The great past of the Soviet people Anna Pankratova
6. Scientific expeditions and geographical discoveries of Russian travelers in the 18th century
In the 18th century, the Russians continued to explore the Arctic, Siberia, the Amur region, the coast and islands of the Pacific Ocean. The Russian people are the leaders in the great geographical discoveries in the Arctic Ocean and in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The exploration of the Pacific Ocean was completed by the discovery in its southern part of Antarctica.
Attempts to penetrate deeper into the ice and thus into calmer waters were in vain; The ship was tightly packed and could not move. Our situation grew more ominous as the raging sea advanced; There was a terrible roar, boiling and noisy all night. First, the pressed fields burst in concentric leaps; then the cut pieces turned towards the valley. Soon the steering wheel groaned and creaked under the pressure of the threatening ice fields and was in danger of breaking off, so it had to be tightened; Soon the entire body of the ship, lifted out of the water, shuddered and cracked under the incessantly fluctuating urgency of the ice, or a group of ice scraping against the davins tore the boat to pieces.
Already the expedition of Semyon Dezhnev proved the existence of the sea strait between Asia and America. But this discovery was forgotten. Peter I, shortly before his death, drew up a plan for a new Kamchatka expedition, which he instructed to again explore the northeastern coast of Asia and establish whether it connects with America. The expedition was headed by the Dane Bering, who served in the Russian Navy. During the first expedition (1728–1730), Bering reached the strait, which was later named after him. But he did not dare to continue sailing to the shores of America.
The crew constantly practiced ice axes with heels or deft "thrown ropes" to counter these attacks. The main thing was to avoid meeting with very large ice fields, so as not to be caught and crushed. The scary part of this situation is that no one knows if the extruded ship will be able to resist, since the amount of pressure expected from the ice field is not measurable.
Towards evening, the fog rose and unfolded for us a spectacle of terrible grandeur. Directly in front of us lay open water with a heavy wave on the ice moving wildly. Each of them was a reef for us. Plaques and icebergs were thrown like bales in waves, shredded and washed away in chunks. Step by step the sea moved towards us in this way. At midnight all our surroundings were in turmoil; Icebergs danced from the roaring waves, our little ship was hit and kicked, Isbjorn's boards roared. Its fall was prevented by the dense slurry of crushed ice that accumulated around the ship.
Bering was distinguished by excessive caution and did not show any interest in scientific discoveries... Aleksey Ilyich Chirikov, who came from a poor noble family, was appointed Bering's assistant. He graduated from the "mathematical-navigation" school in Moscow, where he showed great ability and curiosity. In 1716, Chirikov was transferred to the Naval Academy, which trained future officers in navigation. At the academy, Chirikov was especially fond of geography, taking an interest in the life of the most remote corners of the earth. He listened with enthusiasm to stories about the campaigns and exploits of Dezhnev, Poyarkov, Khabarov, Atlasov and other Russian travelers and navigators. He had a dream to become an explorer and perform feats following the example of these courageous travelers. In 1721, Chirikov successfully graduated from the Naval Academy and was retained as a teacher. His outstanding abilities drew attention to him, and a few years later Alexey Chirikov was assigned to Bering's expedition to explore Kamchatka.
As the storm subsided, large sheets of ice pushed themselves to the edge of the horizon, and in the morning you could no longer see the open sea from deck. It was a terrible sight of destruction, which we, unable to escape from its violence, still went unpunished. As awful as the experience, they cannot be compared with those that we experienced a year later in the same sea. Only after that did we realize that the ice fields were disfigured in such a way that hardly a square thick surface is preserved; only the frost fixed them again to large plates.
A new day has come; The sun looked innocent again, but what a change on the ice! The sea has calmed down; a plane wave dies in the outer ice chamber; gilded ice, supernatural deadly silence! The sky is cloudless; the countless icy forms of the horizon stand out as blue-neutral shadows, between which the sun's surfaces shine silver-transparent. The movement of the outer sea decreases, the channels in the plaques are hardly noticeable, they widen; The sky is covered again, in outer ice usually fog or cloudy skies because the warmer sea air meets cold air above ice. the sea turns leaden, although completely calm, a shimmer of ice appears on the northern horizon.
At the beginning of the 1840s, a second expedition was organized, led by Bering and Chirikov. Actual leader new expedition there was Chirikov. The expedition had not only scientific and geographical, but also political goals. The Russian government sought to strengthen its influence in the Far East and especially in the Arctic and Pacific oceans. After a month and a half sailing, the sailors saw the snow ridges of the American coast. This was Alaska. Alexey Chirikov was the first to reach the shores of America.
Restlessly, the flounder changes its place, often as a migration of peoples full of struggle and pressure. Otherwise, this movement will be so slow and imperceptible that, in addition to the altered position of the waterways, it will be less noticeable, primarily to the ear.
