exposed rocks there are mosses and lichens. There are lakes. Often clouds over the oasis.

Card number 5.

1. Because icebergs are often found (> 100 thousand off the coast of Antarctica), low temperatures, thorny rains, frequent storms, dense fogs, obscuring blizzards - poor visibility.

2. Antarctica is washed by the current of the West Winds (Antarctic).

Card number 6.

1. Winds - stock winds, arising from the difference in pressure. In the center, the pressure is very high, because the air here is cold (-60 0 - 70 0 С), and on the coast it is much warmer, in summer up to 0 0 С. The pressure is lower.

V.D. N. D. Wind speed - up to 90 m / s.

2. Ice moves from the center to the edges (as if "slides"). And at the edges it breaks off, forming icebergs.

Card number 7.

1. Because Antarctica, having broken away from Gondwana, "fought back" very far to the south - the south pole.

2. Above the North Pole "hangs" - Ursa Minor with the Pole Star, and above the South Pole - the Southern Cross.

Card number 8.

1. Antarctica - 1) the highest; 2) the most distant; 3) the coldest; 4) the most watery;

5) the deepest depression on land –2555 m; 6) the latest open; 7) the most uninhabited; 8) the poorest in terms of species composition of animals and plants; 9) the most peaceful; 10) containing the maximum volume of fresh water in the world (up to 90%).
2. Antarctica stores up to 90% of the world's reserves of all fresh water on Earth.

Card number 9.

1. Penguin.

2. On the ancient Antarctic platform (East Antarctica) there are elevated plateau-like plains, in the area of ​​new folding (West Antarctica) - mountains were formed.

Card number 10.

1. The main reason for the insignificant amount of precipitation on the territory of Antarctica is the prevalence of high atmospheric pressure throughout the year.

2. The area of ​​Antarctica is approximately 14 million km 2.

Card number 11.

1. Antarctica is washed southern parts Pacific, Atlantic, Indian oceans.

2. At the base of the Antarctic Peninsula there is an area of ​​new (Cenozoic) folding.

Card number 12.

1. The world's widest Drake Passage separates Antarctica from South America. - Drake Passage

2. Because hunting for animals is prohibited in Antarctica. Animals are caught for scientific purposes only.

Card number 13.

1. Erebus volcano, reaching an altitude of 3794m.

2. In Antarctica - the Antarctic desert. Mosses, lichens, algae and microscopic fungi are found only in oases. Only on the islands can you find primitive flowering plants.

Card number 14.

1. Relative to the equator - Antarctica is located in the southern hemisphere, relative to the prime meridian - in the western and eastern (W<В).

2. The research relay began during the International Geophysical Year 1957-1958.

Card number 15.

1. Antarctica ranks fifth in terms of area among other continents (S = 14 million km 2).

2. Such a harsh climate is formed for the reasons:

small angle of incidence of sunlight in high latitudes;

the presence of six months of the polar night;

the height of the mainland;

the ice cover reflects up to 90% of the solar heat (more coming here in summer than at the equator);

there are no clouds in the area of ​​constant high pressure.

Card number 16.

1. Antarctica was once part of Gondwana, which split into four southern continents - Africa, Australia, South America and Antarctica.

2. In the modern relief of Antarctica, it is possible to distinguish: the western part is mountains, the eastern part is dominated by elevated continental plains.

Card number 17.

1. It was the English navigator James Cook. He sailed to Antarctica in 1779 (18th century).

2.Wedell Sea - Bellingshausen Sea - Amundsen Sea - Ross Sea

Card number 18.

1. The average height of the continent reaches> 2000. Maximum - (the highest point of the mainland) is located in the Antarctic Andes - Winson (h = 5140m).

2. There is no permanent population in Antarctica. Permanent settlements created - science towns with a changeable population. In summer, the population can reach 4 - 5 thousand people (scientists, tourists).

Card number 19.

1. They say that Antarctica was not always covered with ice. Dense forests grew here 2 million years ago. This is confirmed by the found minerals - coal.

2. The coast, as all animals feed in the water. And the coast is much warmer.

Card number 20.

1. Blue whale. This is the largest animal on our planet: its length reaches 33m, and its weight is up to 150 tons.

2. Antarctic - Andes - Transantarctic mountains

Card number 21.

1. Antarctica is located in the Antarctic and subantarctic climatic zones.

2. At the base of most of Antarctica is the ancient Antarctic Platform.

Card number 22.

