Which ocean was discovered by Kruzenshtern. Kruzenshtern ivan fedorovich - round-the-world navigator

IVAN FEDOROVICH KRUZENSHTERN

At the end of July 1803, two three-masted sloop ships were preparing to set sail from the Kronstadt roadstead. They had an unusual mission - to go around the seas around everything the globe... Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition.

He was born on November 8, 1770 on his father's estate, located near Revel (Tallinn). He received his initial education at home, and then at a parish school. At the age of fifteen, Ivan (John) was taken to Kronstadt to enter the Naval Cadet Corps.

In May 1788, due to the shortage of officers on the ships of the Baltic Fleet during the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1789, all midshipmen were released from the Naval Corps as officers, even those who had not completed the full course of the corps.

Thus, Kruzenshtern was assigned to the thirty-six-gun battleship "Mstislav", commanded by the famous sailor G.I. Mulovsky. Under his leadership, on July 6, 1788, Ivan Kruzenshtern received his first baptism of fire in the battle near the island of Gogland.

From Mulovsky, the young officer learned about the upcoming round-the-world voyage. In it, the members of the expedition had to explore the west coast. North America, Aleutian and Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and the mouth of the Amur and collect information about Japan, closed for entry of foreign ships. It was also proposed to study the hydrography of the Pacific Ocean.

To prepare the expedition, maps, astronomical and navigational instruments, and a three-year supply of food were prepared. It was planned to send four ships on a round-the-world voyage.

Knowing about the upcoming journey, Kruzenshtern and his friend from the Marine Corps, Yuri Lisyansky, turned to Mulovsky to enroll them in the lists of future expedition participants. Mulovsky gave his consent to this, but the outbreak of war with Sweden interfered with the matter. On July 15, 1789, Mulovsky was killed in the battle at Eland. The journey seemed to be postponed for a long time.

Kruzenshtern spent several years on the ships of the British fleet, undergoing practical training on the orders of the Admiralty Collegiums, improving his knowledge of naval affairs.

Visiting many countries, Kruzenshtern realized that Russia, possessing enormous natural resources, can itself trade with countries located in the southern seas, and for this it does not at all need to have its own possessions there. This would save Russian trade from having to pay foreign traders and sailors for transporting foreign goods to Russia.

Upon his return from England, Kruzenshtern presented two memoranda in which he argued the need to organize a round-the-world expedition. First of all, Kruzenshtern believed, round-the-world expeditions would help connect the European part of Russia with Russian America, delivering goods there for the Russian-American company. On the way back they will be able to buy goods from Asia that Russia needs.

Kruzenshtern assigned a significant role and Far East, where he recommended the creation of a special fleet, because he was sure that there was everything necessary for its creation.

In his second memo, Kruzenshtern proposed increasing the recruitment to the Naval Cadet Corps by a hundred people in order to further use them for service in the merchant marine.

Kruzenshtern sent his first note to the president of the Commerce Collegium Soimonov. However, he soon resigned, never having time to familiarize himself with it. Then he sent a note to the Admiralty Collegium to Admiral Ku-Shelev, but he did not give any answer to it.

Only after the appointment of Count N.P. Rumyantsev, and to the Admiralty Board of N.S. Mordvinov's case was set in motion.

The management of the Russian-American company also became interested in the Kruzenshtern project, which made it possible to further accelerate the preparations for the expedition. All expenses for its organization are the board of the company and, first of all, its head N.P. Rezanov, decided to take over. The Naval Ministry, headed by Mordvinov, appointed Kruzenstern as the head of the expedition. He himself chose Yuri Lisyansky as his assistant.

The mission of the expedition included the delivery of food and other goods to the settlements of Russian America, an examination of the situation in the American colonies, the transportation of a consignment of furs to Canton and the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan, headed by Rezanov.

The company's management was not sure of the experience of the naval officers and offered Kruzenstern to hire foreign sailors to serve on the ships. However, he flatly refused such a proposal and agreed to take on board the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" only foreign scientists.

The head of the expedition initially intended to go through the North Sea to the coast of Great Britain, from there to move to the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of South America. Having skirted Cape Horn, the ships entered the Pacific Ocean and here at the Sandwich Islands they parted. "Nadezhda" went to the shores of Japan to deliver the Russian embassy, ​​which was the official goal of the expedition. Only after completing this mission, "Nadezhda" went to Canton, where it connected with the "Neva" for a joint circumnavigation of the world.

In October, both sloops were already in Atlantic Ocean, and on November 26 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" crossed the equator.

On the way to South America both ships were caught in a violent storm, accompanied by thunderstorms and squally winds. At the most dangerous moment, when the hurricane began, he drove both ships towards each other. The skill of the captains of both sloops and the skilful actions of the crew prevented the collision. However, the storm carried the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" far out to sea, and only on December 20 did the team see land on the horizon.