Isbjorn on the ice border. The Sea of Novaya Zemlya turned out to be comparatively less favorable. After penetration of ice up to 76½ degrees north latitude, we noticed high ice groups and heavier ice in general. With some difficulty we avoided the danger of re-occupation in July, when the wind had calmed down.
The Bering-Chirikov expedition had a great scientific significance... She finally established the outlines of the northern shores of Asia and America. Chirikov drew up a map of the 1741 campaign, which is the first map in the world, where, based on specific data, North America is shown, an accurate geographical position Kamchatka and the islands adjacent to North America.
In the meantime, we made sure that with our resources and non-volunteer crew, due to bad wind and weather conditions, even in favorable ice conditions, we were unable to conduct a reconnaissance trip to New earth whether reaching high latitudes or through Gillisland. In addition, we could not think about wanting to replace with special effort the team in deformation, etc. Which we have lost due to the rarity of favorable sailing weather. Only such special efforts would allow us to move further north or in a certain direction, albeit slowly.
Chirikov was not only a skillful and brave navigator and an inquisitive explorer, but also a patriotic scientist. He well understood Peter's plan on the need to strengthen security in Pacific and offered to explore the coast Of the Far East, in order to build fortresses here and, under their cover, to develop the riches of the Far Eastern region, discovered by Russian travelers.
One must also be able to wait on the ice if the moment is not favorable; but a sailing vessel not only runs the risk of being manned, but also using short travel times by all means. On the other hand, navigation and the formation of ice, its gradual destruction, the influence of storms, currents and precipitation, only learn about the suddenness of changes in water bodies and at the same time, the danger of shutting up clearly knows the sailing ship; The steamer is still proudly moving to where the sailboat finds already insurmountable obstacles.
July night was much worse for Ibjorn than two years old long journey on the much heavier Greenland ice for Germany. So don't wait. If then comes the best time driving, fall, and if the same is not equipped for winter, it must return, or it will fall prey to the night, storm or young ice.
But the tsarist government did not appreciate the works of Chirikov. In November 1748, Chirikov died in dire need. Like all remarkable Russian scientists, Chirikov disinterestedly gave his work and his life for the benefit of science.
During the 18th century, the Academy of Sciences organized a large number of scientific expeditions to different areas of the state to study the nature of the country, the way of life and the history of the peoples inhabiting it. These expeditions have collected a huge amount of material that has enriched Russian and world science. Particularly important was the new Kamchatka expedition, one of the participants of which - S. P. Krasheninnikov - wrote a wonderful work "Description of the Kamchatka Land".
Therefore, we could not expect that we will return this summer, even if we managed to penetrate deeper into a real sea of ice. However, there was nothing left but to look for Gillisland's achievement by boat to find out if this country has the meaning given to it by the Swedes and represents the dispatch of a special expedition. For this, the ship had to remain in a safe harbor. Thus, only Cap Lee on Walter Timens Street was considered. So, we turned west, towards the Stor fjord.
Lavaring and cruising along the ice line during continuous fog, constantly heavy waves and unfavorable winds is the most unpleasant thing that requires continuous attention. Often ice flickers around the horizon; one realizes that the man was in a big wreck, finally, across the horizon, it seemed that we were trapped in debris around the ice. Calm prevailed; the ice, with the current drifting south, threatened us with occupation. We came across a walrus hunter who drove the ice border along Novaya Zemlya to Spitsbergen and was very pleased as we gave him some rum for some rocks and oil products that he brought from Novaya Zemlya. or callousness makes the ship without power at the moment when a strong current inevitably tears it apart into thickets of ice masses.
Detailed description The American coast (Alaska) and the adjacent islands were left by Grigory Shelekhov, who made repeated trips to the Aleutian Islands and Alaska in the 70s and 80s of the 18th century.
In the interests of large entrepreneurs and to counter British competition, a Russian-American company was formed at the end of the 18th century, which was granted the right to exploit Alaska. In 1867, the tsarist government sold Alaska to America.
We hastened to turn around in order to cross to the other free side of the iceberg, and not be caught and crushed by the ice. Meanwhile, one of Finnmark's sailors at the wheel lost his scythe, calmly and gently uttered the following remark: "Yes, he must go!" To the west of this we found an ice boundary, latitude 76 ° N, made of heavy, densely packed pack ice; many small icebergs or their depleted remains fell on it.
Relatively quickly, the ship sailed south from the Thousand Islands to the southern cap of Svalbard. Numerous rocks and breakwaters obscuring the maps occurred at night. When heavy thunderclouds rose for some time from a horizontal, solid mountain peak Cap Lookout, we made the unpleasant discovery that we are southwest of it. On the spear of western Svalbard, a one to two mile stream from the Stor fjord flows south and over the southern cap, along the west coast to the north. At the top of this current, in the South Cape, there are twenty islands, many of which are quite large, apart from many rocks and breakwaters.