1. Antarctica has two reliefs. The lower one is subglacial, the upper one is glacial.

2. Extreme point Antarctica - South Pole - has coordinates 90 0 S latitude.

Card number 23.

1. The largest penguin in Antarctica is the emperor, the smallest is the Adélie penguin.

2. On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian group of 5 people, led by Roald Amundsen, was the first to reach the South Pole. A month later, on January 18, 1912, a group (5 people) of the British under the command of Robert Scott reached the South Pole. On the way back, the British were killed.

Card number 24.

1. Scientists from many countries of the world are conducting scientific research in Antarctica. Testing of all types of weapons and all activities related to military production are prohibited here.

2.In central regions falls, like in the Sahara Desert - 40 - 100 mm per year, and on the coast - 500 - 600 mm per year, almost like in Belarus.

Card number 25.

1. In Antarctica, ice occupies 99% of the mainland.

2. In Antarctica found coal, oil, gas, iron ore, diamonds, marble, granite, graphite and even gold.

Card number 26.

1. The main reason for the insignificant amount of precipitation on the territory of Antarctica is the prevalence of high atmospheric pressure during the year.

2. These are icebergs (from German - ice mountain). 1/10 of the iceberg is above the water, 9/10 is under the water. They break off the coast and swim in the waters of the oceans (up to 100 thousand). Meeting them while sailing is dangerous.

Traveler table:

Antarctica symbol
Job title
Reasons for late opening

Table for climatologists:

Antarctica symbol
Job title
Causes of the cold climate of Antarctica

Table for glaciologists:

Antarctica symbol
Job title
Antarctica is interesting to study because:

Table for zoologists:

Antarctica symbol
Job title
Antarctica has a kind of organic world because :.

Additional material for the lesson

Icebergs

We already know that ice streams and tidal glaciers reaching the ocean or periglacial lakes carry ice into them, forming icebergs. Iceberg production of the largest ice streams is tens of cubic kilometers of ice per year. All the glaciers of Antarctica annually throw into the ocean at least 2 thousand km 3, according to some estimates even 3.5 thousand km 3.

Glaciers sliding from the Antarctic continent are so powerful that, approaching the coast, they do not break off, but continue to crawl further into the sea, forming a so-called “ice barrier” around Antarctica. And only far from the coast, where the depth of the sea reaches significant values, under the influence of wind and waves, colossal blocks begin to break off the ice barrier - real mountains of ice. After the breakaway, icebergs float in the Southern Ocean for another 6-12 years, gradually decreasing due to melting and crushing. The most famous icebergs in Antarctica are canteens, with flat surfaces and vertical walls in which the horizontal layering of firn, inherited from ice shelves, is visible. There are frequent cases when table icebergs reach colossal sizes. There are known encounters with giants with a length of 80, 120 and even 170 km and a volume of up to 3 thousand km 3, i.e. 1.5-2 times higher than the annual removal of ice from the entire continent.

If you ever manage to visit the polar seas rich in icebergs, an unforgettably beautiful and majestic picture will appear before your eyes. Huge ice mountains rise above the restless sea surface. They have the most bizarre shapes: here is a giant head of a bear with a bared mouth, here is an island with the ruins of a medieval castle, with dilapidated walls and towers, and there, in the distance, you can see an immense mushroom with a fat “leg” and a monstrous “hat”.

And how amazingly colored these blocks of ice are! They resemble giant gem crystals. There are ice mountains that are bright green, intense blue, of an unusually pure turquoise color. This is how the sun's rays are refracted into perfectly clean and saturated with air bubbles. polar ice.

An interesting fact is that there are also black icebergs. The first message in the press about black icebergs appeared in 1773. The famous English traveler James Cook told about them. Later, sailors have repeatedly described this strange phenomenon - floating black ice mountains. They are quite common off the coast of Antarctica. What is the reason for the appearance of icebergs of such an unusual color!

New Zealand scientists have suggested that the black color of icebergs is caused by volcanic activity in the South Shetland Islands. The glaciers on these islands are covered with a thick layer of volcanic dust that does not even wash away sea ​​water... From time to time, the honor of the black glacier breaks off and slides into the sea. This is how new black icebergs appear.

But what is available to our eyes is, it turns out, only a very small part of the iceberg. Only 1 / 6-1 / 7 of the ice hulk rises above the surface of the water, the rest is hidden under water. In essence, the ice should sink even deeper. After all, it has a density only 1/9 less than the water surrounding the iceberg, and if it were a monolith, then only an insignificant part of its volume could rise above the water, But the ice mountain is filled with air bubbles that are much lighter than water, and that is why icebergs are submerged in water only 5 / 6-6 / 7 of their volume.

