In which region of overseas Asia is Japan. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries

Agriculture of Overseas Asia

,), (India, Malaysia) and continental (,) states.

Country Overseas Asia are extremely different both in natural conditions and in state structure, the level of social economic development.

Currently, more than 40 sovereign states that form the region can be divided into:

by forms of government - to the republics (Turkey, China, Indonesia) and (, Japan);
by administrative-territorial structure
federal (Malaysia, India,)
unitary (China,) states.

(areas of the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamian trough (Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates,), as well as Indonesia, Miami, the shelf zone of the marginal seas of the East and South);
(China, India);
and manganese ores (India);
chrome ores (Turkey, India, Philippines);
tin ores (Miami, Malaysia);
copper and ores ().

Resources are great inland waters... However, they are placed extremely unevenly. The densest river network is in South and Southeast Asia. Vast areas of Central and Southwest Asia are arid.

The soils are not very fertile, with the exception of alluvial soils of river valleys.

Forest resources are represented by humid tropical Southeast Asia. Here valuable trees have been preserved: red, iron, sandalwood, camphor.

Many countries have significant natural as well as man-made ones.

The population of the countries of Foreign Asia is characterized by three main features:

rapid growth in numbers;
complex ethnic composition;
uneven placement.

It is characterized by a high amount of more than 20 people per 1000 people. In year. This population growth is called a “population explosion”. The exceptions are Japan and China, which, with the help of radical measures, managed to reduce natural population growth. Currently, the largest increase is observed in the Arab countries.

The ethnic composition of the population of Asian countries is very complex. More than 1000 peoples live here, speaking almost 600 languages, belonging to 9 language families... The most numerous are the Chinese, Hindustani, Bengalis, Bukharians, and Japanese. There are also small peoples living scattered in mountainous areas.

Most countries are multinational. For example, in India and Indonesia there are 150 peoples each, in the Philippines - 100, in Vietnam - more than 50.

It is also difficult. Foreign Asia is the birthplace of three: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. At the same time, a wide variety of religious beliefs are widespread in Asian countries.

Quite a few conflicts arise on ethnic and religious contradictions.

The distribution of the population is characterized by extreme unevenness, which is due to natural reasons. The most populated are coastal areas, valleys, and here the population density exceeds a thousand people per 1 km2. Extremely low population density - up to 1 person per 1 km2 - and high-mountainous areas.

The highest population density among the countries of the region is more than 800 people per 1 km2. At present it has a great influence on the distribution of the population. The number of cities of millionaires is growing. In Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, Bombay, the number of inhabitants exceeds 10 million. In the south of Japan, the Tokaido metropolis was formed, uniting the metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, with a population of about 60 million people.

The rural population mainly lives in villages, for the inhabitants of the deserts of Mongolia, Afghanistan, a nomadic way of life is characteristic.

In terms of the level of economic development, its sectoral and territorial structure, Asian countries differ significantly from each other. These differences are especially pronounced in industry, according to the level of development of which six groups of countries can be distinguished:

Japan is one of the centers. The industry specializes in the production of steel, cars, ships, electronics, radio engineering, industrial robots.

China and India.

Newly industrialized countries: Republic of Korea,

The peculiarities of agriculture in Foreign Asia are the combination of commodity and consumer economy, landlord and peasant land use, as well as the predominance of food crops over industrial crops and animal husbandry.

The main food crop of Overseas Asia is rice. Its countries (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, etc.) provide over 90% of the world's rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-humid areas, winter wheat is grown, in the arid continental part, spring wheat. Among other cereals, sowings of corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Overseas Asia produces the overwhelming majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat harvest, many of its countries are forced to buy grain, since the food problem in them has not been resolved.

Overseas Asia occupies a prominent place in the world for the production of soybeans, copra (dried pulp of a coconut), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), which are also exported.

The level of development of animal husbandry in Overseas Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main branches of animal husbandry are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with non-Muslim populations (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and high-mountainous regions. Export products of animal husbandry are negligible and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. Fishing is of great importance in coastal countries.

Accommodation agriculture in the vast area of Overseas Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several agricultural areas have formed in the region.

1. The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main area of rice cultivation. Rice is sown in river valleys in flooded fields. In more high parts tea plantations (China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand) are located in the same sector.

2. Region of subtropical agriculture - coast Mediterranean Sea... Fruits, rubber, dates and almonds are grown here.

3. The region of grazing livestock - Mongolia and Southwest Asia (here livestock farming is combined with agriculture in the oases).

