Despite the fact that the oceans are closer to us than distant planets Solar system, humans have explored just five percent of the ocean floor, which remains one of our planet's greatest mysteries. The deepest part of the ocean - Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is one of the most famous places, about which we still do not know very much. With a water pressure that is a thousand times greater than at sea level, diving in this place is akin to suicide. But thanks to modern technology and a few daredevils who, risking their lives, went down there, we learned a lot of interesting things about this amazing place.

The Mariana Trench or Mariana Trench is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean east (about 200 km) of the 15 Mariana Islands near Guam. It is a crescent-shaped trench in the earth's crust about 2,550 km long and an average of 69 km wide.

The coordinates of the Mariana Trench are 11 ° 22 ′ north latitude and 142 ° 35 ′ east longitude.

According to recent research 2011, the depth of the deepest point of the Mariana Trench is about 10,994 meters ± 40 meters. For comparison, the height of the highest peak in the world - Everest - is 8,848 meters. This means that if Everest were in the Mariana Trench, then it would be covered with another 2.1 km of water.

Here are others Interesting Facts about what can be found along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench.

1. Very hot water

Descending to this depth, we expect it to be very cold there. The temperature here reaches slightly above zero, ranging from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean there are hydrothermal vents called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

This water is rich in minerals that help keep the area alive. Despite the water temperature, which is hundreds of degrees above its boiling point, the water does not boil here due to the incredible water pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.

2. Giant toxic amoeba

Several years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, giant 10-centimeter amoebas called xenophyophores were discovered. These single-celled organisms have probably grown so large because of the environment in which they live at a depth of 10.6 km. The cold temperature, high pressure and lack of sunlight most likely contributed to the enormous size of these amoebas.

In addition, xenophyophores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to many elements and chemical substances, including uranium, mercury and lead, which would kill other animals and people.

3. Molluscs

The strong water pressure in the Mariana Trench does not give any animal with shell or bones a chance of survival. However, in 2012, shellfish were found in a trench near serpentine hydrothermal vents. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows living organisms to form. How the molluscs retained their shell at this pressure remains unknown.

In addition, hydrothermal vents release another gas, hydrogen sulfide, which is fatal to shellfish. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these molluscs to survive.

4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide

The Champagne hydrothermal spring of the Mariana Trench, which lies outside the Okinawa Trench near Taiwan, is the only known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be found. The source, discovered in 2005, got its name from the bubbles, which turned out to be carbon dioxide.

Many believe that these springs, called "white smokers" due to the lower temperature, may be the source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with low temperatures and an abundance of chemicals and energy that life could originate.

5. Mucus

If we had the opportunity to swim to the very depths of the Mariana Trench, we would feel that it is covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in the form we are accustomed to, does not exist there. The bottom of the depression is mainly composed of crushed shells and remains of plankton that have sunk to the bottom for many years. Due to the incredible water pressure, almost everything there turns into fine grayish-yellow thick mud.

6. Liquid sulfur

Daikoku Volcano, which lies at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Trench, is the source of one of the most rare occurrences on our planet. There is a lake of pure molten sulfur here. The only place where liquid sulfur can be found is Jupiter's moon Io.

In this pit, called the "cauldron," a seething black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists have not been able to investigate this place in detail, it is possible that even more liquid sulfur is contained deeper. This could reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.

According to Gaia's hypothesis, our planet is one self-governing organism in which all living and non-living things are combined to support its life. If this hypothesis is correct, then a number of signals can be observed in the natural cycles and systems of the Earth. So the sulfur compounds created by organisms in the ocean must be stable enough in water to allow them to pass into the air and return to land again.

7. Bridges

At the end of 2011, four stone bridges were discovered in the Mariana Trench, which stretched from one end to the other for 69 km. They appear to have formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.

One of the Dutton Ridge bridges, which was opened back in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high, like a small mountain. At its highest point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km above the Challenger Abyss. Like many aspects of the Mariana Trench, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the very fact that these formations were found in one of the most mysterious and unexplored places is amazing.

