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The temperate zones of both hemispheres - northern (boreal) and southern (potal) - are characterized by temperature regime a wide range, here annual fluctuations reach 15 - 20 C. These zones are characterized mainly by eurythermal, as well as moderately cold-water and moderately warm-water species of diatoms, reaching mass development in one season or another. In the tropical zone where the temperature surface waters does not fall below 15 C, and the annual temperature fluctuations are insignificant (on average about 2), thermophilic stenothermal species live. Some species of diatoms can live in two adjacent zones - these are arctic-boreal and boreal-tropical species, which have adapted to a wide temperature range.
The material cultural components in such a landscape may be negligible or even absent. However, the protection of monuments not only protects the preserved cultural landscape, but also restores the components of extinction and the ongoing development of the landscape.
The second reason is the result of the division of a unified organization providing both monuments, landscapes and landscapes. It can be assumed that the environmental authorities are not professionally equipped to fully cope with the problem of heritage values.
Temperate zones with mild winters are found in lower latitudes and in marine areas on the western side of the continents. In the mesothermal temperate zone, there are three important climates: Mediterranean, humid subtropical and marine.
The temperate zone occupies a smaller area, about 23% of the total territory, subdivided into four districts.
In this area, there is sometimes a greater discrepancy between the goals of heritage conservation and nature conservation, which is resolved by the mutual correctness of experts in both areas. Despite these facts, there can be no general objection to overlaps, if justified, if the subject of protection does not "go against each other" and complements each other. In any case, the forces were supposed to join forces in the future.
Map of landscape monument zones in the Czech Republic. Therefore, the protection of monuments should focus precisely on such areas. Moreover, if they manage to establish close cooperation between the areas of conservation and conservation of nature. Working together to preserve the maximum cultural and natural heritage is a good premise.
The forests of the temperate zone are located in densely populated areas and are being exploited.
For the temperate zone of our country, in the period from May 1 to September 30, the moisture dew point of gas should not exceed 0 C, and from October 1 to April 30 - - 5 C.
Temperate forests of southern Canada, United States of America, Central Europe, southern Russia, China and Japan are composed of a wide range of coniferous and deciduous trees. The density of trees is high, individual trees can be very large with a diameter of over 1 meter and a height of over 50 meters. Standing stocks per hectare and their growth are high, in particular, the growth is usually from 5 to more than 20 cubic meters per hectare per year.
Softwood has the greatest economic value because. Coniferous species produce long and grenade arrows with little waste to recycle. They have a more uniform wood structure and fewer defects than deciduous species. Conifers grow mainly in temperate northern forests. The most common of these are pine, natural environment whose habitat is the northern hemisphere; In fact, it does not reach the tumor. The tumor. The pine trees south of it are trees of foreign origin.
The temperate zone includes the central, most densely populated areas USSR, which occupy an area of approximately 8 7 million km2, or 39% of the territory of the USSR, with a minimum temperature in winter ranging from -20 to -30 C for 40 to 180 days a year and maximum temperature up to 30 ° C in summer. About 90% of the car park operates in this zone. For work in the temperate zone, vehicles are designed as standard.
Northern zone temperate climate most important for the production of roundwood, mainly coniferous. Here you can highlight northern belt boreal forest, commonly called taiga. The tundra is found in a harsh climate. These are wide, flat swampy areas. The vegetation is very poor, dominated by sedges, mosses, heather and various lichens. Its cloudy nature is due to the fact that there is permafrost, a frozen layer of soil that does not allow water to pass through. Stuck on the surface and in the topsoil, the water supplies moisture to the plants, creating numerous mosses and bogs.
In the temperate zone, N. is one of the most widespread. This species grows successfully in stagnant waters, on soil and soil, as well as in lichens and in some higher plants as a symbiont. Many noses live at first in an attached state, then the colonies are released and live on the bottom or in plankton.
In the temperate zone in winter, Marsileas shed their leaves, and overwinter only rhizomes immersed in the ground. During periods of spring floods, Marsileas are completely flooded with water, and the beginning of their vegetation depends on the rate of decline of water. Tropical and subtropical species are evergreens, but with very dry soil and air in terrestrial specimens, the leaves may fall off.
Arctic tundra is found in Asia on the border of Siberia and the Arctic Circle. Taekwondo is dominated by pegs and, to a lesser extent, deciduous forests. In the north, the taiga is bordered by the lazotundra zone with the tundra, and in the south with deciduous forests or the steppe zone. There is a short warm summer and a long, frosty, snowy winter. In most areas of the coniferous forest, there is permafrost. Permafrost prevents rainwater from flowing out, which facilitates the formation of large swamp areas. Taiga people are hunters, called hunters.
