The East Siberian Sea is the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. The name was assigned at the suggestion of YM Shokalsky by the Russian Geographical Society, approved by the decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on June 27, 1935. The eastern border of the sea passes through Wrangel Island and Long Strait. North of the most north point Wrangel to Henrietta, Jeannette Island and further to the northern point of Kotelny Island. Southern border runs along the coast of the mainland from Cape Svyatoy Nos in the west to Cape Yakan in the east. The straits connect the sea with the Chukchi Sea and the Laptev Sea. It connects with the Laptev Sea through the Sannikov, Eterikan and Dmitry Laptev straits. It connects with the Chukchi Sea through the Long Strait. The sea area is about 940 thousand square kilometers. This sea is completely located on the shelf, as a result of which its bottom is a plain, gradually lowering to the north. The depth is shallow and averages about 55 m. The shores are indented by bays (Kolyma Bay, Omulakhskaya and Chaunskaya bays). West Coast the mainland is gently sloping, the eastern one is mountainous with precipices. The few islands form groups: New Siberian Islands, Medvezhye, Shalaurov Islands. Some islands are crumbling as they are made entirely of sand and ice. Rivers flowing into the sea: Indigirka, Lapcha, Khroma, Kolyma, Alazeya, etc.
Climate of the East Siberian Sea
Climate - arctic influenced by air masses two oceans: Pacific and Atlantic. In winter, southwestern and southern winds blow, carrying cold air from Siberia, so the average temperature in winter is -30 degrees Celsius. In the summer they blow north winds, and the air temperature is 0-1 degrees Celsius on the high seas and 2-3 degrees Celsius on the coast. The sky is cloudy with frequent rains and sleet. The banks are covered with fog, it can last up to 70 days. Annual quantity precipitation is 200 mm.
Wind regime
In winter, the Siberian maximum determines the prevalence of southwestern and southern winds, the speed of which reaches 6 - 7 m / s. These winds move from the continent and therefore contribute to the spread of cold air. Winds bring storms with waves 3-5 meters high in the western part of the sea region, while in the east it is relatively calm. Storms usually last 1-2 days in summer and 3-5 days in winter.
Atlantic cyclones, which prevail in the western part of the sea, contribute to stronger winds and higher temperatures. Pacific cyclones, which prevail in the southeastern part of the sea, bring strong winds, snowstorms and cloudy weather. On the coastlines with mountainous terrain, the Pacific cyclone contributes to the formation of strong winds - a hair dryer. As a result of this stormy wind, the temperature rises, while the air humidity becomes lower. In summer, zones of increased pressure are formed over the sea, and zones of reduced pressure over land. In this regard, the winds blow mainly north direction... At the beginning of the warm season, the winds are not yet gaining sufficient strength, but by the middle of summer their speed averages 6-7 m / s. By the end of summer Western part the sea turns into a zone of strong storms. At this time, this section becomes the most dangerous along the entire route of the Northern Sea Route. Very often the wind speed reaches 10-15 m / s. In the southeastern part of the sea, such strong winds are not observed. The wind speed here can only increase in connection with the hair dryers.
Air temperature
average temperature in January it is approximately - 28 - 30 ° С. In winter, the weather is mostly clear. Constant winds from the northern and northeastern directions contribute to the preservation of low air temperatures.
In summer, in the northern part of the sea, the average July temperature is about 0 - + 1 ° С, in the coastal areas the temperature is slightly higher than +2 - 3 ° С. The decrease in the temperature of the northern part of the sea is affected by the influence of the ice in the Arctic. In the southern part of the sea, the proximity to the warm continent contributes to an increase in temperature. In autumn, the influence of the Quiet and Atlantic oceans weakens, which affects the decrease in air temperature. Thus, the East Siberian Sea is characterized by a cold summer; unstable windy weather in the western and eastern regions of the sea in the summer-autumn period.
Water temperature
Temperatures sea water low, in the north they are close to? 1.8 ° C both in winter and in summer. To the south, in summer, the temperature rises in the upper layers up to 5 C. At the edge of the ice fields, the temperature is 1-2 C. The water temperature reaches its maximum values by the end of summer at river mouths. In general, the surface temperature of the water decreases from south to north. In winter, in river deltas, it is -0.2 and -0.6 degrees Celsius. And in the northern part of the sea it drops to -1.8 degrees Celsius. In summer, the water in the bays warms up to 7-8 degrees Celsius, and in the ice-free sea zones it is 2-3 degrees Celsius.
