- Small sailing ships have one or two masts. To emphasize their difference from large ones, small two-masted sailing vessels have only a mainmast (first from the bow) and a mizzen mast (second). The mizzen mast is usually much smaller than the main mast, which is why such ships are sometimes referred to as "one and a half masts". Historically, there were small sailboats with three or more masts (for example, a lugger).
According to the type of sailing armament, the following types of ships are distinguished:
- Ships with direct sailing weapons - have direct sails on all masts;
- Vessels with mixed sailing weapons - have both straight and oblique sails on the masts;
- Vessels with oblique sailing equipment - have oblique sails on all masts;
The division is conditional, since combinations of straight and oblique sails are possible for all types. However, weapons are considered direct, in which the main ones are straight sails (adapted primarily for them), and oblique - where the main sails are oblique. Large sailing ships may have any type of sailing rig. Small sailing ships most often have only oblique armament.
Large ships with direct sailing
Ship
The ship has direct armament on all masts (three or more in number).
The front mast is called the fore mast, the rear mast is called the mizzen mast, the rest are mainmasts (if there are several mainmasts, they are called from bow to stern: first, second, and so on).
Foremast yards: foka-ray, fore-mars-ray (upper and lower are possible), fore-bram-ray (upper and lower), fore-bom-bram-ray, fore-hold-ray.
Mainmast yards: mainsail, mains-mars-rei (upper and lower), mainsail-bram-rei (upper and lower), mainsail-bom-bram-rei, mains-hold-rei. In the case of several mainmasts, the number is added (for example: the first lower mainsail yard).
Mizzen-mast yards: begin-rei, cruise-marsa-rei (upper and lower), cruise-bram-rei (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bram-rei, cruise-hold-rei.
Fore mast sails: fore, fore-marseille (upper and lower), fore-bramsel (upper and lower), fore-bom-bramsel, fore-trumsel. May have slanting sails: foka-trisel and fore-bram trisel
Mainmast sails: mainsail, mainsail (upper and lower), mainsail (upper and lower), mainsail-bom-brassel, mainsail. Oblique sails are possible: main-trisel and main-bram trisel.
Mizzen-mast sails: mizzen (mizzen and counter-mizzen), cruise marseille (less commonly referred to as cruysel, upper and lower), cruise-bramsel (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bramsel, cruise-trümsel.
If a straight sail is mounted on the first tier of a mizzen mast, then it is called a mizzen, and a gaff sail is called a counter mizzen. If there is no direct sail on the first tier, then a gaff sail is called mizzen.
Head sails: fore-staysail or fore-stay-staysail, jib, bom-jib, flying jib - oblique. Historically, a bowsprit could have straight sails: a blind hanging under it (on a blind yard) and a bom blind (on a blind top).
Staysails between the foremast and the main mast: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, bram, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail. If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number.
Staysails between the mainmast and the mizzen mast: apsail, cruise-stay-staysail, cruise-bram-stay-staysail, cruise-bom-bram-stay-staysail, cruise-hold-stay-staysail.
Additionally, it can carry foxes, exhibited on fox-alcohols side by side from direct sails.
Brig
The brig always has two masts with straight sails.
The spars of the brig consist of two masts: foremast and mainmast, bowsprit and yardarms and corresponding topmasts, jigs and spirits. The main mast also has a boom and hafel for attaching hafel mizzen.
Brigs are always smaller than ships and barges, and have fewer tiers of direct armament. Therefore, there are no straight sails and corresponding spars.
Foremast yards: foca-ray, fore-marsa-ray, fore-bram-ray, fore-bom-bram-ray.
Mainmast yards: mainsail, mains-mars-rey, mains-bram-ray, mains-bom-bram-ray.
On the main mast, a main boom and a main hafel are also installed.
Fore mast sails: fore, fore-marseille, fore-bramsel, fore-bom-bramseil.
Mainmast sails: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail-bom-sail.
Head sails: fore-staysail or fore-sten-staysail, jib, boom jib, flying jib.
Mainsails: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, bram, mainsail, staysail.
Large vessels with mixed rigging
Barque
The barque has at least three masts, carries slanting sails on the mizzen mast and straight sails on the remaining masts.
The forward mast is called the foremast, the rear mast is called the mizzen mast, the rest are called mainmasts.
Sails mizzen mast: oblique mizzen (mizzen), haf topsail.
The armament of the remaining masts is the same as when arming a ship.