There is a northern coniferous forest with a warm winter climate and moderately warm summers, with fairly uniform annual precipitation and the southern slope of mixed and deciduous forests, green summers with a warm summers climate and rather cool winters with an even distribution of precipitation. The northernmost row of rare coniferous forests is called tundrolase.
In the temperate zone, the temperature depends on the length of the day.
V temperate zones a few di-plaziums are usually low (15 - 25 cm) forest plants, with long, thin, creeping rhizomes covered with scales. Some of them have spread widely on the territory of Eurasia and North America along mossy damp forests, stony placers, and river banks.
This zone produces the greatest forest penetration, the largest timber harvest, the largest processing and international trade. Two large forest complexes are forest size: Russia's Siberian forests, about 21% of the world's forests, and North America, which account for about 19% of the world's forests. Both complexes cover a total of 40% of the world's forests.
Russia's powerful region is a clear picture of north-south inheritance. Below the arctic belt, the tundra stretches to the parallel of spruce, pine, larch, taiga belt. Near the south begins a belt of deciduous, mixed and massive forests, consisting of birch, oak, maple, alder and linden. This region covers 50% of the territory of Russia, its mid-west. parts and Siberia. The northern part of this zone is the world's largest coniferous material and is the center of a highly developed woodworking industry.
Among natural areas there are associated with a certain belt. For example, the zone of the arctic and antarctic icy deserts and the tundra zone is located in the arctic and antarctic belts; the forest-tundra zone corresponds to the subarctic and subantarctic belts, and the taiga, mixed and deciduous forests - to the temperate zone. And such natural zones as prairies, forest-steppe and steppes and semi-deserts are widespread both in the temperate and in the tropical and subtropical zones, having, of course, their own characteristics.
The North American forest region also has a fairly clear natural sequence, but it is more diverse in species. Boreal forests cover over 80% of Canada's forests. The group reaches the border with the United States. The main boreal species in Canada are white and black spruce, balsam fir, poplar, birch and pine.
They stretch from the east coast to the Great Plains and cover vast plains of mixed coniferous forests and oak oak. The second area of this site, stretching over numerous complexes, lies in the west, partly over the Pacific coast. The famous, but not too numerous, mahogany forests grow here.
Natural zones, their climatic characteristics, soils, vegetation and animal world each continent are described in chapter 10 and in the table "Continents ( background information) ". Here we will dwell only on the general outline of natural zones as the largest natural-territorial complexes.
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Arctic and Antarctic Desert Zone
Air temperatures are constantly very low, there is little rainfall. On rare ice-free land areas - stony deserts (in Antarctica they are called oases), sparse vegetation is represented by lichens and mosses, flowering plants are rare (only two species have been found in Antarctica), soils are practically absent.
The share of the rest of Asia in the forests of this zone is small. Canada's boreal forests are not used due to the complete desert. On the other hand, the forests of the southern belt are exploited under license from large industrial companies. The tropical zone coincides with the equatorial and tropical zones... They occur mainly in the Amazon, South-East Asia and some parts West Africa and Equatorial Africa.
In the forests covered with dense jungle, numerous tribes of hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture do not live. These forests are under serious threat mainly due to two factors: primitive agriculture and intensive forest exploitation.
Tundra zone
The tundra zone is widespread in the arctic and subarctic belts, forms a strip 300-500 km wide, stretching along the northern coasts of Eurasia and North America and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. In the Southern Hemisphere, areas of tundra vegetation are found on some islands near Antarctica.
The climate is harsh with strong winds, the snow cover lasts up to 7-9 months, the long polar night is replaced by a short and wet summer(summer temperatures do not exceed 10 ° c). There is a little bit of precipitation of 200-400 mm, mostly in solid form, but they do not have time to evaporate, and it is typical for the tundra excessive moisture, an abundance of lakes and swamps, which is facilitated by the ubiquitous permafrost. home distinctive feature tundra - treeless, predominance of sparse moss-lichen, in places grass, cover; v southern parts with shrubs and shrubs of dwarf and creeping forms. The soils are tundra-gley.
There are no qualified foresters and forests, and virtually no organized forestry and forestry services. The surface and abundance of tropical and subtropical forests are unknown. In fact, the number of producers that annually exceed 25 million m 3 of timber is only 14 countries.
Africa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zaire in America - Mexico, Brazil in Asia - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand. The rule of thumb is that all jungle planting companies do not harvest, but rather exploit, using it without any effort to recover resources.