The change in water temperature with depth in winter and spring is little noticeable. Only near the mouths of large rivers does it decrease to -0.5 ° in the under-ice horizons and to -1.5 ° at the bottom. In summer, in ice-free areas, the water temperature slightly decreases from surface to bottom in the coastal zone in the west of the sea. In its eastern part, the surface temperature is observed in a layer of 3-5 m, from where it drops sharply to horizons of 5-7 m and then gradually decreases to the bottom. In the zones of influence of coastal runoff, the uniform temperature covers a layer up to 7-10 m, between 10-20 m horizons it sharply, and then gradually decreases to the bottom.
In general, the shallow, weakly warmed East Siberian Sea is one of the coldest Arctic seas.
Salinity of water
The salinity of water is different in western and eastern parts seas. In the eastern part of the sea near the surface, it is usually about 30 ppm. River runoff in the eastern part of the sea leads to a decrease in salinity to 10-15 ppm, and in the mouths of large rivers to almost zero. Near ice fields, salinity increases to 30 ppm. With depth, salinity rises to 32 ppm.
In surface waters, salinity increases from southwest to northeast. In the region of river deltas in winter and spring, it is 4-5 ppm. In open waters it reaches 28-30 ppm, and in the north up to 31-32 ppm. In the summer, the salinity decreases by 5% due to the melting of snow.
Ice regime
The sea is covered with ice for almost the whole year. The ice thickness reaches 2 meters by the end of winter and decreases from west to east.
In the eastern part of the sea, floating perennial ice (with a thickness of up to 2-3 meters) remains even in summer. From the coast, they can be driven away to the north by winds from the mainland.
Ice drifts northwestward as a result of water circulation under the influence of anticyclones at the pole. After the anticyclone weakened, the area of the cyclonic circulation increases and perennial ice enters the sea.
Ice melting begins in May from the Kolyma River delta. In summer, the coastal part in the west is freed from ice, while floating ice floes are characteristic in the east.
The sea freezes completely in October-November.
Hydrochemical conditions
The characteristic features of the hydrochemical conditions of the East Siberian Sea illustrate the content and distribution of oxygen and phosphates in it. In autumn and winter, the waters of the East Siberian Sea are well aerated. Oxygen content over time
The largest share of the Arctic Basin is occupied by the Arctic Basin, by the nature of its bottom half - shelf (the shelf is called the submarine margin of the continent). The East Siberian Sea belongs exactly to its shelf half, and this is a lot in it that determines. Silt at its bottom is mixed with sand, crushed by small stones, and occasionally boulders are also witnesses of the geological history of the sea. It continues. The bottom topography is almost flat, with a slight slope from southwest to northeast, there are no foci of seismicity and volcanism, significant depressions or rises. Ideally, the maps of the shores of the East Siberian Sea should be updated every year. The main part of the coast (in the west and in the center) is swampy tundra, captured permafrost... In recent decades, the permafrost layer is gradually thinning and the coastline is changing its shape. The same is true for most of the islands, whose sandy soils are covered and interspersed with layers and fragments of fossil ice.
The most general characteristics the location of the East Siberian Sea - between the Novosibirsk Islands and the island. Through the straits of Dmitry Laptev, Eterikan, Sannikov and the strait north of the island Kotelny (Anjou archipelago) in the west connects with the Laptev Sea, in the east - through the Long Strait - with. The conditional northern boundary coincides with the edge of the continental shelf. From the east, the sea border runs along the meridian 180 ° east longitude to Wrangel Island, then along the northwestern coast of this island to Cape Blossom and along a conventional line connecting it with Cape Yakan on the Arctic coast of Chukotka. From the south, the coastal border of the sea stretches from Cape Svyatoy Nos in the west to Cape Yakan.