Brigantine (schooner brig)
Brigantine (schooner brig)
The brigantine has two masts, carries straight sails on the fore mast and oblique sails on the main mast. Their names do not differ from the corresponding barque sails.
Barquentine
Barkentina has at least three masts, of which the first (fore-) mast carries straight sails, and the rest - slanting. Accordingly, the oblique gaff sail of the mainmast is called the mainsail, the topsail above it is the mainsail-gaff-topsail (If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number), and the same sails of the mizzen-mast are called mizzen and cruise-gaff-topsail.
Large vessels with slanting rigging
Large ships with oblique sailing are called schooners. The type of schooner is determined by the type of main and additional sails on the masts. There are the following types of schooners:
- gaff - equipped with gaff sails.
- Bermuda - equipped with Bermuda (triangular) sails.
Staysail schooner
- staysail - the main ones are staysails on all masts, they are complemented by trisails and mizzen.
Marseille schooner
The last two types are, strictly speaking, mixed. However, according to tradition, they are called schooners and belong to ships with oblique weapons. The difference between a two-masted topsail schooner and a brigantine is that in the first, the spars and rigging are adapted primarily for oblique sails, and straight lines are additionally installed.
small craft
Double-masted
- Ketch is a type of sailing rig. The vessel has a main and mizzen masts. The defining feature is that the ketch has the head of the rudder stock located behind the mizzen mast. When arming the ship with Kechem, the mizzen area is 15 - 25%% of the total windage. May be Bermuda or Gaff. Ketch is also a local type of sailing ship, which began to be armed with ketch since the 19th century. But it has its own characteristics, and is usually called with a specification, for example (Baltic ketch).
hafel iol
- Yol is a type of oblique weapon. A two-masted vessel with main and mizzen masts. Unlike Ketch, Yol's rudder head is located forward of the mizzen mast. The mizzen area is 8 - 10%% of the total windage. May be Bermuda or Gaff. Yol is also called a local type of sailing vessel, not necessarily armed with a yol, but characteristic of a certain time on the North Sea.
Single mast
- Tender - a single-masted type with a mast shifted amidships, having a hafel or Bermuda mainsail, a topsail, several staysails and jibs. The type of mainsail determines whether the tender is hafel or Bermuda.
- A sloop is a type of rig with a slanting mainsail and one staysail. If there is a gaff grotto, then a second sail is placed above it - a haf topsail.
- Kat - a type of weaponry with one oblique sail.
Literature
- Sulerzhitsky, A. D., Sulerzhitsky, I. D. Marine Dictionary. M., Military Publishing, 1956.
- Marquardt, K. H. Spars, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century. L., Shipbuilding, 1991. ISBN 5-7355-0131-3
- Jenny Bennett, Veres Laszlo. Sailing rigs: an illustrated guide. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-813-8
Links
Barque- (goal bark), a sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast carrying slanting sails. Initially, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal navigation. But then the size of this type gradually increased. Barges were mass-produced until the 1930s. XX century., Their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailboats "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5-masted barque.
Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing deckless fishing, sometimes a coaster, which appeared for the first time in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barque turned into a light high-speed vessel, common in Western Europe in the era late medieval built like a galley. Even later, the oars disappeared on the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts, which carried the fore, fore-marseille (fore-mast) and the main, marseille (main-mast). An interesting feature was that the mizzen was mounted directly on the main mast. Barges were predominantly coastal merchant ships.
Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, warships from the middle of the 16th century were called ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.
Galleon- (Spanish galeon), a sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40m, a width of 10-14m, a transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. On the foremast and mainmast, straight sails were set, on the mizzen mast - slanting, on the bowsprit - a blind. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks, where living quarters were located. Artillery. armament consisted of 50-80 guns, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.
Caravel- (Italian caravella), marine single-deck sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the countries of the Mediterranean. Caravels went down in history as the first ships to cross the Atlantic, sailing around the cape Good Hope and on which was opened New World. The characteristic features of caravels are high sides, deep deck sheer in the middle part of the vessel and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or set straight sails on the fore and main masts. Latin sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply into the wind.
Karakka- (fr. caraque), a large sailing ship, common in the XIII - XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and a width of 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures at the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward, such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on ships, which prevented enemy soldiers from getting on the ship. Fore and main masts carried direct weapons (mainsail and fore), mizzen masts - oblique. Topsails were often additionally placed on the foremast and mainmast. Artillery. armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the XV century. time karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed vessel.
