A tropical climate is a type of climate characteristic of a tropical climate zone located approximately between 20° and 30° north and south latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, to the north of the tropical zone is subtropical, to the south - subequatorial, in southern hemisphere on the contrary - from the north there is a subequatorial belt, and in the south the tropics are replaced by subtropics.
The mainland tropical climate is characterized by very little rainfall. In winter, the temperature very rarely rises above fifteen degrees and falls below ten. But the summer is quite hot. In summer, the average temperature ranges from thirty-five to forty degrees Celsius. Temperature fluctuations occur several times during the day. Due to the absence of clouds, nights are most often cool and clear. Rapid temperature changes contribute to the destruction of rocks, which in turn leads to the formation of large masses of dust, sand and frequent sandstorms.
Tropical continental climate located in North America in Mexican territory. In the southern part of Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and Argentina and southern Paraguay and Brazil. In Africa, in the continental tropical zone are Mauritania, Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Chad, Mali, Niger, Egypt, Sudan. And also in the southern part of Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. As well as Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states and central Australia (Greater Victoria Desert)
Basically, these areas are belts of tropical deserts, so the climate inherent in these areas is sometimes even called the climate of tropical deserts. Cloudiness and precipitation here are very small, the radiation balance of the earth's surface due to the dryness of the air and the large albedo of the earth's surface is less than in the equatorial belt. However, the air temperature is very high, since the heat consumption for evaporation is small. Summer is extremely hot, the average temperature of the warmest month is not lower than +26 and in some places almost 40. It is in the zone of tropical deserts that the highest temperature maxima on the globe are observed (about 57). Winter is also warm with the temperature of the coldest month between 10 and 22 heat.
Precipitation is rare, but heavy showers are also possible (in sugar up to 80 mm per day). Annual precipitation in most cases is less than 250 mm and in some places less than 100. There have been cases when it did not rain for several years in a row.
With generally weak winds, tropical deserts are characterized by dusty whirlwinds and even sandstorms (samums) carrying huge amounts of sand. They are associated with extreme overheating of the lower layer of sand.
The slide shows the Sahara and Kalahari deserts, the region south america with a semi-desert landscape of Gran Chaco, The capital of Peru is Lima
Oriental siera madre mountain system in the northeast of mexico, the sierra de juarez horn system in the south of mexico, the vicinity of the hermansberg village in the center of australia.
Alice Springs: Temperatures fluctuate around 20°C each day. In summer, during the daytime, the temperature often reaches 40 °C, the absolute maximum is 48 °C. In winter, the temperature is much lower, sometimes there are frosts down to -7 ° C, and the absolute minimum is -10 ° C, despite the fact that the city is located at the latitude of the Southern Tropic. The climate is very dry, there is very little or no rain at all, the amount of precipitation varies from year to year.
Sahara: The climate of most of the Sahara is strongly influenced by the northeast trade wind throughout the year. Relative humidity is 30-50%, a huge deficit of humidity and high evaporation (potential evaporation 2500-6000 mm) are typical for the entire desert area, with the exception of narrow coastal strips. There are two main climatic regimes: dry subtropical in the north and dry tropical in the south. The northern regions are characterized by unusually large annual and daily temperature fluctuations with cool and even cold winters and hot summers. The amount of precipitation has two annual maxima. In the southern regions, summers are hot, and winters are mild and dry. After the hot and dry season comes the summer rains. The cooler climate of the narrow coastal strip in the west is due to the influence of the cold Canary Current.
Windhoek: The city is located in a semi-arid climate region. During the summer months, the days are dry and the nights are cool. The maximum daily temperature in summer is 31 °C. In winter (months of June, July and August) there is usually a small amount of rain. The minimum temperature ranges from 5 °C to 18 °C. The nights are cold, but the temperature rarely drops below zero and it almost never snows. The maximum temperature during the day is about 20 °C. The average annual temperature, 19.47 °C, is relatively high for a city located at such an altitude on the edge of the tropical zone. This is due to the dominance of the warm northern air current and the mountains located to the south of the city, which reliably protect Windhoek from cold southerly winds.