Zone of forest-tundra and woodlands
Zone of forest-tundra and woodlands. This transitional zone, which is characterized by alternation of treeless tundra areas and forests (woodlands), combines the features of the bordering zones. Tundra natural complexes are characteristic of watersheds, light forests are taken to the north along river valleys. To the south, the area occupied by forests increases.
In the Southern Hemisphere (subantarctic belt), the place of forest-tundra on islands (for example, South Georgia) is occupied by oceanic meadows.
At times, some kind of renegade treatment is used at the summit, resulting in fatal rashes in later years due to lack of care. In practice, it is usually imposed on mining company commitment to renewing the area and maintaining cutting and Maintenance in accordance with the principles of forest management. However, these commitments are a theoretical reinforcement of the absolute exploitation of the forest. Even the usual restrictions on the minimum cuttings of trees and the degree of maximum harvesting of one species are aimed at protecting the forest from devastation.
Forest zone
The forest zone in the Northern Hemisphere includes subzones of taiga, mixed and deciduous forests and a subzone temperate forests, in the Southern Hemisphere, only the subzone of mixed and deciduous forests is represented. Some scientists consider these subzones to be independent zones.
In the taiga subzone of the Northern Hemisphere, the climate varies from maritime to sharply continental. Summers are warm (10-20 ° c, the severity of winters increases with distance from the ocean (in Eastern Siberia to -50 ° c), and the amount of precipitation decreases (from 600 to 200 mm). The amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation, and watersheds are often swampy, rivers are full of water. Dark coniferous (from spruce and fir) and light coniferous (from larch in Siberia, where permafrost soils are common) forests with an admixture of small-leaved species (birch, aspen) and pine, in the east of Eurasia - cedar prevail. The soils are podzolic and permafrost-taiga.
The subzone of mixed and deciduous forests (sometimes two separate subzones are distinguished) is distributed mainly in the oceanic and transition belts continents. It occupies small areas in the Southern Hemisphere, winter is much warmer here and snow cover is not formed everywhere. Coniferous-broad-leaved forests on sod-podzolic soils are replaced in the inner parts of the continents by coniferous-small-leaved and small-leaved forests, and to the south (in North America) or to the west (in Europe) broad-leaved oak, maple, linden, ash, beech and hornbeam on gray forest soils.
The semi-arid zone is characterized by rainfall, allowing the vegetation of trees and shrubs. Semi-arid plant species form when the difference between the amount of water reaching ecosystems and the amount of water left there is unfavorable for the ecosystems. In volcanic regions with highly permeable soils, semi-arid shrubs form semi-arid shrubs, despite sufficiently high rainfall levels well above the limit.
On the other hand, in an area of very low rainfall, a high quality forest can be formed. An example of this would be the galleries that grow along rivers in the tropics. Typical semi-arid zones can also be caused by destructive human activities. The ever-expanding Sahara is evidence of this. The reason for the change is agriculture and pastoral services. Semi-arid forests have also been created as a result of human activity along The Pacific in America. The termination of grazing and shooting on the ground and even more afforestation of it in a short time stimulates the rise of the mountain forest.
Forest-steppe
Forest-steppe is a transitional natural zone of the Northern Hemisphere, with alternation of forest and steppe natural complexes... By the nature of natural vegetation, forest-steppe with deciduous and coniferous-small-leaved forests and prairies are distinguished.
Prairie
Prairies - a subzone of the forest-steppe (sometimes considered as a subzone of the steppe) with abundant moisture, stretching along east coasts Rocky mountains in the USA and Canada with tall grasses on black soil. Natural vegetation is practically not preserved here. Similar landscapes are characteristic of the subtropics of the eastern regions of South America and East Asia.
Semi-long forests are also characteristic of the coast Mediterranean Sea in Europe. They were caused by the logging of pine and cypress forests and the grazing of sheep in the area. Evidence that human destructive activity can be the cause of the formation of typical semi-coherent groups can be successful, albeit somewhat, in afforestation in Arab countries and Iraq, created even in flying sands. However, these crops were expensive and troublesome as they required irrigation until the trees short-circuited.
A characteristic feature of a semi-arid forest is a very weakened short and very low tree. In addition to a few trees with relatively low stem quality no more than 15 m in height, there are numerous shrubs, usually thorny. During the hottest period in summer, trees and shrubs often lose their leaves.