8. The immersion of James Cameron in the Mariana Trench

Since the discovery of the deepest point in the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Abyss in 1875, only three people have been here. The first were American Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard, who dived on January 23, 1960, aboard the Challenger.

After 52 years, another person dared to dive here - the famous film director James Cameron. So on March 26, 2012, Cameron went down to the bottom and took some photos. During the 2012 dive of James Cameron to the Challenger's Abyss on the DeepSea Challenge, he tried to observe everything that happens in this place until mechanical problems forced him to rise to the surface.

While he was in the deepest point of the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary sea monsters or miracles in the Mariana Trench. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was "lunar ... empty ... lonely," and he felt "complete isolation from all of humanity."

9. Mariana Trench

10. Mariana Trench in the Ocean - the largest nature reserve

The Mariana Trench is a US National Monument and the largest marine reserve in the world. Since it is a monument, there are a number of rules for those who want to visit this place. Within its borders, fishing and mining is strictly prohibited here. However, swimming is allowed here, so you can be the next one to venture into the deepest place in the ocean.

In everyday life, we get used to the fact that the earth is flat and level. Pits on the roads seem to be a personal insult, a depression of 10-20 meters is a serious foundation pit. But behind this routine, we sometimes forget that the relief of our planet is very heterogeneous. We have already spoken about high points, and now it's time to look at the other side of this problem and find the deepest place on Earth.

Underwater depths

One of the creatures from the Mariana Trench. It is alive and quite happy

It may seem like a funny paradox, but some of the deepest points on Earth are located under water. It is in the ocean that numerous trenches are hidden - fractures of lithospheric plates. Filled with water, they turned into Amazing places, completely different from the world we are used to. The multi-kilometer water column creates incredible pressure, not a single, even the most nimble sunbeam can pass through this obstacle. As a result, it is very dark and hard there.

There are quite a few such points in the world, but the most impressive of them are known to everyone:

1. Mariana Trench... Its bottom is the deepest point in the Pacific Ocean and the ocean in general. Many times have tried to accurately establish its depth, and according to the latest data, it is 10994 meters. This meaning is difficult to grasp, but for comparison - the height of Everest, the most high mountain, is just over 8,800 metro. Thus, our planet is deep rather than high.
2. Tongo gutter... The second deepest and much less studied trench. Its deepest point is at level 10882, which is only 100 meters less than the Mariana Trench. It turns out that the difference between the two deepest gutters is about 1%. Not so much. But if in depth it loses, then in another it is the first. For some reason, in this place the plates move an order of magnitude faster than in other places. The movement speed is about 25 centimeters instead of the prescribed 2.
3. Philippine Trench... The third deepest point in the World Ocean. The maximum value is 10,265 meters, which is clearly less than the Mariana Trench and the Tongo Trench.

It's funny that these trenches are well studied, unlike most of the seabed. People imagine what is happening on about 5% of its area, while the rest of the places elude our attention.

At the same time, the gutters hide many secrets. For example, before, people did not think that at such a pressure, without light and oxygen dissolved in water, someone could exist. But expeditions nevertheless found rather cheerful, albeit strange creatures there. And this is just one of the many surprises that human nature has prepared.

Wells

Despite the fact that the underwater faults and gutters created by nature itself are amazing, the deepest place is still the work of man. And these are wells.

This is what KS-3 looks like from the outside. And under the lid - 12 kilometers of puncture

If a fault is an open open wound on the planet's body, then a well is more likely a trace from a prick with a thinnest needle, but sometimes they can bring no less surprises and unexpected data. And the following wells boast the most impressive depth:

1. Kola superdeep well. Its total depth is 12263 meters. In this case, the diameter of the outer part of the well is only about half a meter. The purpose of creating this well was to obtain new data on the structure crust... And scientists got them in full. The exploration of this place brought them an incredible amount of new and unexpected information, which significantly influenced people's ideas about the structure of our planet.
2. OR-11. Another well created by Russian engineers. It belongs to the Sakhalin-1 project, within the framework of which the field was studied. Its depth is 11,345 meters, a very impressive achievement. In total, 10 wells were drilled within the framework of this project.
3. BD-04A. This well located in Qatar was created with one, quite specific purpose - to study the oil field. The exploration required some effort, first of all, the creation of one of the deepest wells - 10,092 meters.