The sea is covered with ice for most of the year, navigation is possible from August to October. The direction of ice drift depends on cyclonic processes in the atmosphere, which affects both the speed and direction of currents. In winter, an area of high pressure develops near the pole, in addition, cyclones from the Atlantic penetrate to the western edge of the sea, although occasionally, not too often, but to its eastern regions from The Pacific, more often than Atlantic. Plus, the spur of the Siberian maximum (a vast anticyclone), which goes out to the coast and carries cold air from the continent, exerts its influence. In summer, ice drifts to the northwest at a speed of 3-8 km per day. The most ice-free space is formed by the end of summer in the western part of the sea, when the so-called Novosibirsk (named after the islands) fast ice melts in the eastern part. Ice separating from the Aion Oceanic Ice Massif is held by eastern shores seas, as a rule, all summer, retreating to the north only near the estuaries of rivers with their warmer waters.
The sea acquired its current name only in 1935 at the suggestion of the Russian Geographical Society. Before that, it was called either Indigirsky or Kolymsky. Due to the harsh climate, the flora and fauna of the sea itself and the earth's land in its region are not very diverse and lag behind here even from the neighboring seas. And yet, at the end of summer (the warmest period in the tundra), even daisies appear along the river banks. Among the ice, polar bears are in charge, hunting walruses and seals living here, herds of reindeer roam the tundra, polar foxes run, guillemots, gulls, and cormorants nest on the rocks. At the mouths of the rivers omul, whitefish grayling, white fish, polar smelt, salmon char and nelma, and other species are found. At the same time, it should be noted that the waters of the sea and the rivers flowing into it are pristine, pollution, not critical for environment, are noted in the area of the Pevek port, where there are no treatment facilities yet, and the Chaunskaya Bay. 
As for the history of the settlement of the shores of this sea by humans, all information here is based mainly on the theoretical calculation of the migration routes of the ancestors of the Evens, Evenks, Yakuts and Chukchi. Fantastic figures are called up to 3 million years ago. But another figure, supported by archaeological finds in the mainland of Yakutia, about 10 thousand years ago, seems to be more reliable. Although it is still a question, did these people get to the ocean coast in prehistoric times? This is indirectly confirmed by rock paintings near Pevek, but their age has not yet been established.
Since the 17th century. Kochi of Russian Cossacks went across the sea. They were brave, experienced and gambling people, but they were also pragmatic, and they, of course, already knew something about the fur-bearing animals of these regions, and about the placer deposits of gold and tin in Indigirka and Kolyma. There is a mythologeme that the Pomors walked on "open water" near these shores as early as the 13th century, but no precise evidence of these events has survived. Between the mouths of the Indigirka and the Kolyma, the first Cossack Mikhailo Stadukhin sailed in 1644 and founded the Nizhnekolymsky prison.In 1648, his assistant Semyon Dezhnev passed from the mouth of the Kolyma and further through the Long Strait and to the Anadyr Bay, where he founded the city of Anadyr. The history of the discovery of the islands of the sea begins in 1712, when Mercury Vagin and Yakov Permyakov discovered the Big and Small Lyakhovsky Islands. During the Great Northern Expedition(1733-1743) the first maps of the sea were compiled. In 1849, the Briton Henry Kellett discovered Wrangel Island (belonging to the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas) and named it in honor of his ship - Herald. But in 1867, the American whaler Thomas Long gave him a different name: in honor of the Russian navigator Ferdinand Wrangel. Wrangel himself knew about the existence of the island from the Chukchi, but could not find it. The de Long Islands were the last of the sea archipelagos to be discovered, as a result of the drift of the American schooner Jeannette with Captain J. De Long. In 1878-1879 the Swede N. Nordenskjöld became the first navigator, who in 1875 on the steamer Vega managed to pass the Northern Sea Route along the entire coast of Asia (with one winter stay). At the beginning of the XX century. the sea was studied by the geologist K.A.Vollosovich (1900-1901) and the hydrographer G.Ya. Sedov (1909), as well as the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean aboard the Vaigach and Taimyr icebreakers (1911-1915). For the first time in one navigation, the Northern Sea Route (NSR) was passed by the expedition of O. Yu. Schmidt in 1932 on the icebreaking steamer Sibiryakov, transportation began in 1935. Arctic".