In most of the developing countries of Overseas Asia industry represented mainly by the mining industries. The reason for this is the good security of their mineral resources and the general low level of development of manufacturing (closing) industries.

However, the differences in the level of economic development of various countries and regions of Foreign Asia are so significant that it is advisable to consider the economy of the region regionally.

If we proceed from the ten-term structure of the world economy, then there are five centers within the borders of Asia Abroad (among them three centers are separate countries):

2. Japan;

4. Newly industrialized countries;

5. Oil exporting countries.

China from the 70s he began an economic reform ("Gaige") based on a combination of a planned and market economy. As a result, an unprecedented growth of the country's economy has been outlined. In 1990, China already ranked third in GDP after the United States and Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead of Japan. However, if we proceed from the calculation of GDP per capita, then China is still far behind the leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies an important position in the world economy (the first place in the production of coal and iron ore, steel smelting, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, gross harvest of grain; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials, etc. The face of China is primarily determined by heavy industry.

Japan came out of World War II with a completely destroyed economy. But she not only managed to restore the economy, but also to become the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the Big Seven, and by many economic performance come out on top. The industry of Japan at first developed mainly along the evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were practically created anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary way of development began to prevail in the industry of Japan. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest science-intensive industries. It became a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, started using non-traditional energy sources. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the "Japanese economic miracle" has come to naught and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She started economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For instance:

By total volume industrial production it ranks fifth in the world, but 102nd in terms of national income per capita;

Powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries (“home industry”);

In agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;

India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;

In terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but it occupies a leading position in the "brain drain" affecting almost all spheres of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;

In India's cities, modern, well-being areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.

India's industry employs 20% of the economically active population. From the land of light and Food Industry India has become a country with a developed heavy industry. India produces machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, televisions, as well as the latest electronic technology, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research. By development nuclear industry India ranks first in the developing world.

Agriculture in India employs 60% of the EAN. V last years as a result of public investments and the use of the achievements of the "green revolution", the harvest of cereals increased significantly and the country began to provide itself mainly with grain, albeit at a very low level of consumption (250 kg per person).

Natural conditions in India are favorable for the development of agriculture. India has two main growing seasons and two main cropping zones:

The main rice-growing zone is the southeastern part of the Indo-Ghanaian lowland;

The main wheat zone is the northwestern part of the Indo-Ghanaian lowland.

In addition to these zones, there are areas for the cultivation of fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing, tonic crops.

India has a special territorial structure economy that distinguishes it from other developing countries. There is no single dominant center in the country. There are, as it were, four "economic capitals"

- in the west - Bombay (engineering, petrochemical, cotton enterprises, nuclear power, the largest port);

In the east - Kolkata (second after Bombay industrial centre and the port, distinguished by the processing and export of jute);

In the north - Delhi (a large industrial, transport, administrative and cultural center);

In the south - Madras.

Newly industrialized countries consist of two echelons:

The first echelon - Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (together with Hong Kong - the "four Asian tigers");

The second echelon is Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

All these countries have achieved significant economic success in a short time, especially in the automotive industry, shipbuilding, oil refining industry, petrochemicals, electronics, electrical engineering, light industry... In their development, they were guided by the experience of Japan. However, the decisive role in their development was played by transnational corporations (TNCs), focused on cheap labor force... Therefore, almost all science-intensive products of these countries go to the West.

Oil exporting countries specialize in oil production and petrochemicals. These are the countries of the Persian Gulf, which received rapid development at the expense of oil and very quickly entered from feudalism into capitalism. Most of the income of these countries comes from the export of oil and gas ( Saudi Arabia – 98%)

Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea stand out among the rest of the countries of Foreign Asia in terms of the level of economic development.

The least developed countries of the region and the world as a whole include Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia.

6. Transport of Overseas Asia- one of the weak links in most countries (with the exception of Japan). Transport system these countries are not yet fully formed. There is a predominance of one or two types of transport, a high proportion of pack, horse-drawn and bicycle transport.

Railway transport the most developed in India and Pakistan, pipeline - in the Middle East, automobile in India and China, maritime - in Japan, China, Singapore, and the countries of the Persian Gulf.

7. Environmental issues the region has recently deteriorated significantly. The most acute problems are the depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation (especially Nepal and India), etc. The main reasons for the aggravation of environmental problems are the transfer of “dirty production” to the region and overpopulation of many countries.