It turns out that the deepest place on the planet is still the fruit of human hands. And even if this puncture is infinitely small, the achievement cannot but rejoice.

08/17/2015 at 18:31 · Johnny · 39 480

Top 10 Deepest Places on Earth

We still know very little about our planet. This is especially true of the depths of the oceans and seas. But also on land there are places that amaze the human imagination. For example, the deepest places on Earth. What do we know about them and where are the most low points the earth's surface- more on that later.

In everyday life, huge pits or cliffs are rarely found, but our planet has a varied landscape. Along with the highest mountain peaks meet and the deepest places on our planet- both natural and man-made.

10. Lake Baikal | 1 642 m

It would be a mistake to think that the deepest places on Earth are only in the oceans and seas. Baikal has a depth of 1,642 meters and is among the lakes. Locals therefore, Baikal is often called the sea. This depth is due to tectonic origin lakes. Many other records and amazing discoveries are associated with this place. Baikal can be called the largest natural reservoir of fresh water on Earth. This is the oldest lake on our planet (it is more than 25 million years old) and two-thirds of the flora and fauna of the reservoir are not found anywhere else.

9. Krubera-Voronya Cave | 2 196 m

There are giants among the caves. The deepest places on Earth include the Krubera-Voronya cave (Abkhazia). Its depth is 2,196 meters. It should be noted that we are talking about the studied part of the cave. It is possible that the next expedition will descend even lower and set a new depth record. Karst cave consists of wells connected by passages and galleries. It was first opened in 1960. Then the cavers were able to descend to a depth of 95 meters. The two-kilometer mark was crossed by a Ukrainian expedition of speleologists in 2004.

8. TauTon Mine | 4,000 m

Tau Tona (TauTona Mine) in South Africa Is the deepest mine on Earth. It is located in the Republic of South Africa, not far from Johannesburg. This largest gold mine in the world goes into the ground for 4 kilometers. At this incredible depth, there is a whole underground city with a network of kilometer-long tunnels. To get to their workplace, miners have to spend about an hour. Working at such a depth is fraught with a lot of dangers - this is humidity, which reaches 100% in some branches of the mine, heat air, the danger of an explosion from gas seeped into the tunnels and collapse from earthquakes, which occur quite often here. But all the dangers of work and the costs of maintaining the functionality of the mine are generously paid for by the mined gold - over the entire history of the mine, 1200 tons of the precious metal have been mined here.

7. Kola well | 12 262 m

The deepest well on Earth is the Kola superdeep well, which is located in Russia. This is one of the most unusual and interesting experiments carried out by Soviet scientists. Drilling began in 1970 and had only one task - to learn more about the Earth's crust. Kola Peninsula were chosen for the experiment because the oldest rocks of the Earth, about 3 million years old, come to the surface here. They were also of great interest to scientists. The depth of the well is 12,262 meters. It made it possible to make unexpected discoveries and forced to reconsider the scientific understanding of the occurrence of the Earth's rocks. Unfortunately, the well, created for a purely scientific purpose, did not find application in subsequent years, and a decision was made to stop it.

6. Izu-Bonin depression | 9 810 m

In 1873-76, the American oceanographic vessel "Tuscarora" conducted surveys of the seabed to lay an underwater cable. Lot thrown at japanese islands Izu recorded a depth of 8,500 meters. Later, the Soviet ship "Vityaz" in 1955 established the maximum depth of the depression - 9810 meters.

5. Kuril-Kamchatka Trench | 10,542 m

Is not only one of the deepest places on Earth, the trench is also the narrowest in the Pacific Ocean. The width of the gutter is 59 meters and the maximum depth is 10,542 meters. The depression is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. In the middle of the last century, Soviet scientists were engaged in its study on the ship "Vityaz". No more detailed research has been done. The trough was opened by the American ship "Tuscarora" and had this name for a long time until it was renamed.