Corvette- (French corvette), a high-speed sailing warship of the 18th - 19th centuries. The ship had the same rigging as the frigate, with the only exception: a jib and a boom jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. Artillery armament up to 40 guns located on one deck.
Battleship- in the sailing fleet of the XVII - XIX centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with full sailing weapons. Possessed strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - the third rank, 80-90 guns - the second rank, 100 and above - the first rank. They were huge, heavy, low-maneuverable ships with great firepower.
Pinasse- (fr. pinasse, eng. pinnace), a small flute-type sailing vessel, but differing from it in less concave frames and a flat stern. The front of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead, extending in height from the deck to the forecastle. This form of the front of the ship existed until the beginning of the 18th century. Pinasse was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. On the main and fore masts, straight sails were hoisted, on the mizzen mast - a mizzen and a cruisel above it, and on the bowsprit - blind and bom blind. The displacement of pinasses is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for trading purposes. distributed in the countries of the North. Europe in the 16th-17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, served mainly for trading purposes.
Pink- (goal pink), fishing and merchant ship of the 16th - 18th centuries. On the North Sea it had 2, and on the Mediterranean 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sailing equipment) and a narrow stern. He had on board up to 20 guns of small caliber. As a pirate ship, it was mainly used in the North Sea.
flutes- (goal fluit), sailing sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had sides with a collapse above the waterline, which were littered inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a small draft. The deck had a sheer and was quite narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the amount of duty by the Sound Customs. On the fore and main masts there were direct sails (fore, main and topsails), and on the mizzen mast - mizzen and topsail. A blind was placed on the bowsprit, sometimes a bom-blind. By the 18th century bramsels appeared above the topsails, and a cruysel appeared above the topsail. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland. The length of these vessels was 4-6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. For the first time in the spars, the topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be made shorter. Thus, small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails were created, which reduced the overall number of the top crew. On the mizzen mast, a straight sail of the cruysel was raised above the usual oblique sail. On flutes, a rudder appeared for the first time, which made it easier to shift the rudder. Flutes of the beginning of the 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity, and therefore were used mainly as military transport ships. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships on all seas.
Frigate- (head. fregat), three-masted sailing ship of the XVIII - XX centuries. with full ship's sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the brushsprit, later a jib and a boom jib were added, even later the blind was removed, and a midsection jib was installed instead. The crew of the frigate was 250 - 300 people. The multi-purpose ship was used to escort trade caravans or single ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in their smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called linear.
Sloop- (go. sloep), there were several types of ships. Sailing 3-masted warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sailing. In size, it occupied an intermediate position between a corvette and a brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Common in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. The rigging consists of a hafel or Bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they were additionally supplied with another jib and staysail.
Shnyava- (goal snauw), a small sailing merchant or military vessel, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. The main feature of the shnyava was the shnyav-or trisel-mast. It was a thin mast, set on deck in a block of wood just behind the mainmast. Its top was fastened with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the back side of the main-mars. Shnyavs who were in military service were usually called corvettes or sloops of war. Often they did not carry a schnaw-mast, and in its place from the rear side of the top of the main mast a cable was laid, which was stuffed on the deck with lashings on the lufers. The mizzen was attached to this stay, and the hafel was very heavy. The length of the shnyava was 20 - 30 m, the width was 5 - 7.5 m, the displacement was about 150 tons, the crew was up to 80 people. Military shnyavs were armed with 12 - 18 small-caliber guns and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.
Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing ship with slanting sails. First appeared in North America in the 18th century and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (gaff schooners). They had such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to walk very steeply to the wind, they had a smaller crew on board than ships with direct sailing weapons required, and therefore they were widely used in a variety of modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailboats, but they were popular with pirates.
Picking up wallpaper for your desktop, I came across several photos of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and intrigued me. Yes, and forced to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.
Bark "Kruzenshtern"
The Laiesch und K company, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges, which had steel hulls and spars and excellent driving characteristics. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of these was the four-masted barque Padua built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he carried saltpeter and phosphates from Chile to Germany and wheat from Australia, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days, with an average voyage of 88 days. Since the beginning of the war, the bark was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred to the Soviet Union as an indemnity.
In January 1946, the Soviet flag was hoisted on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round the world expedition on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva.