Ambarchik became the first port of the East Siberian Sea. In 1932, "enemies of the people", mostly former "kulaks", were brought here from Vladivostok across the Kolyma. In 1935, several thousand people already lived here, however the word “lived” in this case is not entirely accurate, it was not a village, but the camp of Dalstroy, an industrial division of the GULAG. In 1935, the most important hydrometeorological station for monitoring this Arctic region was opened here. And a transit prison for the repressed. ... And here is the evidence of 2011 .. six people live at the station, the port no longer exists, although ships sometimes drop anchor in the Ambarchik Bay. Some ruins of the Gulag times, entangled with rusted barbed wire, are still preserved here, but a modest monument to the victims of repression has not been abandoned. The port of Pevek was built in 1951, by the same forces, a city was formed around it. But he, too, was affected by the economic cataclysms of the last 20 years, work became less and less, life was more expensive, the infrastructure of the city was getting worse. And people naturally leave. However, Pevek still has prospects. First, it works in conjunction with the port Cape Verde in Kolyma, which gives room for maneuver, secondly, it has deep-water berths, and most importantly, a program has been adopted industrial development Chukotka until 2020, the development of significant deposits of gold Maisky and Kupol began.
general information
A sea in northeastern Russia, located entirely beyond the Arctic Circle, in the Arctic basin of the Arctic Ocean.
Location: between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island.
Largest bays: Chaunskaya Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulakhskaya Bay.
The largest inflowing rivers: Kolyma, Indigirka, Alazeya, Big Chukochya.
Major islands:
Novosibirsk, Medvezhye, Aion Island.
The most important port: Pevek, 130 km from the mouth of the Kolyma, near the village of Chersky, is the port of Zelyony Mys.
Numbers
Area: 913,000 km 2.
Volume: 49,000 km 3.
Average depth:
54 m.
Summer water temperature: from + 4 ° С to + 8 ° С (near river mouths), to 0 ° С and -1 ° С (in the open sea).
Winter water temperature: from -1.2 ° C to -1.8 ° C.
Salinity: from 5-10% ° in the south to 30% ° in the north.
The area of waters freshened by rivers is more than 36% of the total sea area.
More than 70% of the sea basin has average depths (about 50 m).
Tides - up to 0.3 m, semi-daily.
Annual flow of river waters: about 250 km 3.
Economy
Part of the Northern Sea Route.
Fishing in river mouths.
Fishing for walrus, seals in the sea.
Climate and weather
Arctic.
Average January temperature: 30 ° C.
Average temperature in July:+ 2 ° C.
Average annual rainfall: 200 mm.
sights
■ Reserve "Wrangel Island", a site of the World natural heritage UNESCO;
■ Pevek: Chaunsky regional museum of local lore, rock paintings on the banks of the Pegtylil river;
■ Barn: a monument to the victims of repression; in the Ambarchik Bay - a memorial sign "Rose of the Winds" in honor of G.Ya. Sedova.
Curious facts
■ Kochi of the Russian Pomors were first described by the British in the 16th century. The underwater part of the koch had an ovoid shape. The bottom, as well as the cut off bow and stern, kept these wooden vessels from being squeezed by the ice. Kochi XVI-XVII centuries were about 20 m long and about 6 m wide on average, could carry up to 40 tons of cargo. During the day they covered 150-200 km, while the British ships - about 120 km. A small draft - up to 2 m - made it possible to transport kochi over land or ice by dragging, to walk on them in shallow water. Fridtjof Nansen was the first to use the design features of koch when creating his "Fram", on which in 1893-1912. made three expeditions. Admiral S, O. Makarov, developing the design of the world's first Arctic-class icebreaker "Ermak" in 1897, on the advice of Nansen also applied the shipbuilding ideas of the Pomors. They are also used in modern icebreakers.
■ Passing Cape Stolbovoy on a rocky island near Ambarchik Bay, all ships give a long whistle when they see a three-meter metal sign "Wind Rose", installed in 1977 in memory of the polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877-1914). Sedov is one of the prototypes of Ivan Tatarinov in V. Kaverin's novel "Two Captains", along with Robert Scott, Georgy Brusilov and Vladimir Rusanov.
■ Before going to sea, the Pomors always turned to him with a prayer, calling him “father”. And they never spoke of a comrade who died during the campaign "drowned" or "died", only this way: "the sea took."