4. Kermadec Gutter | 10,047 m

Located in the Pacific Ocean off the Kermadec Islands. Maximum depth the depression is equal to 10,047 meters. Explored by the Soviet ship "Vityaz". In 2008, a previously unknown species of sea slugs from the snail fish family was discovered at a depth of 7 kilometers in the Kermadec Trench. The researchers were surprised by other abodes of this deepest place on Earth - huge 30-centimeter crustaceans.

3. Philippine Trench | 10 540 m

Reveals the top three deepest points on the planet. 10 540 meters - this is its depth. It was formed millions of years ago as a result of the collision of earth's plates. Located east of the Philippine Archipelago. By the way, scientists have long believed that the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the Pacific Ocean.

2. Gutter Tonga | 10 882 m

Located in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, near the Tonga Islands. This area is extremely interesting because it is a very active seismic zone. Several strong earthquakes occur here every year. The depth of the gutter is 10,882 meters. It is only 100 meters smaller than the Mariana Trench. The difference is about a percent, but it puts the Tonga Trench in the second place on the list of the deepest places on Earth.

1. Mariana Trench | 10,994 m

It is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean and resembles a crescent in shape. The length of the gutter is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers, and the deepest point is 10 994 meters. It is called the Challenger Abyss.

The deepest place on Earth was discovered in 1875 by the English ship Challenger. Today, the depression is the most studied of all the other deep-sea trenches. They tried to reach the bottom during four dives: in 1960, 1995, 2009 and 2012. For the last time, director James Cameron went down to the Mariana Trench all alone. Most of all, the bottom of the trench reminded him of the lifeless lunar surface. But, unlike the Earth's satellite, the Mariana Trench is inhabited by living organisms. Researchers have found toxic amoebas, shellfish and deep sea fish here that look very intimidating. Since a full-scale study of the trench has not been carried out, except for short-term dives, the Mariana Trench can hide a lot of interesting things.

Now we know approximately internal structure our planet. The outer hard shell of the Earth is called the crust. It makes up less than 1% of the planet's mass and is 5 to 70 kilometers thick. Next comes the mantle (outer and inner), and then the core (outer and inner).

How close to the core do you think a person can descend? Theoretically, in the future we can make devices that can withstand colossal loads and temperatures in order to get as close to the core as possible, but in practice we have not yet gotten into the areas that are under the crust.

Let's see what the deepest places on the planet we know.

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10

Lake Zakaton

Depth 319 meters

The lake is the world's largest natural well. It is located in Central Mexico... Its depth is 319 meters and its diameter is about 100 meters. At the same time, a hole was found on one of the "walls" of the well, which may be the entrance to another, deeper "well" or even into the system of deep-water underground caves.

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9

Depth 370 meters

This is a coal mine located in Elsdorf, Germany. It is considered the deepest open pit in the world. Its depth is about 370 meters, and its area is about 33.9 square kilometers. Next to the quarry there is an artificial hill, which was formed from the material selected from the quarry.

The hill has its own name Sophienhöhe and is the world's largest artificial hill. Its height is 301 meters.

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8

Well Woodingdean

Depth 392 meters

Let's start with a man-made feat that appeared in 1862 in the English town of Woodingdean. It all started with the fact that in 1858, when building a new building, a water source was required. It was decided to dig a well. To reduce costs, the well was dug by workers by hand. It was planned to go deep into the ground for 122 meters, laying brick walls of the well.

The workers went down into the well, and the excess earth was lifted with buckets to the surface. After 2 years of digging, the depth of the well exceeded the design one by 12 meters, but there was still no water. Given that this depth was just below sea level.

Then it was decided to dig four horizontal shafts at this depth in order to get to the water. But this also gave no results. Then the organizers of the construction decided not to give up and get to the water at any cost. At the end of one of the horizontal shafts, they began to dig deeper again. After another 2 years, in March 1862, the workers felt the ground in the mine begin to rise. People in a hurry began to rise to the surface. After 45 minutes, water gushed out.