The true sizes of the icebergs are much larger than imagined. The flat-topped bulk of Antarctic icebergs have an average height of the above-water part of 100 m, and some of them rise up to 500 m above the water and are 100 km or more long. Sea currents and winds pick up icebergs and carry them out of the polar seas to the ocean space. V Southern hemisphere large Antarctic icebergs penetrate especially far into the Atlantic Ocean, here they reach 26 ° S latitude, i.e. to the latitude of Rio de Janeiro, in Quiet and Indian oceans icebergs do not swim north of 50-40 ° south latitude.

Icebergs pose a serious threat to shipping. Collisions with icebergs caused the death of a number of ships. The most famous of these disasters was the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 in the waters Atlantic Ocean... After the tragic death of the Titanic, a special International Service for the Protection of Ships from Collisions with Icebergs was created. V last years advances in radar have greatly reduced the danger of such collisions.

But icebergs are not only a threat to the safety of navigation, not only a majestic natural phenomenon. They can serve as a source of fresh water, which people are increasingly lacking. Projects are already being developed to “catch” and tow icebergs to waterless areas like Saudi Arabia and South West Africa.

Marine predators

The leopard seal is a spotted seal, a mammal of the pinnipeds order, the body length is more than 5 m. The elephant seal is the largest of the seals, so named for the growth on the face, reminiscent of the trunk of an elephant. These voracious predators prey mainly on penguins. But the most ferocious and aggressive of them is the killer whale. It has a huge mouth, in which a person can fit, in the mouth there are 48 sharp teeth, each 20 cm long. This voracious, intelligent and cunning predator is capable of developing tremendous speed, freely and easily maneuvering among icebergs. The killer whale is a thunderstorm not only for penguins, but also for seals, for which it hunts among drifting ice fields, where there are many crabeater seals feeding on krill at the edge of the fast ice. The leopard seal, on the other hand, stays near the islands with penguin colonies all summer long.

Skua

A voracious, indefatigable predator, it hunts around the clock for chicks and eggs of gawking penguins, and during the molting period - for adult birds. A skua nestling, just hatched from an egg, pushes its younger, weaker brothers out of the nest - this is how its character is manifested from the moment of birth.

Many books have been written about travelers (slide number 2), but today we will research work with the pages of Scott's diary, excerpts from the book by G. Ludlem "Captain Scott", we will reveal the reasons for the failures of Scott's expedition. We will work in groups according to the plan (slide number 3).

Many travelers dreamed of being the first to discover the South Pole knowing that it would not be easy. The harsh climate, ice sheets - all these were big obstacles. Almost simultaneously, two expeditions set off on their way to the Pole: the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and the Englishman Robert Scott, but their travels developed in different ways. Scott began to prepare for the expedition long, it was his second expedition to Antarctica. But now there was only one goal - to conquer the South Pole! He put all his skill in preparing the expedition. It was necessary to calculate and take into account everything: food, fuel, clothing, shoes, route. Fundraising for the expedition was going on all over England, many firms sold food and equipment at discounted prices. For example, "Colmen" - 9 tons of flour, 3500 pounds of chocolate and cocoa - "Catberry". The main food is "pemmikan" (dried pressed beef with spices.) Scott took the Russians on the trip: Dmitry Semyonovich Gireyev and Anton Lukich Omelchenko, who Far East bought 21 huskies and strong Manchu ponies. The Russians took part in escorting Scott on a part of the path to the Pole. Later, one of the peaks of the Erebus volcano was named Dmitry in honor of Gireyev. On the expedition, Scott took dogs with him, but he did not feel much hope for their help, since he believed that people should overcome all difficulties themselves.

On November 29, 1910, the expedition moved to Antarctica aboard the Terra-Nova ship. (Slide №4)

The groups receive excerpts from the book, assignments and begin to fulfill them.

Task for group number 1

Wintering at Cape Evans.

Soon a strong, warm home for the winterers was built at Cape Evans. Preparations for the campaign began. Captain Scott and his companions prepared long and carefully. It was decided to preliminarily lay a route to the south in order to build food warehouses - strongholds for a future expedition.

The weather was not favorable even for the preliminary hike. Severe frosts were replaced by fogs and such strong winds and blizzards that we had to wait out the bad weather in the tent for several days.