It is not so easy to find the East Siberian Sea on the map at once. The fact is that its borders are conditional and only in some places are limited by land. In the western part, the limit is Kotelny Island and the Laptev Sea; in the north - the edge of the continental shelf; in the east, the border is the meridian, passing through in the southern part of the sea is limited by the mainland.
Dimensions and depth
The maximum depth of the East Siberian Sea is 915 meters, and the average value of this indicator is 54 meters. In other words, this body of water completely within the continental shelf. Its total area is 913 thousand m 2. As for the volume, it is approximately 49 thousand cubic kilometers.
The shores
The East Siberian Sea has a coastline that is very different in its relief in the eastern and western parts. In its landscapes, there are quite large bends, which in some places protrude deeply, and in others they go far to land. In addition to them, straight sections are quite common. Small meanders are usually found at river mouths. In the islands, the coastline is monotonous and low-lying. A similar situation is also typical for the mouth. In the southern part of the Long Strait, the shores are covered with a mixture of pebbles and sand, which separate the chains of lagoons.
It should be noted that the size of the depths in the coastal regions is significantly influenced by the amount of precipitation carried by the rivers. Under their influence, bars are also formed - alluvial shoals. Among other things, river runoff increases the temperature of the water, resulting in thermal abrasion in the estuarine areas. Its speed is from one to fifteen meters per year.
Bottom structure
The sea bed is formed by a shelf, the relief of which is mostly flat. It slopes slightly towards the north-east. On the western side is the so-called "area of shallow depths". She also formed the Novosibirsk shoal. As for more deep places, then they are typical for the northeastern region. A significant part of the bottom is covered by a thin sedimentary cover. Many archipelagos and islands of the East Siberian Sea (of which there are not so many here) were formed precisely due to this foundation. These include Ayon, Medvezhy, and the New Siberian Islands. Various aeromagnetic images show that the bottom sediments of the shelf mainly include sandy silt, pebbles and crushed boulders. There is every reason to believe that some of them are fragments of some islands that were carried by ice throughout the territory.
Climate
Many are interested in the question: "East Siberian Sea - what ocean is the water area?" Despite the fact that the reservoir belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, it is also subject to atmospheric influences from the Pacific and Atlantic. The climate here is arctic. With it, in winter, the average temperature is -30 degrees, and in summer - about +2. For most of the year, the sea surface is covered with ice. In the eastern region, floating ice is often found close to the coast, even in the summer months.
In winter, the East Siberian Sea is under the influence of southern and south-western winds, the speed of which is about seven meters per second. They bring cold air from the continent. In summer, the pressure rises here, in connection with which the northern rumba begin to prevail among the winds. They are rather weak at the beginning of the season, but closer to the middle of the season, their power only increases, and the speed reaches 15 meters per second. At this time, the weather is mostly cloudy with sleet or drizzling rain. Due to the fact that this reservoir is quite remote from the centers, which are influenced by the atmosphere, in the fall, heat returns almost never occur here.
Water temperature and salinity
Throughout the year, the surface temperature of sea water decreases from south to north. In the winter season, in the areas of river estuaries, it is about -0.5 degrees, while in the northern borders - about -1.8 degrees. In the summer, everything depends on the ice conditions. At this time, in the bays the temperature reaches +8 degrees, in ice-free areas it is about +3 degrees, and at the edge of the ice it is on average zero degrees. In spring and winter, the change in water temperature with diving is insignificant. V summer time closer to the bottom, the water becomes colder, especially in the western region.
The salinity level of water in the sea changes in a northeast direction. In spring and winter, it ranges from 4 ppm near the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers to 32 ppm in the central and northern regions. In summer, ice melting and a significant influx of river waters lead to the fact that this figure decreases. It should also be noted that the salinity level does not increase much closer to the seabed. As for such an indicator, it is the highest in the autumn-winter period. In addition, it grows as you go deeper.
Hydrology
The East Siberian Sea is not very high compared to other representatives of the Arctic Ocean basin. The largest of the rivers that flows into it is the Kolyma. Its runoff is approximately 132 cubic kilometers per year. The second in this value is the Indigirka River, which over the same period brings twice less water. At the same time, even in conditions of a relatively large size, the coastal runoff does not significantly affect the overall hydrological situation. At present, the system of currents in this sea is not very thoroughly studied either. It is safe to say that the general water circulation here is cyclonic in nature. As for precipitation, their annual average ranges from 100 to 200 millimeters. Due to the fact that there are no deep trenches here, and a significant area is shallow water, arctic surface waters take up a lot of space.