Subregions of Overseas Asia

1. Southwest Asia;

2. South asia;

3. South East Asia;

4. East Asia (China, Mongolia, DPRK, Korea, Japan).

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

The region's economy as a whole is characterized by the following features:

Most countries are characterized by a period of transition from feudalism to capitalism.
The economy of most countries is developing quite rapidly, which ensures an increase in the role of the region as a whole in the world economy.
The specialization of the countries of the region is very diverse.
In the international division of labor, it acts primarily as a major supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the world market. The share of Overseas Asia in the manufacturing industry of the world, especially the heavy one, is small. Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industry) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in the development of their economies (India, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants established in China, Japan and Turkey.
The leading branch of the economy of the overwhelming majority of the countries of Foreign Asia is. Most of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.

Population

Religious composition

Main industries

Natural resources

The peculiarities of agriculture in Foreign Asia are the combination of commodity and consumer economy, landlord and peasant land use, as well as the prevalence of food crops over industrial crops, etc.

The main food crop of Overseas Asia is rice. Its countries (China, India, Japan, Pakistan, etc.) provide over 90% of the world's rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-humid areas, winter wheat is grown, in the arid continental part, spring wheat. Among other cereals, sowings of corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Overseas Asia produces the overwhelming majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat harvest, many of its countries are forced to buy grain, since the food problem in them has not been resolved.

The level of development of animal husbandry in Overseas Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main ones are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with non-Muslim populations (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and high-mountainous regions. Export products of animal husbandry are negligible and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. Fishing is of great importance in coastal countries.

The location of agriculture in the vast area of Overseas Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several have formed in the region.

The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main rice-growing area. Rice is sown in river valleys in flooded fields. In the higher parts of the same sector, there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Laos, Thailand).
Region of subtropical agriculture - the Mediterranean coast. Fruits, rubber, dates and almonds are grown here.
The region of pasture animal husbandry - and Southwest Asia (here animal husbandry is combined with in the oases).

In most of the developing countries of Overseas Asia, the industry is represented mainly by the mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply with mineral resources and the general low level of development of processing (closing) industries.

If we proceed from the ten-term structure of the world economy, then there are five centers within the borders of Asia Abroad (among them three centers are separate countries):

China;
Japan;
India;
Newly industrialized countries;
Oil exporting countries.

China from the 70s he began an economic reform ("Gaige") based on a combination of a planned and market economy. As a result, an unprecedented growth of the country's economy has been outlined. In 1990, China already ranked third in GDP after Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead. However, if we proceed from the calculation of GDP per capita, then China is still far behind the leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country, occupying important positions in (first place in coal and iron ore mining, steel smelting, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, gross grain harvest; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials and others. The face of China is primarily determined by the heavy.

Japan withdrew from World War II completely destroyed. But she not only managed to restore the economy, but also to become the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and in many economic indicators to come out on top. at first it developed mainly along the evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were practically created anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary way of development began to prevail in the industry of Japan. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest science-intensive industries. It has become a leader in electronics, robotics, biotechnology and energy use, and Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the "Japanese economic miracle" has come to naught and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She started economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For instance:

in terms of the total volume of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world, but in terms of national income per capita, it is 102nd;
powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries ("home industry");
in agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;
India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;
in terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but it occupies a leading position in the "brain drain" affecting almost all spheres of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;
In India's cities, modern, well-being areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.

Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, stand out among the rest of the countries of Foreign Asia in terms of the level of economic development.

Lesson plan

Program theme No. 6: "Regions and countries of the world", 12 hours

Lesson topic:"Overseas Asia", 2 hours

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with the peculiarities of economic and social development

Overseas Asia; identify and show the features and problems of a given region.

Lesson Objectives:

Continue the formation of the ability to work with the atlas, contour maps, statistical data and additional sources of information.

Give an idea of the economic and geographical position of the region, its population and economic development.

Analyze changes geographic location territory of the region in time.

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material with elements of a workshop.

Lesson equipment: textbooks, contour maps, atlas, handout, projector,

screen, computer.

Teaching methods: verbal, visual, practical

During the classes

Organizing time

Testing students and their mood for the lesson

Repetition of the previously covered topic "Europe Abroad"

Frontal poll:

What sub-regions are distinguished in Europe Abroad and how do they differ from each other?

What type of reproduction Overseas Europe and why?

How is the industry and agriculture of the region developed?

Individual survey:

Computer testing.

Learning a new topic

Territory and border of Overseas Asia

The territory of Foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km. Area 32 million km, 48 states with a population of 3.7 million people.

Asian countries are very different, differ in the size of the territory and natural resources, the level of development, political structure etc.