This well is the deepest hand-dug well in the world.

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7

Lake Baikal

Depth 1642 meters

Reaching a maximum depth of 1642 meters, Lake Baikal is the most deep lake in the world. The lake is a treasure not only of Russia, but of the whole world; it is a natural reservoir for the purest fresh water. It is home to a variety of plants and animals that are unique.

It is also interesting that if all the water from Lake Baikal is divided equally among all citizens of Russia, then for each inhabitant there will be approximately 2,780 railway tank cars, 60 tons each.

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6

Depth 2199 meters

it deepest cave in the world is located in Abkhazia near the city of Gagra. The cave has several entrances located at an altitude of over 2000 meters above sea level. It is a system of several wells, which are interconnected by manholes and galleries. There are several high plumb lines inside, the deepest of which are 110, 115 and 152 meters.

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5

Depth 3048 meters

The Mponeng mine in South Africa is considered the deepest mine in the world. Its depth is 4000 meters. However, the Kidd Mine in Ontario, Canada, which is 3,048 meters deep, is closer to the Earth's core than the Mponeng mine. This is because our planet does not have an ideal ball shape. Due to the rotation of the Earth in its equatorial part, the diameter is slightly larger than that of the poles. The difference in size is about 140 kilometers. So a person standing at the equator is, on average, 70 kilometers farther from the core than a person standing at the pole.

The Kidd Mine was opened in 1964 as an open pit mine and is gradually expanding underground. It is now the largest copper mine in the world. It employs 2,200 workers and produces millions of tons of ore annually.

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4

Litke gorge

Depth 5449 meters

Litke Gorge (Litke Trough) is an oceanic trench located northeast of Greenland, 350 km north of Svalbard, in the Eurasian Basin in the Arctic Ocean. It is the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean, 5449 meters deep.

The gorge was found and explored by a Soviet expedition on the icebreaker Fedor Litke in 1955.

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3

Milwaukee Depression

Depth 8385 meters

Milwaukee Gutter is the deepest part Atlantic Ocean... Its maximum depth is 8385 meters. The place is named after the American cruiser who discovered it in 1939.

Milwaukee Trench is located in the Puerto Rican Trench, which is located at the border of two lithospheric plates. The Caribbean Plate is moving east, and the North American Plate is moving west.

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2

Challenger Abyss

Depth 10994 meters

The top five deepest sea trenches in the world include troughs located in the Pacific Ocean, and the most famous of them is the Mariana Trench, with a maximum depth of 10994 meters (Challenger Abyss).

The name of the depression comes from Mariana Islands located nearby. The depression stretches for 1,500 kilometers and has a standard V-shaped profile. The bottom of the depression is flat, 1 to 5 km wide.

The water pressure at the bottom of the Challenger Abyss is 108,600 Pa, which is 1100 times higher atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth. People dived twice to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The first dive was carried out in 1960 by explorer Jacques Picard and US Navy Don Walsh. Their bathyscaphe "Trieste" had walls 127 millimeters thick to resist the monstrous pressure. The second time at the bottom of the depression was the famous director James Cameron in 2012. He plunged into the Challenger Abyss in the Deepsea Challenger, a single-seat deep-sea craft. During the dive, he was filming in 3D.

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1

Depth 12262 meters

This is the deepest man-made place on Earth. It is located in Murmansk region not far from the town of Zapolyarny.

Work to start drilling the well was timed to coincide with the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin in 1970. Unlike others, this well was drilled precisely for the purpose of studying the structure of the planet. The site was chosen specifically where the thickness of the earth's crust is supposedly the thinnest.

Up to 7000 meters, drilling proceeded as usual. The drill passed through a uniform granite layer of the lithospheric slab. But below the rock was less dense, crumbled, jamming the equipment. I had to change the drilling angles a little.

Thirteen years later, in 1983, the drillers reached the level of 12,066 meters and stopped. But after the resumption of drilling, there was a break in the drill string. Drilling had to be restarted from a depth of 7000 meters. By 1990, the drill crossed the 12262 meter mark and the accident repeated itself. Further, for financial reasons, the project had to be frozen, and in 2008 the Kola Superdeep Well project was finally abandoned.