By the evening of the next day, the sloops approached the island of St. Catherine, not far from the fortress of Santa Cruz. In connection with the repair of the Neva, the ships were delayed here for almost two months. This gave Kruzenstern the opportunity to get acquainted with the nature of the island and its population, collect samples of 90 plant species here, as well as make astronomical observations.

However, Kruzenshtern also saw the dark sides of the island: “The general poverty of the people, the highest degree of debauchery of the female sex and crowds of obese monks staggering around the streets at night to gratify their feelings - these are the differences of this city ... The Inquisition rules here evenly, as in all Spanish possessions. , and, moreover, according to the assurances of many, with great severity ... For a person who thinks freely, it is terrible to live in a place where the anger of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor act in full force, which disposes of the life and death of every citizen ... The local citizen does not have the slightest freedom. "

Kruzenshtern headed southwest. Cape Horn was approaching - one of the main obstacles for all sailors. Many seafarers who have been here before have written about the storms that often break out in these places. However, the transition was successful, and soon both ships left for the Pacific Ocean.

But on March 24 "Nadezhda" and "Neva", falling into a strip of dense fog, lost sight of each other and met only in the bay of Nukachiva Island - one of the group of the Marquesas Islands.

After standing here for about ten days, the sloops headed for the Hawaiian Islands, where, as agreed in advance, they met. On July 10, "Nadezhda" set off for the shores of Kamchatka, where she arrived five days later. After staying in the harbor of Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka for a month and a half and completing all the delivery of goods there, on September 6 "Nadezhda" headed for the shores of Japan.

On the way, despite inclement weather, Kruzenshtern constantly made observations and measurements, studying sea currents and meteorological conditions. Neither fog nor heavy rainfall could prevent him from continuing his work. But the worst awaited him when he approached the Japanese shores.

The strongest typhoon began. "Hope" was in danger, it could be overturned into the open sea. Waves swept over the deck and superstructures, water penetrated even into the interior, despite the fact that the hatches were tightly closed. And again "Nadezhda" was saved only by the courage of her team. “The dispassion of our sailors,” Kruzenshtern recalled later, “who despised all dangers, acted so much at this time that the storm could not carry away a single sail. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, she finally became furious to the point that she tore up all our storm jibs, under which we remained alone. Nothing could withstand the brutality of the storm. How many times I have never heard of typhoons (typhoons) that occur off the coast of the Chinese and Japanese, but I could not imagine anything like this. One must have the gift of poetry in order to vividly describe its rage. "

A southeasterly wind rose, which drove the ship to the rocky shores. "Nadezhda" again found itself in the balance of death. And only a change of wind saved the ship.

Continuing his voyage from Kamchatka to the shores of Japan, Kruzenshtern corrected the previously existing data on the position of the Van Diemen Strait and calculated the exact coordinates of various points on the Japanese coast. Kruzenshtern assigned names to these points in honor of figures and events military history of the past century: Cape Chichagov, Cape Chirikov, Cape Chesma, Cape Kagula.

On October 8, the "Nadezhda" entered the bay of the main city and port of the Kyu-Syu island - Nagasaki. The ship stayed here for about four months - while the negotiations between the Russian embassy and the Japanese authorities lasted.

Kruzenshtern decided to make the return trip along the West Coast of Japan, despite the fact that the local authorities persistently urged him to abandon this enterprise. However, Kruzenshtern also stubbornly wanted to get into the strait between Japanese islands and Korea. This part of the Pacific Ocean was known only from the descriptions of La Perouse, already at that time considered incomplete and inaccurate. And he achieved his goal.

Kruzenshtern determined the exact location of the island. Tsushima, correcting La Perouse's mistake, opened and mapped a number of points on Japanese coast, assigning them the names: Cape Russians, Cape Greig, etc., produced detailed description the western and northwestern shores of Iesso Island (Hokkaido).

After staying for several days in the bay of the Iesso island, which Kruzenshtern called Rumyantsevskaya, he took the "Nadezhda" through the La Perouse Strait to Sakhalin. There he made a description of the eastern coast of the island.

The further route to the north of Kruzenshtern was blocked by floating ice, and he headed for the Kuril Islands. On the way, he discovered previously unknown, but extremely dangerous for sailors. stone islands... They were small and hardly protruded from the water. While mapping these islands, Kruzenshtern called them Stone Traps.

Arriving in Kamchatka, he dropped off the Russian embassy and the cargo taken in Japan. Two weeks later, the sloop again headed for Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Having examined East Coast, Kruzenshtern took the "Nadezhda" to the Amur estuary. By the color and specific gravity of the water, Kruzenshtern understood that the mouth of the Amur should have been very close. However, it was impossible to get to it, because as we approached the coast, the depth sharply decreased and there was a danger of running the Nadezhda aground.

At the end of August, the sloop returned to Kamchatka for repairs and replenishment of supplies. In early October, the "Nadezhda" sailed to the shores of South China, where a meeting with the "Neva" was planned.