The condition of the vessel was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and until 1955 the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks without going to sea. In June 1955, he was first taken to the raid for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 - 1961 the ship was overhauled. Two diesel engines of 588 kW each and all the necessary equipment were installed on it.
From 1961 to 1966 Kruzenshtern is a research ship of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited with expeditions Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports. Since 1966 - a training sailing ship with a home port - Riga, since 1981. - Tallinn, and since 1991 - Kaliningrad.
Kruzenshtern is the winner of the 1992 and 1994 Boston-Liverpool races, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the vessel, it was considered dangerous to develop a high speed.
In 1993, the barque again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship Sedov is larger than it).
Now, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills on the sailing and motor barque Kruzenshtern. Every year, about 800 young men who have chosen a maritime specialty practice here.
PERFORMANCE DATA
Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Board height, m - 8.5
Freeboard height, m - 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Empty displacement, t - 3760
Displacement in full load, t - 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots - 9.4
Speed under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 - 3655
Navigation area - unlimited
Crew size - 70
Number of places for cadets - 203
Bark "Sedov"
The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Carl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter, Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargoes between the ports of Europe and South America, Australia, South-East Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Carl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. The new shipowner equipped the vessel with cabins for 70 cadets and began to use it both as a cargo and training ship. The barque was given a new name - "Kommondor Jensen".
After the defeat of fascist Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the division of the military and auxiliary German fleets was carried out between the allies. The Soviet Union, in compensation for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the Commodore Jensen ship, renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).
On January 11, 1946, the Sedov sailboat was handed over to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this quality in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training vessel, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. In the course of these studies, the crew and the team of scientists, by joint efforts, erased many "blank spots" from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training the personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became Sedov's home port. In the early 70s, the barque was going through difficult times and almost died. In anticipation of a long overdue repair, the ship stood in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for the decision of its fate. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the defense of the veteran. At different times, each of them lived the same life with the Sedov, sharing the difficulties and romance of sailing together. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where, over the course of six years of reconstruction, the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one, with a capacity of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places for 164 students were equipped. The ship was put back into service in 1981.
His first flight, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, "Sedov" made to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.
In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its native port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the German crews of the sailing ship, including one of its first owners, on board.
In 1984, the Sedov made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The flight, which began in the Baltic, passed around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.
During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed on the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.
In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and since then has become a frequent participant in them, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventurers for training.
In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
"Sedov" - a four-masted barque, is the largest sailing ship in the world of traditional construction and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. UPS "Sedov" is listed in the "Guinness Book of Records" as the largest of the sailing ships that have survived to this day.
Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year built: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4-masted barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sailing area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind energy: 8.000 HP
Engine brand: Vartsila
Engine power: 2.800 HP
Speed under sail: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons
Sailing area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164
At the end of the 80s, ships of the same type were built in Poland: "Gift of Youth" for the city of Gdynia, "Druzhba" for the city of Odessa, "Mir" for the city of Leningrad, "Khersones" for the city of Sevastopol, "Pallada" and "Nadezhda" for the city of Vladivostok.
Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)
Training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of the five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - flag Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the "Mir" and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the owner of the ship.
From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training ship, intended for the passage of swimming practice for cadets of the navigation faculty and taking part in sailing ship races.
V different times from 70 to 140 cadets not only of the State Marine Academy, but also of other maritime educational institutions of the former Soviet Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.
"Mir" actively participates in the races of sailing ships. A significant event was the participation of "Mir" in the international grand regatta "Columbus-92", dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
"Mir" took part in the transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only class "A" ship that won the main prize of this race twice in a row (2003 and 2004).
Training sailing ship "Mir" - the current symbol of the maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea international cooperation port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.
According to the prevailing last years Practice "Mir" from April to October operates in the area of the Baltic and North Seas, visiting from 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions practice on the ship.
Main technical characteristics:
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp
mast height: fore and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people
Training sailing vessel "Nadezhda" (training frigate)
Nadezhda is a three-masted training ship owned by the Marine state university them. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. The flag of the Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.
This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sailing armament of the "ship" type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.
The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that have left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, an island. In the history of the fleet, there are few ships with such rich history, ships that so regularly served their Fatherland, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.
On account of the sailboat - dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who pass their sixth “floating” semester on the high seas. During long trips, cadets not only perform all ship work, participate in all-hands work, stand watch on the bridge, but also study. There are several basic subjects studied on the voyage. According to the captain of the frigate, it is important for the cadets to develop an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the "round the world" with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea mass was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths with their subsequent analysis. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailboat.
Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and research vessel.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 109.4 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,984 tons
Engine power - 2x450 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Sailing area - 2768 sq.m
Crew - 50 people
Number of places for trainees - 143
Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)
"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship belonging to the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).
Named after the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 made a voyage from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full armament of the "frigate" type. Two motors driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The controllable pitch screw can be moved to the so-called "vane position" to reduce drag when sailing.
The frigate "Pallada" set the official speed record of 18.7 knots for class "A" sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook, and also filmed on video, but not officially issued.
Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 tons
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sailing area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144
Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)
"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a ship with full sailing equipment) belonging to the Kerch State Marine Technological University (port of registry - Kerch).
Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard named after Lenin in 1989. The first name is "Alexander Grin", but at the end of the construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Russia, it was named "Chersonesos".
From 1991 to 2006, on a lease basis, it was operated by the Inmaris travel company as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, the operation has been discontinued, the vessel is laid up in the port of Kerch. Since 2006, the ship has not gone to sea.
Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Marine Technological University. Although there is a dispute between the Federal Agency for Fishery and the Ministry of Transport of Russia for the right to own the vessel. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived at the Sevastopol branch of Zvezdochka for repairs. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 tons
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total capacity of 1140 hp. s. (2 x 570)
Two-masted motor-sailing schooner "Nadezhda"
There is a legend that the schooner, later known as “Nadezhda”, is the “Sterna” (“Stern”) yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, the national hero of Germany during the First World War.
"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the shipyard of Gebrouders as a steel sail logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine manufactured by Deutsche Werke (Deutsche Werke) with a capacity of 70 hp. With.
On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke from Hamburg, who converted her into a universal cargo ship and renamed her "Edelgard" ("Edelgard").
On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name "Seeteufel" ("Seeteufel" - German "Sea Devil"). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939, the schooner circumnavigated the world along the route.
The crew of the ship consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a round-the-world trip, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of fascist Germany.
In 1943, the schooner was acquired by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the institute he was creating for marine research. The schooner was to become an expedition ship and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was at that time.
On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Order of Lenin Academy. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named "Hope" and, together with another schooner "Study", was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad naval base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.
On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and donated to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name "Leningrad" and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner was overhauled and re-equipped at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, a poop and a new wheelhouse appeared, significantly changing the silhouette of the schooner.
On the schooner, cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's and Youth Sports School, and students of oceanography practiced. The schooner repeatedly participated in the filming of Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.
From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city's alumni holidays " Scarlet Sails". After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the former name "Hope" was returned to the schooner. Due to financial difficulties and poor technical condition since 2005, the schooner was practically not operated.
In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the hull of the schooner, replanned the lower rooms, changed the architecture of the hull above the main deck, replaced the standing and running rigging, sewed new sails, moved the main engine, installed two new diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.
Since 2014 - the Fund for Support, Reconstruction and Revival of Historic Ships and Classic Yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.
In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is "the repatriation of the Seeteufel schooner to Germany."
Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Board height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from the waterline
Number of sails - 9
Sailing area - 340 (460) m²
Sailing training vessel "Young Baltiets"
The training sailing vessel "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltiysky Zavod im. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the ship was raised state flag THE USSR.
The first independent exit from the berth of the plant in May 1989. The crew of the ship is 52 people, including 32 trainees, cabin boys aged 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailboat visited German ports: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to come to participate in sailing holidays held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race at the first stage in group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailboats like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad, they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which schoolchildren are practicing. Over the years, "Young Baltiets" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.
Tactical and technical characteristics:
Length - 48.4 m
Width - 8.4 m
Height - 36.0 m
Displacement - 441t / 132t
Sailing area - 500 sq.m
The power of the main mover is 408 hp.
Travel speed under the main propulsion unit - 9.5 knots
Speed under sail - 10.5 knots
Crew - 20 people
Interns - 32 people
The current copy of the historical frigate Shtandart.
Shtandart is a copy of the Shtandart frigate of the time of Peter the Great, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Shtandart.
In 1994, Vladimir Martus, with an initiative group, took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovsky Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Shtandart.
The crew of the "Standard" is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the Shtandart set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Great Embassy - to those cities and countries that Peter I visited while studying ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the Shtandart frigate made twelve voyages across Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, Shtandart passed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the waters of the Neva to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. Shtandart takes an active part in international marine regattas, festivals, filming.