Having broken 12 support bases on the way to the Pole, Scott and his comrades were forced to return to Cape Evans. Here they were to spend a long polar night. In the harsh winter months, the polar explorers worked hard in a small cozy house on Cape Evans. They made topographic surveys of the area. Biologists worked in a specially equipped laboratory, physicists conducted meteorological observations. Everyone was busy with their own business. In addition, everyone was preparing for the upcoming march to the South Pole.

It was decided that 12 people would go on the hike. Some, having passed part of the way, will return, others, led by Robert Scott, will go to the end. With the onset of the southern polar spring, the expedition set out towards the South Pole. It was November 1, 1911.

Questions for group # 1:

2. Make a short story about wintering.

3. Tell us how the members of the expedition prepared for the trip.

4. Explain when it was decided to go to the Pole and why.

5. Tell us what the expedition members did during the long polar night.

Teacher: Scott and his comrades understood that in order to walk 1.5 thousand kilometers, you need to eat very well, so the base served as a warehouse for food and fuel. In conditions of low temperatures (-42), all the energy of the human body was quickly lost. The path that they had to cover in one day was 17 - 19 kilometers. To pass it, high-calorie food was needed.

Task for group number 2

Failures along the way.

On the trip to the Pole, Scott took with him a motor sled, sled dogs and horses, short sturdy Manchu ponies. His main stake was on horses, but they turned out to be of little use for movement in the harsh conditions of Antarctica. Already at the very beginning of the journey, the horses behaved restlessly. They fell into the loose snow, fought fiercely, sinking deeper and deeper, until their strength left them. Exhausted, breathing heavily, they obediently stood, half buried in the snow, and waited to be pulled out onto a hard surface. Steam poured from them in a column. Scott looked at them anxiously.

The motor sled that came forward deteriorated and had to be abandoned. The dogs tolerated the harsh conditions much easier. Scott realized that the success of the expedition now depends only on himself and his companions, on their physical endurance. All life consisted of only one thing - moving forward. A little rest, a short, sound sleep and again forward, to the south - to the pole.

The road was monotonous and endless as in a dream. Occasionally we came across ice mountains and rocks, then flat snow fields again. The expedition was progressing very slowly. The weather was fierce even for this region. The travelers survived everything: blizzards, fogs, cold, blinding sun. But another trouble came - a blizzard in a warm wind. Going out to the horses, people returned soaked through and through, heavy steam stood in the tent.

The snowstorm raged for several days. Finally the sky brightened a little. The deep, water-soaked snow made the road unbearable. People helped the horses to pull the sled, which were completely exhausted. Their wool was sticky, they were breathing intermittently, foam came out of their mouths ... On that day, the horses had to be shot.

When morning came, only people were walking along the snowy plain. They dragged the heavy sleigh with difficulty.

… The campaign has been going on for more than a month. The only dog ​​team had to be returned to the winter hut, as there was no food left for the dogs. The travelers approached a large glacier. The difficult part of the passage began from here - the ascent to the glacier.

Questions for group # 2:

1. Read the passage carefully, arrange the questions, and prepare the answers.

2. Tell us about the failures of the expedition along the way.

3 why horses were useless?

4. What did the travelers take with them to the Pole?

5. What prevented Scott's expedition?

6.How did the members of the expedition recuperate?

“What do you think about during these monotonous transitions! All kinds of castles in the air now that we hope that the pole will become ours ”.

The great thing was that Robert Scott kept a diary from start to finish. He recorded how many miles traveled in a day, what and how much they ate, the state of the companions, their mood. He noted their wonderful qualities, reflected on the future, analyzed. During the transitions, he did everything like his comrades: he pulled heavy sledges, made observations, etc. The way to the glacier was difficult, but the most difficult was the way to climb the glacier, because I had to go uphill.

Task for group number 3

The target is approaching.

The bright sun, reflecting off the surface of the snow and ice, dazzled the travelers. Sleep did not refresh anyone. People were too tired, and the body, which experienced inhuman stress during the day, could not find rest at night.

They all had chapped and swollen lips. Light silk patches were glued to them, but the patches stuck and then peeled off along with the skin. People became different from themselves: their eyelids were red, their faces changed color and outlines - they were haggard, shrunken. Gradually the forces left brave travelers... Out of 12 people, five continued the path to the pole: Scott, Ots, Bowers, Wilson and Evans. The rest were forced to return to their wintering place.