Most of the Asian countries are large, China and India are giants, but there are also microstates - Singapore, Bahrain, Qatar.

Economic and geographical position of Overseas Asia

Exercise : on the map of the atlas and handouts, determine the features of the EGP.

Features of the EGP region:

Neighborhood position of countries (unites the region);

The coastal position of most countries (provides access to the seas of three oceans);

The deep position of some countries (makes it difficult to communicate with other countries).

The heterogeneity of Asian countries

The heterogeneity of countries and the colonial past aggravates territorial, political and ethnic problems in the region.

Territorial disputes:

India - Pakistan

Iran - Iraq

India - China

Greece - Turkey

Japan - Russia

DPRK - Republic of Korea

Israel - Palestinian Authority

Subregions of Overseas Asia

Exercise : Using the maps of the atlas and handouts, determine which sebregions are divided into Foreign Asia?

East and Central Asia

Southeast Asia

South asia

Southwest Asia

middle Asia

5 states:

Mongolia

South Korea

11 states:

Cambodia
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
Philippines
East Timor

7 states:

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Maldives

20 states:

Azerbaijan*
Jordan
Palestine
Saudi Arabia
Afghanistan

5 states:

Kazakhstan*

Uzbekistan *

Turkmenistan *

Tajikistan*

Kyrgyzstan*

(* - states within the CIS)

Natural resources of the region

The Asian region possesses natural resources and is distinguished by their diversity. Asia is a region with the richest mineral resources. But if earlier the main wealth of Asia was considered gold, precious and semiprecious stones, now this list has been added to oil, gas, coal and a variety of ores.

The main wealth of the region, defining it in the international geographical division labor is oil. One of the world's largest oil and gas provinces (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar) is located in the Persian Gulf region. There are large reserves of oil and gas in Indonesia and Myanmar.

Poor overseas Asia land resources- most of the region is occupied by mountains, sandy and stone deserts.

A surplus of water and forest resources in Southeast Asia is combined with a deficit in Southwest and Central Asia.

Foreign Asia has large and promising recreational resources (Asia has monuments cultural heritage).

Population of Overseas Asia

More than 60% of the world population lives in Foreign Asia. The population of this region is distinguished by a large number, high growth rates (see the atlas map " Natural growth population "), complex compositions and uneven distribution.

The population of the region significantly exceeds 3 billion. Human.

Overseas Asia is home to six of the ten largest countries in the world in terms of population: India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan and Bangladesh.

The composition of the population of Asia Abroad is very diverse. The ethnic picture is especially variegated. More than a thousand peoples live in Asia; the population speaks more than five hundred languages.

Asia is a region of multinational countries. This region is home to three world religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.

The complexity of the ethnic and religious composition of a number of Asian countries leads to the emergence of many interethnic and religious conflicts.

Population placement is closely related to natural conditions... Their diversity and contrast explains the extreme uneven distribution of the population. The vast majority of the population lives on the coast of the seas and oceans and along the coasts large rivers.

Foreign Asia is the most "masculine" region in the world.

Exercise : why Asia is called the most "masculine" (age-old traditions and associated uneven position of men and women led to the numerical superiority of men.

Economy of Foreign Asia

The nature and level of economic development of the countries of Foreign Asia is also distinguished by a significant contrast.

Asia is home to one of the most highly developed countries in the world - Japan and the poorest and most backward countries - Afghanistan, Nepal, Buten.

Exercise : textbook V.P. Maksakovsky to answer the question, what is the role of the Asian economy in the world arena?

Foreign Asia in the system of international economic relations (IEE)

The countries of Foreign Asia have a fairly strong position in the system of international economic relations. The role of the region is especially great in the traditional supplies of mineral raw materials and agricultural products to world markets. In the second half of the 20th century. the role of Asian countries as exporters of ready-made industrial products.

Pinning a new topic

Through students completing the assignment: filling out the table (work in groups)

Homework

Textbook V.P. Maksakovsky "Geography", pp. 223-270

Answer the questions in the notebook

How has changed political map the world in time.

What are the differences between the sub-regions of Western Europe.

The region's economy as a whole is characterized by the following features:

1. Most countries are characterized by a transitional period from feudalism to capitalism.

2. The economy of most countries is developing quite rapidly, which ensures an increase in the role of the region as a whole in the world economy.

3. The specialization of the countries of the region is very diverse.

4. In the international division of labor, Foreign Asia acts primarily as a major supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the world market. The share of Overseas Asia in the manufacturing industry of the world, especially the heavy one, is small. Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in the development of their economies (India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Turkey, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants have been set up in India, China, Japan and Turkey.