But in June 2009, the Shtandart was presented to the inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, the registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. On June 18, 2009, in order to restore the vessel on the classification register, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before going on a voyage.
The shipowner, the non-profit partnership Project Shtandart, considering the requirements presented in principle unfeasible, taking into account the historical design of the ship, decided to stop the operation of the ship in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional ships are settled.
Since 2009, Shtandart has been carrying out educational and training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, has a certificate from the Dutch Register of Historical and Sailing Vessels Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to conduct a survey of the vessel as a sport sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But consideration of documents is not completed. Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.
The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.
The current copy of the historic battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's foresight")
Historical copy of the Russian battleship "Goto Predestination" of the times of Peter the Great, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteiskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.
In early 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on the creation of the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship were not preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.
On June 15, 2011, the foundation board of the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk Shipyard. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to Alexander Tikhomirov, designer of the superstructure, the same materials were used for its construction, from which the original ship was built: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.
On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the ship from Pavlovsk, with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers, went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day, the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. of the future ship In mid-September, the installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was transferred to Admiralteyskaya Square.
In January 2014, the arrangement of the coastal parking for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. July 2, 2014 the ship went on its first voyage for sea trials.
July 27, 2014, on the day of the Navy, the ship "Goto Predestination" was inaugurated near the Admiralteyskaya Square in the city of Voronezh. The Andreevsky flag was raised on the ship. After that, the ship went on its first voyage, in which the workers of the Pavlovsk Shipyard, who built the ship, took part. During the departure, a volley was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier at Admiralteyskaya Square. About 40 people worked on the ship in total. It took a little more than 3 years to create the ship from the moment of laying, while the original was built in the time of Peter the Great a little less than 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing existing copies of historical ships, there was another copy. A copy of the frigate "Holy Spirit".
A working copy of the historical Frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP firm were recreated in 1992 at the Avangard shipyard.
According to historical fact, during the years of the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates "Courier" and "Holy Spirit" in August 1702 were dragged along the "Sovereign" road 170 miles long through the Karelian forests and swamps. Movement of ships and troops by land from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.
The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype, carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike the ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.
The main technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
length according to design waterline - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m
In 1992 "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden boats in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian fleet and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the Andreevsky flag.
In 1993, the flagship of the Russian historical fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.
In 1994, the frigate takes part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia "Blue Onego-94".
But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit" sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea on its way to the festival in the city of Amsterdam.
Also, at the moment, the shipyard of the historical shipbuilding "Poltava" is engaged in the reconstruction of the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched in the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
The construction of the original battleship of the 4th rank "Poltava" began in 1709 and ended in 1712, the construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosey Sklyaev supervised the construction.
A full-size replica of the ship "Poltava" was conceived in 2013, launching is planned for 2016.
In the summer of 2013, the midsection frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions, it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was completed and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid, the first frames were installed. The set of the ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the spars of the ship are made of pine, and the lining is planned to be made of larch. 54 cannons that will be installed on the ship "Poltava" are cast at the factory from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.
The shipyard already employs more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the Shtandart frigate or at the Poltava shipyard.
On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on excursions and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was being built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily tours, workshops and events on weekends.
The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.
The installation of a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.
Centuries and millennia have passed. The primitive ships were replaced different types ships with one or more masts and a system of differently shaped sails.
A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of the engines, but the sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.
The structure of a sailing ship
A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and a crew are placed.
The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the lateral restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.
Also the main elements are:
- spars(masts with yardarms, hafels, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
- rigging- standing, running (various rope, steel ropes, chains);
- sail(oblique, straight).
Gaff- this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; a geek- horizontal bottom rail. Topmast attached to the mast, being its continuation.
bowsprit sailors call a wooden beam, which is a continuation of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.
standing rigging, as can be inferred from its name, motionless. Such rigging gear firmly fastens masts and topmasts, they are divided into:
- shrouds and forduny located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
- stays that fasten the masts in front;
- backstays securing the bowsprit.
running rigging in a fixed state, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on managing the vessel, it can move gear in space.
There are such types of rigging:
- tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
- sheet(manages sailing equipment);
- halyard(raises the sail);
- brace(designed to rotate the yardarm in a plane parallel to the deck).