Steppe
This natural area is common in the northern temperate or both subtropical geographic zones and represents treeless areas with herbaceous vegetation. The growth of woody vegetation here, unlike the tundra, is not prevented low temperatures, and lack of moisture. Trees can grow only along river valleys (the so-called gallery forests), in large erosional forms, for example, gullies that collect water from the surrounding interfluvial spaces. Now most of the zone is plowed up; irrigated agriculture and pasture cattle breeding are developing in the subtropical zone. Soil erosion is highly developed on arable land. Natural vegetation is represented by drought and frost-resistant herbaceous plants dominated by turf grasses (feather grass, fescue, fine-legged). Fertile soils - chernozems, dark chestnut and chestnut in the temperate zone; brown, gray-brown, saline in places in the subtropical).
Subtropical steppe in South America(Argentina, Uruguay) is called pampa (i.e. plain, steppe in the language of the Quechua Indians).
The trees and shrubs presented here are of local utility only. Wood is mainly used for fuel; Better connecting lines can also be used in local building or household appliances. According to the specialist, not only glaciers are melting in Lithuania at the invitation of the French Institute, but also because of the huge changes that are taking place and forever freeze on the earth.
Bopp calls the sea level rise. Floods are predicted in the future, which could lead to inundation of islands and coastal regions. As a result, the number of refugees, according to the interlocutor, will increase. Climate change will seriously harm people in all regions and their activities. For example, in Europe one of the problems will be rising sea levels. As a result, floods in countries close to oceans or seas are increasing. The total height of the ocean over the past 100 years is 20 centimeters. You can imagine what kind of infrastructure problems this will cause.
Deserts and semi-deserts
These natural zones are distributed in six geographical zones - temperate, subtropical and tropical on both sides of the equator, where precipitation falls so little (10-30 times less evaporation) that the existence of living organisms is extremely difficult. Therefore, the herbaceous cover is sparse, the soils are poorly developed. Under such conditions, the rocks that make up the territory acquire great importance, and depending on them, clay deserts (takyrs in Asia), rocky (hamadas of the Sahara, middle Asia, Australia), sandy (Thar Desert in India and Pakistan, North American deserts). In the temperate zone, deserts are formed in areas with a sharply continental climate, subtropical and tropical deserts owe their existence to constant baric maximums of 20-30 ° latitudes. Rare cases of increased moisture ( high level groundwater, outlets of sources, irrigation from nearby rivers, lakes, wells, etc.) - the centers of concentration of the population, growth of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation are called oases. Sometimes such oases occupy vast areas (for example, the Nile Valley stretches over tens of thousands of hectares).
And the countries of southern and central Europe are prone to severe drought that will destroy agriculture, the climatologist said. The expert believes that all Western European countries will feel what it means to warm up. Concerning Baltic Sea Lithuania also falls into the risk zone. This country does not freeze during the summer. Lithuania is very similar to France, in both countries last year the summer was hotter than usual. Climatologists believe that a hot wave of such strength will manifest itself in Western Europe in the coming summer.
Winter will also be warmer, which could cause adverse impacts on ecosystems. According to research, the Lithuanian energy system is less polluting than other European countries. Lithuania has taken an important step towards the use of natural gas. Car taxes are considered by the Ministry environment very good in your country. In France, two years ago, it was also proposed to introduce a tax based on car emissions. Many people were outraged and the government did not take this decision.
Savannah
Savannah is a natural area, distributed mainly in subequatorial belts, but also found in tropical and even subtropical. The main feature of the savannah climate is a clear change between dry and rainy periods. The duration of the rainy period decreases when moving from the equatorial regions (here it can last 8-9 months) to tropical deserts(here the rainy season is 2-3 months). Savannah is characterized by a dense and high grassy cover, trees standing alone or in small groups (acacia, baobab, eucalyptus) and the so-called gallery forests along the rivers. The soils of typical tropical savannahs are red earths. In the deserted savannas, the grass cover is sparse and the soils are red-brown. Tall grass savannas in South America, on the left bank of the river. Orinoco, called llanos (from the Spanish "plain").
Forest subtropics
Forest subtropics. The monsoon subtropical subzone is characteristic of the eastern margins of the continents, where seasonally changing circulation forms at the contact between the ocean and the continent. air masses and there are dry winters and humid summers with heavy monsoon rains, often with typhoons. Evergreen and deciduous (shedding foliage in winter due to lack of moisture) with a wide variety of tree species grow here on red earth and yellow earth soils.
Mediterranean subzone is typical for western regions continents (Mediterranean, California, Chile, southern Australia and Africa). Precipitation occurs mainly in winter; summer is dry. Evergreen and deciduous forests on brown and brown soils and stiff-leaved shrubs are well adapted to summer drought, the plants of which have adapted to hot and arid conditions: they have a waxy coating or pubescence on the leaves, thick or dense leathery bark, and emit fragrant essential oils.