Moving forward more and more slowly. The blue smooth ice that accompanied them on the glacier was left behind. The surface is covered with tall, sharp sastrugs. The road turned into continuous ups and downs. In addition, every now and then a blizzard began, which had to wait out in the tent. Scott thought anxiously about how dangerous every deviation from the plan was. After all, everything was calculated in this journey - both time, and strength, and food.

People were mortally tired, weakened, but no one uttered a word of complaint. From the very beginning of the difficult path, everyone was united by one goal, one desire - to go forward to the South Pole.

Questions for group 3:

1. Briefly retell the passage.

2. Why did not all of the expedition members go to the Pole?

3. Explain why travel delays were dangerous.

4. Expressively read the passage, which describes the state of the polar explorers after a month's journey.

5. What prevented Scott's expedition from advancing faster?

Teacher: (excerpt from Scott's diary)

“How nice to know that two more long transitions - and we will finally reach the pole. Today we left the warehouse, taking with us a supply of food for 9 days, so now you can be sure of success. The only thing that frightens us is that we may see the Norwegian flag at the pole. "

Task for group number 4

Disappointment.

Finally, the goal is achieved. Imagine their disappointment when they saw that the South Pole, to which they were striving so much, had already been conquered. There was a tent in front of them, in which they found a note that the South Pole was discovered by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen on December 14, 1911. This meant that the Norwegians were ahead of Scott by a month ...

As a child, Robert Scott often thought: what is a pole? Sometimes it seemed to him that it was a lonely mountain. The wind rushes along its icy slopes, and the top of the mountain is covered with blue, shine, freely and steeply goes into the sky.

Sometimes he thought it was a black depression with wild, ragged edges, or a magical lake with still white water. The boy imagined that he could see the axis if he dug the ground at the pole. The very imaginary axis on which the Earth's ball rotates, like a globe. One end of the axis sticks out at the North Pole, the other at the South Pole.

On the way, he often thought about how he would tell his son about the pole. He will tell him everything: about fatigue, about a terrible path, about nights without sleep in an ice tent, about real loyalty, about the strength and courage of a person ...

Looking around, he looked at the flat, endless ice field. There was nothing here — not a hill, not a sastruga, not a slope. There was no mountain, no hollow, no lake, which he dreamed of in childhood.

It was a pole!

Scott looked at his comrades. Cold dampness chilled them to the bone. Hastily making a hill of snow and ice blocks, they fortified the English flag and stood around it, their swollen black faces raised high.

Questions for group 4:

1. Tell us how Scott envisioned the pole as a child.

2. What did Scott want to tell his son?

3. What did Scott and his companions see when they reached the Pole?

4. How do you think, what feelings possessed Scott and his companions when they saw that the pole to which they were striving so much had already been conquered?

Teacher: (excerpt from Scott's diary)

“Going further, we established that the black flag tied to the sled is the remnants of the camp, the tracks of the sledges and skis going in both directions, clear prints sets! Dog paws. And then we understood everything. The Norwegians were ahead of us, they were the first to reach the Pole. This is a terrible disappointment and I am very sorry for my faithful comrades. "

Amundsen stayed at the pole for 3 days. Scott's expedition decided not to stay at the pole. They turned their backs to the pole, now an even more difficult Return trip to Cape Evans, to which it was 1400 km. (Sounds "Little Requiem")

Completely exhausted, sick people again moved slowly over the snow and ice, with difficulty dragging the heavy sled behind them. The warehouses with food were far from each other, it was impossible to calculate the travel time to the nearest one. Thoughts about food almost never left the travelers and disappeared only when they approached the next food warehouse.

Bowers and Wilson fell ill with snow blindness. Evans was weak and unable to help his comrades: abscesses were festering on his hands, a large bloody bladder swelled up on his leg. At one of the crossings, he was far behind. Scott went to meet him and saw that Evans was standing in the snow without a hat, his mittens had slipped off his swollen, frostbitten hands, he did not recognize Scott. "Evans, honey, what's wrong with you?" - shouted the captain. “I don’t know, I think I fainted ...”. He died in the tent without another word.

The weather was getting worse, and everyone suffered greatly from the cold, the legs completely stopped getting warm. The coldness in the fingers was so sharp that it made it difficult to fall asleep and people tossed and turned in their bags for a long time without sleep. Ots especially suffered. He froze both legs, and every step brought him incredible suffering. The warehouse was far away, hot food could have cheered everyone up, but the kerosene was running out. To put on shoes in the morning they spent not minutes, but hours. The legs were frostbitten, it became more and more difficult to walk, and the crossings were reduced to several kilometers.