The classification of sails is based on several criteria. In shape, there are rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal.
By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, brahmsel) and oblique (staysail, jib - one and the other additional), lower sail and upper (lower fore-marseille, upper fore-marseille).
The main types of sailing equipment are shown in the photo.
Latin sails are also distinguished - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to the yard, tilted relative to the mast at an angle of about 45-55 degrees.
Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional one that indicates to which element of the spar or sail it belongs. So, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on the sail staysail is a staysail sheet.
Types of sailing ships
Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, the features of the sails, and the purpose. The table will help determine the type of ship.
| Vessel name | Purpose of the ship | Number of masts | Sails on masts | Additional characteristics of the vessel |
| Aak | Freight, transport | 1 | 2-3 direct sails | River Dutch ship; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom. |
| Barque | Transport | 3, 4, 5 | straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique | Initially small, then large sea ship (displacement 5-10 tons); built before the first quarter of the 20th century. Looks very impressive. |
| Barquentine | Cargo | 3, 4, 5, rarely 6 | Straight only on the forward foremast; the rest are oblique; no gaff on foremast. | Appearance - 50s of the 19th century. |
| Bombard or bombing ship | Military (shelling of fortresses, other fortifications on the coast) | 2, 3 | Straight and oblique on all masts. | 17th century - 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-drafted to come as close to the shore as possible. |
| Brig | Convoy | 2 | Straight lines on the front background mast, straight and oblique - on the second (main mast). | Had 10-20 guns; could row. |
| Brigantine | Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance warships. | 2-3 | Initially - Latin oblique sails; since the 19th century - straight on the fore mast, oblique - on the main mast. | Light ship - small brig; could row on oars (sails were removed). |
| Buer | Cargo for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure craft. | 01.02.18 | oblique | Appeared in the 18-19 century. Russian fishermen from the north used iceboats mounted on skates (moving on ice). Later they began to be used as a sail on wheels for moving on dense sand. |
| Galleon | Fighting, trading ship, characteristic of the 16-18th century. | 2-4 | straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique. | A large marine vessel with a four- or seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 guns on two decks. For its time, it had the most advanced design. |
| Junk | Military, then cargo ship. | 2-4 | They are made of mats in the form of quadrangles, the yards are made of bamboo. | Distributed in southeast Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal navigation. Cargo weight - up to 600 tons. |
| Iol (or yol) | military, fishing | 2 | oblique | Appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with cannon and falconets. The steering axle is in front of the rear mast. |
| Caravel | Fishing, merchant ship of the 13th-17th centuries. | 3-4 | Straight (first two masts), oblique. | They were part of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets, sailed on them. Features: high carrying capacity, seaworthiness, built-in stern and bow; could go against the wind. |
| Karakka | Military, trade (16-17 century). | 3 | Straight (fore-, main-mast), oblique (mizzen-mast). | Large ship with three decks, displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. Equipped with guns (30-40), it could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of the expedition of Magellan. Invented in Genoa. |
| Karbas | Industrial, cargo, transport. | 1-2 | 2 straight sails per mast. | Place of use — Russian North (Pomors White Sea other). |
| Ketch (catch) | Fishing, sports. | 2 - (only main and mizzen mast) | oblique | It differs in that the aft mast is located in front of the steering axle. |
| Clipper | Military (patrol, intelligence). | 3-4 | Direct | Fast ship of the 19th century. He developed high speed due to the narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement - up to 1.5 tons. |
| Lugger | Military (reconnaissance, messenger). | 2-3 | Direct | Created in France in the late 18th - mid 19th century. Valued for speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns. |
| Tender | Military Auxiliary | 1 mast | oblique | Used in the 19th - early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit, up to 12 guns. |
| flutes | Military (transportation) | 3 | Maximum popularity - 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns. | |
| Frigate | Combat | 3 | Straight, on a mizzen mast - oblique. | They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The size is average. Classical courts are created in France. A linear frigate was in demand. |
| Sloop | Military, expeditionary | 3 | Direct | Used in the 18th and 19th century. An open battery with 25 guns was installed. |
| Schooner | Trade and cargo | 2-3 | oblique | Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used by the United States. |
| Yacht | Sports, tourism, can be personal | 1 to multiple masts | Straight, oblique | Fast, light boat. |
The table with the types of sailboats showed how the appearance of the ships, the attitude to the length and number of masts, and the sailing structure changed.