Tides
The sea is characterized by semi-daily regular tides, which are caused by a wave moving towards the continental coast from the north. They are best expressed in the northwestern and northern regions, while weakening in the southern direction. This can be explained by the fact that the tidal wave is damped in shallow water. For example, while in the section from Cape Shelagsky to the level fluctuations are almost imperceptible, at its mouth the relief and coastal configuration lead to an increase in tides by about 25 centimeters. Most high level water is typical for the month of June-July, because at this time the largest river tributary. In winter, the level gradually decreases and in March reaches its minimum value.
Flora and fauna
The resources of the East Siberian Sea, namely flora and fauna, are rather poor. First of all, this is due to the harsh conditions created here by nature itself, therefore, only those that turned out to be the most resistant to low temperatures... In the regions of river estuaries, rather large schools of white fish are often found. Here you can find omul, grayling, whitefish, navaga, polar flounder, cod and others. Representatives of mammals here are polar bears, seals and walruses. As for the birds, among them are cormorants, sea gulls and guillemots. It is possible that a polar shark, reaching six meters in length, also lives in local waters, but clear evidence of this has not yet been found.
Sea problems
The problems of the East Siberian Sea are in many ways similar to the problems of other northern seas, for example, the Barents, Kara, White and others. In this case, we are talking primarily about the environmental component. Despite the fact that the water here is relatively clean, the Europeans have been destroying local biological resources, especially whales, for several years. Over time, this led to a significant reduction in their number and even to the extinction of some species. One cannot fail to note one more problem, which has recently acquired a global character. It is about which the local fauna suffers. Among other things, human activities related to the development of oil and gas fields also negatively affect the state of the water area.
Economic situation
In 1935, regular voyages of ships began on the so-called laid through the East Siberian Sea. At the same time, one cannot but focus on the fact that the navigation season here lasts only three months - it starts at the end of July and ends at the beginning of November. In this case, navigation is allowed only at this time and in the coastal strip.
East-Siberian Sea marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean off the northeastern coasts of Asia, between the New Siberian Islands and about. Wrangel. In the west it borders on the Laptev Sea, connected with it by the straits of Dmitry Laptev, Eterikan, and Sannikov, and to the north of Fr. Kotelny, in the east - with the Chukchi Sea, with which it is connected by the Long Strait and north of about. Wrangel. The northern border runs approximately along the 200 isobath m... The sea area within these limits is 936 thousand sq. km 2. The volume of water is 42 thous. km 3. Average depth 45 m, the largest - 155 m. Coastline cut relatively weakly. Forms bays: Chaunskaya Bay, Kolymsky Bay, Omulakhskaya and Khromskaya Bay. There are several island groups in the sea: the Novosibirsk Islands (along the border with the Laptev Sea), Medvezhy, Aion and Shalaurova islands. Some islands are entirely composed of fossil ice and sand and are subject to intense destruction. In V. m. Flow large rivers: Kolyma, Alazeya, Indigirka, Chrome. The coast of the western part of the sea (from the New Siberian Islands to the Kolyma River) is low-lying, the eastern (from the Kolyma River to the Long Strait) is mountainous, in places steep. V. m. Is located within the shelf. 72% of its bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m... The bed has a leveled topography and slopes gently down to the north. In the formation of the topography, an important role is played by the presence of permafrost strata and fossil ice, as well as thermal denudation and the associated leveling of the surface. The southern part is characterized by small troughs - flooded sections of riverbeds of preglacial and glacial times and depression tectonic origin... Bottom sediments - gray silt, off the coast - silt with sand. The climate is arctic. The average air temperature in summer is from 0 to 2 ° C in the north, up to 4 ° C in the south; in winter it reaches -28 ° С, -30 ° С. Precipitation 100-200 mm in year. The continental runoff in V. m. Averages 250 km 3 per year (90% in summer) and forms a layer of water equal to 265 mm... The area of freshened water (salinity less than 25 ‰) is 340 thous. km 2, i.e. more than 36% of the total sea area. Under the influence of river waters, the salinity of water in the south varies from 5-10 ‰ to 18-20 ‰. In the north, its value is about 30 ‰. The water temperature in summer