5. The leading branch of the economy of the overwhelming majority of the countries of Foreign Asia is agriculture. Most of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.

Agriculture of Overseas Asia.

Accommodation agriculture in the vast area of Overseas Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several agricultural areas have formed in the region.

1. The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main area of rice cultivation. Rice is sown in river valleys in flooded fields. In the higher parts of the same sector, there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand).

2. Region of subtropical agriculture - the Mediterranean coast. Fruits, rubber, dates and almonds are grown here.

3. The region of grazing livestock - Mongolia and Southwest Asia (here livestock farming is combined with agriculture in the oases).

In most of the developing countries of Overseas Asia industry represented mainly by the mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply with mineral resources and the general low level of development of processing (closing) industries.

If we proceed from the ten-term structure of the world economy, then there are five centers within the borders of Asia Abroad (among them three centers are separate countries):

Newly industrialized countries;
Oil exporting countries.

China from the 70s he began an economic reform ("Gaige") based on a combination of a planned and market economy. As a result, an unprecedented growth of the country's economy has been outlined. In 1990, China already ranked third in GDP after the United States and Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead of Japan. However, if we proceed from the calculation of GDP per capita, then China is still far behind the leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies important positions in the world economy (first in coal and iron ore mining, steel smelting, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, in gross grain harvest; second in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials, etc. The face of China is primarily determined by heavy industry.

Japan came out of World War II with a completely destroyed economy. But she not only managed to restore the economy, but also to become the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and in many economic indicators to come out on top. The industry of Japan at first developed mainly along the evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were practically created anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary way of development began to prevail in the industry of Japan. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest science-intensive industries. It became a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, started using non-traditional energy sources. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the "Japanese economic miracle" has come to naught and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She started economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For instance:

in terms of the total volume of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world, but in terms of national income per capita, it is 102nd;

powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries ("home industry");

in agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;

India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;

in terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but it occupies a leading position in the "brain drain" affecting almost all spheres of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;

In India's cities, modern, well-being areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.

India's industry employs 20% of the economically active population. From a country of light and food industries, India has turned into a country with a developed heavy industry. India produces machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, televisions, as well as the latest electronic technology, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research. In terms of the development of the nuclear industry, India ranks first in the developing world.

Agriculture in India employs 60% of the EAN. In recent years, as a result of public investments and the use of the achievements of the "green revolution", the harvest of grain has increased significantly and the country has become mainly self-sufficient in grain, albeit at a very low level of consumption (250 kg per person).

Natural conditions in India are favorable for the development of agriculture. India has two main growing seasons and two main cropping zones:

the main rice-growing zone is the southeastern part of the Indo-Ghanaian lowland;

the main wheat zone is the northwestern part of the Indo-Ghanaian lowland.

In addition to these zones, there are areas for the cultivation of fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing, tonic crops.

India has developed a special territorial structure of the economy, which distinguishes it from other developing countries. There is no single dominant center in the country. There are, as it were, four "economic capitals"

- in the west - Bombay (engineering, petrochemical, cotton enterprises, nuclear power, the largest port);

In the east - Kolkata (the second industrial center and port after Bombay, distinguished by the processing and export of jute);

In the north - Delhi (a large industrial, transport, administrative and cultural center);

In the south - Madras.

Newly industrialized countries consist of two echelons:

the first echelon - Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (together with Hong Kong - the "four Asian tigers");

second echelon - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

All these countries have achieved significant economic success in a short time, especially in the automotive industry, shipbuilding, oil refining industry, petrochemistry, electronics, electrical engineering, and light industry. In their development, they were guided by the experience of Japan. However, the decisive role in their development was played by transnational corporations (TNCs), focused on cheap labor. Therefore, almost all science-intensive products of these countries go to the West.

Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea stand out among the rest of the countries of Foreign Asia in terms of the level of economic development.

The least developed countries of the region and the world as a whole include Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia.

6. Transport of Overseas Asia- one of the weak links in most countries (with the exception of Japan). The transport system of these countries has not yet been fully formed. There is a predominance of one or two types of transport, a high proportion of pack, horse-drawn and bicycle transport.

Rail transport is most developed in India and Pakistan, pipeline transport in the Middle East, automobile transport in India and China, and sea transport in Japan, China, Singapore, and the Persian Gulf countries.

Subregions of Overseas Asia

Southwest Asia;

South Asia;

Southeast Asia;

East Asia (China, Mongolia, DPRK, Korea, Japan).