Medium annual amount rainfall, about 330 mm, does not allow the development of gardens and green spaces in the city without intensive artificial irrigation. Steppe vegetation with numerous shrubs prevails in the area of the city. Droughts happen frequently.
Above them, the prevailing winds and the amount of precipitation. Such diversity is defined.
The main climate-forming factor
The main reason for the diversity of climates is the different angle of incidence of sunlight on the earth's surface. It depends on geographical latitude and decreases from the equator to the poles. In a year equatorial latitudes receive 10 times more heat than arctic ones. So southern continents, except , very hot. The northern continents are much colder, and they have large annual temperature amplitudes.
Due to uneven surface heating at different latitudes, the troposphere is divided into air masses. Air mass is a large volume of air that has the same properties: temperature, humidity, transparency. The temperature of air masses depends on geographic latitude, and humidity depends on what surface - land or water - they form.
Depending on the latitude, 4 types of air masses are distinguished: equatorial air(EW), tropical air (TW), temperate latitude air (TWL) and arctic (Antarctic) air (AW).
According to humidity, all types of air masses are divided into continental (drier air) and marine (more humid air). Maritime air masses are warmer than continental air masses in winter and colder in summer.
Atmospheric circulation
The alternation of belts with different pressures in the troposphere causes the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Thus, constant winds arise that carry air with different properties from hot zones to moderate and cold ones, and vice versa. Seasonal winds are also formed, carrying air from the oceans to the continents and from the continents towards the oceans. The exchange of air between different latitudes, between continents and oceans, between the lower and upper layers of the troposphere is called. Thanks to it, heat and moisture from areas where they are abundant are transferred to areas where they are lacking. Therefore, atmospheric circulation is the second most important factor in any territory.
Atmospheric circulation
All parts of the continents and oceans between 30 latitudes and the equator are under the influence of the trade winds. These are constant winds - northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast - in the South. The trade winds carry tropical, relatively dry air from high-pressure belts to the equator, where the pressure is low. There is little rainfall in the trade winds, except east coasts continents in tropical latitudes. Here on the eastern shores, meeting the trade winds from the oceans, there is a lot of precipitation, especially on the slopes of the mountains.
V temperate latitudes Both hemispheres are dominated by westerly winds. In the Southern Hemisphere, they form a powerful constant current of sea air moving around Antarctica. In the Northern Hemisphere, westerly winds bring sea air with in , and with - in . V eastern parts these continents are dominated by seasonal winds - monsoons. The winter monsoons blow from the continents to the oceans, while the summer monsoons blow from the oceans to the continents.
The climate in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is also greatly influenced by polar northeasterly winds. With them comes cold and dry arctic air. Both in winter and in summer it brings a sharp cooling and clear, cloudless weather.
The nature of the earth's surface
The earth's surface also participates in climate formation. The distribution of land and water basins, glaciers, and vegetation have a strong impact.
Over the oceans and coastal territories of the continents, a continental one is formed, and over vast inland regions. The continental climate differs from the maritime climate in a greater range of temperatures and much less precipitation. The degree of climate continentality depends on the size of the land, so the largest areas continental climate located in Eurasia.
Great impact on the climate. The climate of coasts washed by warm currents is warmer and more humid than the climate of coasts washed by cold currents. Eastern Shores continents in tropical latitudes are washed by warm currents, and the western shores are washed by cold ones. In temperate latitudes, on the contrary, warm currents flow near the western coasts of the continents, and cold ones flow near the eastern ones.
The influence of snow and ice cover on the climate is great. White snow and ice reflect a large amount of sunlight and are a kind of natural "refrigerators". In spring, a lot of heat is spent on their melting, the heating of the soil and air is delayed, and summer comes later. The ice cover that does not melt even in summer greatly reduces the air temperature in the polar regions.
Relief
The climate is highly dependent on absolute altitude terrain and it. The mountains located in the path of the winds prevent the penetration of moist air masses from the oceans into the depths of the continents. The flat relief, on the contrary, creates favorable conditions for this.
A special climate is always formed in the mountains: it gets colder as you go up, on the south-facing slopes it is warmer than on the north-facing slopes.