near river mouths is from 4 to 8 ° С, in the open sea it rapidly decreases to 0 and -1 ° С. In winter, under the ice, the temperature, depending on the salinity, ranges from -1.2 to -1.8 ° C. In the deep layer, the temperature is below -1.5 ° C, salinity is about 30 ‰. The currents form a cyclonic circulation; in the northern part the current is directed to the west, in the southern part to the east. The tides are regular semidiurnal, the amplitude of level fluctuations is from 5-7 cm up to 25 cm... The magnitude of wind vibrations in some areas may exceed 2 m... In winter, the entire sea is covered with ice. In summer, in the western part of the ice, the coastal zone with a width of several dozen km up to several hundred km; in the eastern part, floating ice usually stays near the coast throughout the summer, moving slightly towards the north only under especially favorable conditions. The coastal waters are rich in valuable whitefish (muksun, chir, omul). Seals and walrus live among mammals; there is a polar bear on the ice. V. m. Is part of the Northern Sea Route (see Northern Sea Route). The main ports are Pevek (Chaunskaya Bay), Ambarchik (the mouth of the Kolyma). The beginning of the exploration of V.M. by Russian sailors dates back to the 17th century, when voyages on kocha were made along the coast between river mouths. In 1648 S. Dezhnev, F. Popov and others sailed from the river. Kolyma in the east to the Bering Strait and to the river. Anadyr. In the 18th century. the first work was carried out to describe the coast and islands of the eastern m., maps were compiled. Particularly significant work was done by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition (1735-42). A more accurate description of the shores was carried out by the expeditions of P. Anjou (1822) and F.P. Wrangel (1820-24). In the 20th century. the maps were refined by K. A. Vollosovich (1909) and G. Ya. Sedov (1909), by the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean (1911-14) on the ships "Taimyr". After the through voyage by the Northern Sea Route of the icebreaker Sibiryakov (1932), regular voyages of merchant ships are made to the Northern Sea. Lit .: Antonov V. S., Morozova V. Ya., Chernyaeva F. A., Hydrology of rivers of the Soviet Arctic, “Tr. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute ", 1957, v. 208; Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Morya USSR, M., 1965. East-Siberian Sea.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "East Siberian Sea" is in other dictionaries:
East Siberian Sea ... Wikipedia
Geographical encyclopedia
The marginal sea of the North Arctic approx., Between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. Area 913 thousand km & sup2. Located offshore. Average depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. Ice covered most of the year. Salinity from 5. near river mouths to ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
EASTERN SIBERIAN SEA, the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. Pl. 913 thousand km2. Located offshore. Wed depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. B. h. of the year is covered with ice. Salinity from 5% 0 near ... ... Russian history
East-Siberian Sea- the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of Russia, between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2, depth up to 915 m. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Medvezhy, Ayon. Bays: Chaunskaya Bay, Kolymsky, Omullakhskaya Bay. Fall ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. The area is 913 thousand km2. Located offshore. Average depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. Ice covered most of the year. Salinity from 5 ‰ near ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
East-Siberian Sea- The North Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. The name was given in 1935 by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on the proposal of the Russian Geogr. about va. Until the beginning of the XX century. the sea did not have a specific name and was called Kolyma or Indigir after ... ... Toponymic dictionary
East-Siberian Sea- East Siberian Sea, the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. In the west, the straits Dm. Laptev, Eterikan and Sannikova communicate with the Laptev Sea, in the east by the Long Strait - with ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
East-Siberian Sea- East-Siberian Sea … Russian spelling dictionary
East-Siberian Sea- (East Siberian Sea) East Siberian Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel, north of Yakutia and Chukotka, Siberian regions of Russia ... Countries of the world. Dictionary
Books
- East Siberian Sea, Zonn Igor Sergeevich, Kostyanoy Andrey Gennadievich, Semenov Alexander Vyacheslavovich. The publication is dedicated to one of the smallest Russian northern seas - the East Siberian, which is part of the Arctic Ocean. The encyclopedia contains about 600 articles on hydrographic, geographical ...