I'd like to believe that Russian science will turn its face to this project. He has many perspectives. The lion's share of the work has already been completed, and it takes several million rubles to revive the project, a sum up to the mark for a country with high scientific ambitions.

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Conclusion

This was an article about the deepest places on Earth. We hope that you have learned something new and interesting from us. Thank you for the attention!

Not far from Japan, in the depths of the sea, the deepest depression in the world's oceans, the Mariana Trench, is hidden. This name geographic feature received thanks to the islands of the same name located nearby. Scientists call this phenomenon the "Fourth Pole", along with the South, North and the most high point the planet - Mount Everest.

Geolocation

The coordinates of the Mariana Trench are 11 ° 22` north latitude and 142 ° 35` east longitude. The trench surrounds the coastal islands for a length of more than 2,500 km, and about 69 km in width. In its shape, it resembles the English letter V, widened at the top and narrowed at the bottom. Such a formation was obtained as a result of the impact of the boundaries of tectonic plates. The maximum depth of the world's oceans in this place is 10994 (plus or minus 40 m).

Rice. 1. Mariana Trench on the map

If we compare in Everest, then the largest depression is located further from the Earth's surface than the most high peak... The mountain is 8848 m long, and it was much easier to climb it than to overcome the incredible pressure, plunging into the sea abyss.

The deepest point of the Mariana Trench is the Challenger Deep point, which in English means “Challenger Abyss”. It was first explored by the British vessel of the same name. They recorded a depth of 11521m.

First studies

The deepest point of the world's oceans was conquered only in 1960 by two daredevils: Don Walsh and Jacques Picard. They dived in the Trieste bathyscaphe and became the first people in the world to descend first to a depth of 3000 meters, and then to 10,000 meters. The bottom mark was recorded within 30 minutes after the dive. In total, they spent about 3 hours at a depth, and froze significantly. Indeed, in addition to the enormous pressure, there is also low temperature water - about 2 degrees Celsius.

Rice. 2. The Mariana Trench in the section

In 2012, famous director James Cammeron (Titanic) conquered the deepest depression, becoming the third person on Earth to descend so far. This was the most important expedition, during which unique photo and video materials were obtained, as well as bottom samples were taken. Contrary to popular belief, there is not sand at the bottom, but mucus - a product of the processing of the remains of fish bones and plankton.

Flora and fauna

The underwater world of the largest crack is very poorly studied. It was first discovered that life in this part of the Earth is possible in 1950. Then Soviet scientists suggested that some of the simplest creatures were able to adapt in chitinous tubes. The new family was named pogonophores.

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At the very bottom, various bacteria and single-celled organisms live. For example, an amoeba grows here with a diameter of 20 cm.

The largest number of inhabitants is in the thickness of the gutter at a depth of 500 to 6500 meters. Many of the fish species that live in the trough are blind, others have special luminous organs to illuminate in the dark. The pressure and absence of the sun made their bodies flat and their skin transparent. Many have eyes on their backs and look like small telescopes spinning in all directions.

Rice. 3. Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

In addition to the fact that there is no sun and heat, various toxic gases are released from the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Hydrothermal geysers are sources of hydrogen sulfide. It became the basis for the development of the Mariana molluscs, despite the fact that this gas is destructive for this species of marine life. How these protozoa managed to survive, and even preserve the shell under enormous pressure, remains a mystery.

There is another unique area at depth. This is the source of "Champagne", from where liquid carbon dioxide beats.

What have we learned?

We found out which part of the Earth is the deepest. This is the Mariana Trench. The deepest point is the “Challenger Abyss” (11 521 m.). The first expedition to the bottom was completed successfully in 1960. In conditions of pitch darkness, pressure and constant poisonous fumes, a special world has formed here with its unique animals and protozoa. It is very difficult to say what the world of the Mariana Trench really is, because it has been studied by only 5%.

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