The meeting of both sloops took place on December 3, 1805 in the roadstead of Macau. Soon, both ships crossed into Wampa Bay near Canton.

In Canton, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky had to solve commercial problems that were unusual for themselves, but even here they coped with the assigned task. The furs lying in the holds of the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were profitably sold and instead of them Chinese goods - tea, porcelain and fabrics - moved there. Kruzenshtern carefully studied the life of China and came to the conclusion that “the well-being and peace of the Chinese is a false shine, as deceiving ... It is already quite known that the number of disaffected people has spread all over China. A spark lurks to universal indignation. "

At the end of February 1806, the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left the shores of the "Heavenly Empire". Their path lay across the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, around the cape Good Hope to Europe.

After passing through the Malay Archipelago, teeming with numerous islands, the sloops entered the Sunda Strait, linking the Java Sea with the Indian Ocean. Here they found themselves in a band of storms, from which they emerged only thanks to the training of the crew and the maritime art of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.

In early April, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" ended up at the Cape of Good Hope, where they fell into a strip of dense fog. This led to the fact that the sloops again lost sight of each other. However, both captains foresaw this circumstance and in advance had outlined the newly discovered island of St. Helena as a place of future meeting. However, the meeting with "Neva" did not take place here.

On the island of St. Helena, Kruzenshtern learned about the outbreak of war between Russia and France, and this forced him to take appropriate measures in case of meeting with enemy ships. The situation was complicated by the fact that part of the ship's guns from the "Nadezhda" was left by him in Kamchatka in case the settlers were protected from the attack of the Indians. Kruzenshtern decided to return to his homeland not by the English Channel - the cruising place of French warships, but to bypass Great Britain from the north.

Having passed this route in relative safety, the "Nadezhda" in mid-August came to the port of Kronstadt, where the "Neva" entered two weeks ago.

After returning to his homeland, Kruzenshtern began to prepare for publication a description of his trip around the world. In 1806-1812 he managed to publish it at public expense. His work has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Italian.

But in his literary and scientific activities, Kruzenshtern did not limit himself only to memories. After receiving sick leave in 1815, he began compiling the Atlas South Sea(ie the South Pacific) ”. This work continued for several years. Kruzenshtern understood that for many centuries navigators and hydrographers have been plotting open islands on the basis of the most inaccurate data or on surveys made by them without special devices, "by eye". Now it was necessary to check them with sufficient accuracy, to compare the previously existing atlases and maps. In the years 1823-1827, Kruzenshtern published "Atlas of the South Sea" and "Collected Works, which serve to analyze and clarify the" Atlas of the South Sea "in both Russian and French. In the future, Kruzenshtern replenished his "Atlas" with new information received from both Russians and foreign sailors. For a long time, not only domestic, but also European ships did not go to sea, without a complete set of maps and the Atlas of the South Sea. Subsequently, Kruzenshtern became one of the main founders of the Russian Geographical Society.

After the first round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern was tirelessly looking for talented sailors who could continue his work. In 1814, on his initiative, a new round the world expedition, headed by Lieutenant-Commander O.E. Kotzebue is a member of the first round-the-world expedition on the sloop "Nadezhda". Kruzenshtern himself drew up plans for the campaign, wrote instructions for the commander, was engaged in the construction of the ship "Rurik" in the Finnish port of Abo, intended for a future expedition. Kruzenshtern also actively delved into the preparation of the Bellingshausen expedition, who at one time also participated in the first travel around the world on the sloop "Nadezhda".

In 1826, Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant director, and a year later - director of the Marine Corps. He spent fifteen years in this position, significantly improving the system of education and training of future sailors. Chemistry, descriptive geometry and other disciplines were introduced into the training program, a library and a museum were opened, and a squadron of training ships was created. One of his main achievements as director was the creation of a special "officer class" in the corps, where the most successful midshipmen who graduated from the main course were admitted.

Here they studied higher mathematics, astronomy, physics, naval tactics and other special sciences for three years. Subsequently, this "officer class" was transformed into the Naval Academy

The achievements and merits of Kruzenshtern were highly appreciated not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The Russian Academy of Sciences elected him as its honorary member. Dorpat University awarded him an honorary doctorate in philosophy. The Academies of Sciences of Paris, London, Göttingen elected him as their honorary member.

In 1842, due to illness, Admiral Kruzenshtern retired and settled on his manor near Revel. Here he died on August 12, 1846.

In 1874 in St. Petersburg, opposite the building of the Marine Corps, a monument to Kruzenstern was erected according to the project of the sculptor N.I. Schroeder.

A mountain on the northern island of Novaya Zemlya, a cape in Koronitsni Bay (Canada), a lip on west coast the Yamal Peninsula, the strait between the Raikone and Lovushki islands in Kuril ridge, islands - in the Tuanotu archipelago, in the Radao chain of the Marshall Islands and in the Bering Strait, surfacing stones to the southwest of the Hawaiian Islands.