Otsu was getting worse. “I really want to sleep and not wake up,” he said weakly. He really couldn't walk anymore. The comrades sat in silence and suddenly, with surprise and fear, they saw that Ots climbed out of the bag and stood up. He stood tall, broad-shouldered, with gray eyes - a young Englishman, an athlete. “I'll go, I'll walk,” he said calmly. “If I don’t come back, don’t worry.” His comrades tried to persuade him to stay. He looked at them for a second with a guilty smile, lifted the edge of the tent and left.

A blizzard was raging. Huddled, the people sat in the tent. It was difficult to breathe. They were left alone. Bowers lay quietly, eyes not opening, tears rolling down his cheeks. Scott took out his diary and wrote: “In case these sheets were found, I want to note that Oates's last thoughts were about his mother, he hoped that the regiment in which he served would be pleased with the courage with which he met death. He did not lose hope until the very end, he fought, it was a fearless soul ... "

The survivors barely moved forward. When the nearest warehouse was no more than 19 kilometers away, a severe blizzard began, which lasted for several days. There was salvation nearby - food and fuel, but a blizzard raged outside the tent walls. The path to the warehouse was cut off. Half-dead people lay in sacks, bravely awaiting death ...

After 8 months, a tent was found, half covered with snow. The bodies of Captain Robert Scott, Wilson and Bower were found in the tent. The bamboo props were removed and the tent collapsed. A large hill of snow and ice was built over the bodies of the victims, with an identification mark on the top.

Closing remarks from the teacher:

The feat has always occupied a significant place in the history of human deeds. You yourself have named the qualities that helped Scott and his comrades. This is a struggle for life, courage, courage, courage, perseverance, willpower, perseverance. The motto of the lesson is a line from the poetry of the 19th century English poet Tennyson carved on a monument - a cross made of red Australian wood, installed in Antarctica.

"Fight and seek, find and not give up." These lines have become the motto of all travelers. Brave Englishmen, they found what they were looking for, died, but did not give up! Their death did not stop the people of subsequent generations. Such death does not frighten, but inspires!

What is causing this tragedy in my soul? Great respect for the memory of people who sacrificed their lives for the sake of achieving their goals and making their dreams come true ...

Working programm

a sample program for basic general education in geography (basic level) 2004. Collection of normative documents Geography. - M .: Bustard, 2004

Methodical recommendations on the use of local lore in lesson and extracurricular activities (2)

Guidelines

The modern stage of the spiritual development of society is characterized by an enormous growth of interest in nature, history, and the heroic past of our Motherland. This interest is natural and understandable.

Vegetation and animal world Antarctica is distinguished by exceptional poverty and originality. Most of the territory of Antarctica lies within natural area Antarctic deserts. Here, sparse vegetation is concentrated only in oases. In summer, their stone surface is heated by the sun and warms the surrounding air. Therefore, they grow here mosses, lichens, in the lakes - seaweed. Occasionally you can see mushrooms and even flowering plants.

The fauna of Antarctica is associated with the sea, rich in plankton and fish, which are the source of food for birds and mammals. Typical animals of Antarctica are penguins: there are several types of them. These birds do not fly, but they swim well. Penguins feed on fish and various crustaceans. A thick layer of subcutaneous fat protects them from the cold. The largest are emperor penguins growth of about 1 m. They do not leave the land for a long time. The nest is built far from the shore from pebbles, in which the female lays one egg. The male "incubates" it, holding it on its paws and covering it with a warm downy fold of its body. The parents feed the baby one by one. And the food of the young is "bird's milk": a sour liquid from half-digested fish. Her parents inject the chick into the beak. By summer, the chicks should be old enough to be able to reach the ocean shore and learn how to get their own food.

Most numerous Adélie penguins (rice. 132), whose growth does not exceed 50 cm. They winter in the ocean, and appear on the coast in summer. For nesting, they choose low islands that are well lit by the sun. On land, Adélie penguins are clumsy, move heavily and wobbly, as if dragging their body, but they swim perfectly in the water. On land they have no enemies, but in the sea it is seals. Trouble for the penguin, who did not have time to jump ashore. Material from the site

There are five known seal species in Antarctica. The largest of these is elephant seal (fig. 133), weighing up to 6 tons. The mass of over half a ton reaches sea ​​lion. In older males, a mane grows around the neck. The most voracious is sea ​​leopard... He hunts not only penguins, but also the cubs of other seals.

The world's largest animal lives in coastal waters - blue whale. Its food is plankton. There are also predatory whales - sperm whales and killer whales.

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