Little-known deaths of Russian travelers in the Arctic Date Available information 1184 Tribute collectors were sent from Novgorod to Zavolochye, Pechora and Yugra, but all of them were killed by Chudyu. 1222 in the throat Of the White Sea because of ignorance of the current
From the book How people discovered their land the author Tomilin Anatoly NikolaevichAbout cloves, peppers and new geographical discoveries The most violent events in the 17th century developed in the southern insular part of the Asian continent. Powerful maritime powers sought to seize power on the islands. Gold, gems and spices - pepper and saffron, anise,
The maps give a very poor idea of the proportions of the headland, which has been so important for ice navigation for two and a half centuries. At this point, many ships failed, mainly the fishermen of Svalbard, who, not knowing their absolute location, base their maritime art on sailing the area. This incident gave us an unexpected opportunity to get to know the West Coast of Svalbard, which was decorated with icy fjords, and approached Hornsund. A vapor shell, as dense as the coal was mined, hung almost permanently over the pyramid of Haitand and Hornsundind.
Great Egyptologists and scientific discoveries The first searchers and robbers of antiquities were the Egyptians themselves ... Recently, a papyrus was discovered, which tells about a lawsuit against a tomb raider who robbed the tomb of Ramses II. The process took place for 3145 years
Ice-free at that time the water of the Gulf Stream, inspired by countless animals, and although only Matt Green's slopes on the coast provide a vision that compared to the cold size of Greenland, its clear summer skies, its tranquility, its snowfalls in winter and its huge mountains, Svalbard is unlikely whether it will appear as an arctic country. Even the rocky outcrops of northern Norway are nearly barren and more arctic. General Sabina once called Svalbard very aptly to Greenland: "A real paradise."
Only many large glaciers were out of proportion to the romantic and scenic view of the rejuvenated high mountain... According to the bill, we were supposed to be 25 miles east of it. It was only by reckless driving at full speed that Isbjörn escaped the danger of being occupied. We had progressed so far from our intention that we saw nothing about him and could no longer determine his position. In the midst of the screams of Alkov and Rothzhey, all the screams were in vain. After a while the trained ear of the ship recognized the barely audible sound of the beating of the sails; we eagerly galloped in the direction and saw how happily we plunged the ship out of the fog. the wind finally turned around; he managed to escape far to the south, after ten days of wandering in Vibe Jans Water.
§ 19. Great geographical discoveries as a civilizational breakthrough People of the Renaissance type were distinguished by their readiness to take on the most difficult tasks. For the Europeans, with the fall of Byzantium in 1453, the problem of finding new ways to the East, to China and India, because.
This forced stay in the immediate vicinity of the southern cap of Spitsbergen made it possible to penetrate this land twice. During our stay in the west South Cape the team made the most successful catch of cod and flounder, some of which weighed up to 16 pounds. build a cairn and leave a note of the intended course. The intermediate shot helped to eliminate the most gross errors of the map. We met two Finnish walrus hunters who were already on their way home. Just under west coast Storfjord is open ground water.
Chapter 24 GREAT GEOGRAPHIC DISCOVERIES
From the book History of the Middle Ages. Volume 2 [In two volumes. Edited by S. D. Skazkin] the author Skazkin Sergey DanilovichTo chapter 24 Great geographical discoveries The founders of Marxism-Leninism (see general section)
The invasion of the northern part of the Stor Fjord is associated with the danger of wintering there in the conditions of the prevailing ice conditions. So we bought 600 pounds of biscuit from one of the walrus hunters, although that in no way allowed us to hibernate. But Marcus, the boy of the twelve year old ship, still admitted our intention to spend the winter, and he began to cry because - he only had a few shoes! “Also on the ship, already weakened from the pressure and countless jolts and drawing of water. It has already been mentioned how rough and ruthless these ships are on the ice.
GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES
From book The World History: in 6 volumes. Volume 3: The World in Early Modern Times the author Team of authorsGREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES History of Literature Latin America... M., 1985. [T. 1]. Kofman A.F. Knights of the New World. M., 2006. Magidovich I.P., Magidovich V.I. History essays geographical discoveries: in 5 volumes. M., 1983. T. 2. Light Ya.M. Columbus. M., 1973. Elliott J.H. Imperios del mundo Atlantico: Espana y Gran Bretana en America,
From the book Magazine "Mysteries of History", 2012 № 1 the author Magazine "Mysteries of History"great geographical discoveries WHITE FRIEND OF THE BLACK CONTINENT ========================================= ======================================== David Livingston was not the discoverer of Africa like Columbus America. But in fact, it was he who opened the African continent to the world, proceeding along and across it.