Sailboats of Russia
Russia for a long time did not have access to the southern seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.
In the north, the Pomors went out into the cold seas on koches with one sail.
Up to the 18th century. in our country there was no navy, and only by order of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat, and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.
From there, the first sailing ship of the line (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailboats were built at foreign shipyards.
There are ships that entered the history of our country.
Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.
The legendary frigate "Pallada", recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.
The Vityaz corvette delivered N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, the first European, to the coast of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.
Modern sailing ships
Modern sailing ships are widely known:
Conclusion
The age of iron ships powered by nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets to master the maritime science in practice.
With their appearance, they awaken in children and adolescents an interest in traveling, help to touch history. geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.
On May 18, 1881, the last sailing ship in Atlantic Ocean. We decided to recall 9 legendary sailboats that made the history of great travels and discoveries.
1. "Santa Maria" - the legend of legends, the ship on which Christopher Columbus and his team discovered America. This is a small vessel with a length of no more than 25 meters with four masts and direct sailing. The Santa Maria had five sails, which, under favorable conditions, could give her a fairly high speed. It should be noted that the Santa Maria was not the fastest ship, but at the same time she was highly stable, which could come in handy during a storm. The last voyage of this semi-mythical sailing ship took place on Christmas Day 1492 - it crashed off the coast of Haiti. But the wreckage of "Maria" was not left to rot at the bottom of the ocean, but was used in the construction of a settlement that still exists. To the greatest regret, not a single image of "Santa Maria" remained, and all photographs and drawings were made either according to diary descriptions or reconstructions.
2. Ship "Victoria" became the first ship in history on which people managed to go around Earth. The captain of this legendary ship was the no less legendary Ferdinand Magellan - a man who managed to maintain the spirit of his sailors for many months of an exhausting unbearable journey. Reliable images of the Victoria have also not been preserved, but researchers believe that this ship had three masts, two rows of direct sails and one oblique sail. The ship, despite the fact that it was intended primarily for research and peaceful purposes, was armed with several dozen guns to increase security. Scientists cannot decide on the characteristics of the ship either: its mass ranges from 80 to 200 tons.
3. "Golden Doe" , this is an English galleon led by Captain Drake, who was the first to return from a round-the-world trip after the voyage of Magellan. The golden doe spent 2 years and 10 months in the ocean. This ship is unique in that it was the only one able to sail through the Strait of Magellan (after Magellan himself). There are several replicas of the Golden Hind, which are on eternal parking in shipbuilding museums.
4. "Endeavour" James Cook - the ship on which this famous navigator made his first trip around the world, which pursued scientific astronomical goals - the study of the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, as well as for a more thorough study of the southern hemisphere.
5. "Dyfken"- the ship on which Australia was discovered by the European Willem Jans. It was a small ship about 25-30 meters long, quite fast (speeded up to 13 kilometers per hour) and light, designed for a small crew. A replica of the legendary ship is in the Australian Museum and anyone can easily visit it.
6. "Hope" and "Neva"- two small ships that managed to glorify domestic sailors and enter their names in the list the greatest travelers peace. It should be noted that both ships were purchased in England, especially in order to make a round-the-world trip. The seafarers took this step for the reason that in Russia at that time there was no own shipbuilding of the required level, and Russian ships could not withstand such a long voyage. Kruzenshtern, who was the initiator of the trip, and his close friend Lisyansky were appointed captains of the ships.
7. "Galley"- the most famous pirate sailboat of one of the most cruel and successful sea robbers - Captain Kid. This ship had a displacement of about 300 tons, was equipped with fifty oars and 34 deck guns, which made it a very formidable weapon in the skillful hands of an experienced captain Kid.
8. "Flying Dutchman" - a ghost ship that has instilled fear in sailors around the world for several centuries. This is an eternal sea wanderer around which dozens of legends revolve. All legends, although they differ in plot, are similar in that the ship and crew were cursed for the sins of their captain. Neither the year of construction nor the type of the ship itself is known.
9. "Vasa"- a museum ship, the only sailing ship from our selection that has survived to this day. It was built and put into service in 1628 in Sweden, after which, having sailed for about half an hour, it sank safely. The ship was raised from the bottom centuries later, becoming a museum piece. At one time, the Vasa was one of the largest sailing ships, its length reached 65 meters and a width of 12 meters; an entire oak forest (about a thousand trees) was destroyed for the construction of the Vasa.