From the book Systems of the world (from the ancients to Newton) the author Gurev Grigory Abramovich From book General history in questions and answers the author Tkachenko Irina Valerievna23. How did the great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests of the late 15th - early 16th centuries take place? The great geographical discoveries played an important role in the transition to the bourgeois mode of production. This historical process was driven by the development productive forces
From the book Commanders of the Polar Seas the author Cherkashin Nikolay AndreevichLAST NAVIGATION AND DISCOVERY OF THE ICE OCEAN EXPEDITION (Discovery of the land of Emperor Nicholas II) The Arctic Ocean hydrographic expedition consists of two transports - icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaygach", 1,500 tons displacement each. Command of each ship
From the book History [Cheat Sheet] the author Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich14. Great geographical discoveries and the beginning of modern times in Western Europe People of the Renaissance type were distinguished by their willingness to take on the most difficult tasks. For Europeans, with the fall of Byzantium in 1453, the problem of finding new ways to the East, to China and
From the book History of Economics: lecture notes the author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna1. Great geographical discoveries At the end of XV - early XVI centuries with the help of ocean expeditions (great geographical discoveries), direct stable economic ties between Europe and other parts of the world. In a short time in the European economy
From the book General History [Civilization. Modern concepts. Facts, events] the author Olga DmitrievaGreat geographical discoveries The nature of the socio-economic and cultural development of Europe in the early modern period was largely determined by the great geographical discoveries of the 15th – 16th centuries. High level achieved by this time in technology and economics, allowed
From the book Under the Russian flag the author Nikita KuznetsovIII Scientific observations made during the expedition Urgent meteorological observations were carried out during the expedition. During wintering - 112 meters from the ship, on an ice field, where a thermometric booth was installed Kuznetsov's system with a thermohygrograph
In 1725, the 1st Kamchatka expedition set off from St. Petersburg. The Russian Emperor Peter I appointed Vitus Bering (1681 -1741) as its chief, instructing him to build on ships, go on these ships to the north and look for where Asia met with America. Bering was a native of Denmark, who had been in the Russian naval service for 20 years. As a result of his research, the first accurate maps of the sea and were created.
In 1741, during the second expedition on the ships "St. Peter" and "St. Paul" under the command of Captain Commanders Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov (1703-1748), the coasts of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands were explored, their nature and population were described.
This voyage marked the beginning of Russian research in. A. Chirikov's great merit is that he summarized the material collected during the expeditions and made extremely valuable maps. For the first time in the history of cartography, they show the northwest coast North America and the Aleutian Islands. On the world map you will also find Chirikov Island.
It consisted of five separate detachments that surveyed the northern coast of Asia from 1733 to 1743. Among the participants in one of them were the outstanding Russian pioneers Semyon Chelyuskin (1700-1764), Khariton (1700 1763) and Dmitry (1701-1767) Laptev, Vasily Pridnchishchev (1702-1736). As a result, the rivers flowing into (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Yana, Indigirka) were investigated, and the most north point mainland - Cape Chelyuskin.
The members of the expedition collected and presented material, invaluable for geography, about the ebb and flow of the sea, the nature of the northern region, the life and life of the local population.
Since that time, new geographical names have appeared on the map: sea, Dmitry Laptev Strait, Cape Laptev, Khariton Laptev coast, Cape Chelyuskin. Named after Vasily Pronchishchev east coast Taimyr Peninsula. On the same bank there is a bay named after Maria Pronchishcheva, the first Russian polar explorer, the wife of a brave explorer.
The first Russian trip around the world lasted three years (1803-1806). Expedition skirted Earth on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky.
Discovery of Antarctica
The round-the-world Antarctic voyage of Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778-1852) and Mikhail Lazarev (1788-1851) on the Vostok and Mirny ships in 1819-1821 is a great feat, and their discovery on January 28, 1820 of a new continent - Antarctica - is the most important event.
Since ancient times, cartographers have designated the territory on maps around the South Pole as land. The sailors who were attracted by the Terra Australis Incognita (unknown southern land), making sea trips in search of her, and the chain of islands, but remained a "blank spot".
The famous English navigator (1728-1779) in 1772-1775 crossed the border of the Antarctic Circle several times, discovered islands in the Antarctic waters, but never found the southern polar continent.
“I went around the ocean Southern hemisphere, - wrote Cook in his report, at high latitudes and did it in such a way that he undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of the continent ... "However, it was he who said that, judging by the great cold weather, a huge number of ice islands and floating ice, the land in the south should be ...
Members of the Bellingshausen and Lazarev expedition conducted meteorological observations of winds, precipitation, and thunderstorms. Based on these data, Bellingshausen made a conclusion about the peculiarities of the Antarctic climate. The cartographic material of the researchers was distinguished by its accuracy. This was later confirmed by many travelers.
New geographical names have appeared on the world map: Bellingshausen Sea, Peter I Island, Lazarev Island, Mirny polar station and others.