Abstract on the topic:
continental climate
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Continental climate of temperate latitudes
- 2 Climate of Omsk
- 3 Continental climate of the tropics
- 4 Continental climate of polar latitudes
- 5 Relationship with other types of climate
Introduction
continental climate- a type of climate characterized by consistently hot summers, consistently frosty winters and low rainfall. The continental climate is formed as a result of the predominant impact on the atmosphere of large land masses. This type of climate is typical for the interior regions of the continents. The continental climate is dominant in a significant part of the territory of Russia, Ukraine, countries Central Asia(e.g. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan), in Mongolia and inland regions of the USA and Canada. The continent with the greatest distribution of continental climate is Eurasia. The continental climate leads to the formation of steppes and deserts, since most of the moisture of the seas and oceans does not reach the inland regions.
1. Continental climate of temperate latitudes
Steppe in Kazakhstan.
In temperate latitudes, the continental climate is characterized by a large annual amplitude of air temperature (hot summers and cold winters), as well as significant temperature changes during the day. The continental climate differs from the maritime climate by lower average annual temperature and humidity, and in some cases by increased dust content in the air. The continental climate is characterized by fairly low cloudiness and low annual precipitation, the maximum of which occurs in summer. The average wind speed, as a rule, is also low. The weather in regions with a continental climate is more variable than in regions with a maritime climate.
2. Climate of Omsk
3. Continental tropical climate
In the continental climate of the tropics, annual fluctuations in air temperature are not as great as in temperate latitudes, and there is little or very little precipitation. The continental climate in tropical latitudes usually leads to the emergence of deserts and semi-deserts. Summer in the deserts is extremely hot (up to 58 degrees Celsius), sometimes there are frosts in winter.
4. Continental climate of polar latitudes
V polar latitudes, the continental climate is characterized by large annual fluctuations in air temperature and warm, but short summers, as well as very cold and long winters.
5. Relationship with other types of climate
The continental climate can spread in a weakened form to the parts of the oceans closest to the continents, with the flow of air masses from the mainland to the territory above the ocean throughout the year. The continental climate differs from the monsoon climate, which is formed due to the prevailing influence of continental air masses in winter and maritime air masses in summer. There are gradual transitions between maritime and continental climates, such as climate Western Europe predominantly marine, the European part of Russia - temperate continental, Eastern Siberia- sharply continental, Far East - monsoon.
This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed on 07/09/11 11:51:44
Similar abstracts:
continental climate the climate that is formed under the prevailing impact on the atmosphere of large land masses; climate within the continents. In temperate latitudes, climate change is usually characterized by a large annual amplitude of air temperature (hot summers and cold winters) and significant daily variability. Sea climate differs from maritime climate by lower average annual temperature, humidity, and increased dust content in the air. The cloudiness under the conditions of the Red Sea is comparatively small, the precipitation is small, their maximum usually occurs in the summer, and the wind speeds are also low. The weather is more variable than maritime climate. In tropical climates, the annual range of air temperature is not as great as in temperate latitudes, and more precipitation falls than in a maritime climate. In polar latitudes at high annual amplitude air temperature, summer is very cold. The oceanic air can spread in a weakened form to the parts of the oceans closest to the continents, if air masses from the mainland come there throughout the year. Monsoon climate should be distinguished from K. k. ,
formed under the predominant influence of continental air masses in winter and sea masses in summer. There are gradual transitions between maritime and red seas, for example, the climate of Western Europe is predominantly marine, the climate of the European part of the USSR is moderately continental, that of Eastern Siberia is sharply continental, and that of the Far East is monsoonal. S. P. Khromov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Continental climate" is in other dictionaries:
CONTINENTAL CLIMATE, a type of CLIMATE characteristic of the interior of large continents, which is characterized by a combination of very hot summers with convection-type rainfall and very cold, dry winters with slight ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
The climate of the central regions of the continents. It is distinguished by a lower average annual temperature and humidity, increased dustiness of the air, little cloudiness and less precipitation, lower wind speeds, sharp differences in summer and ... ... Ecological dictionary
continental climate- A climate characteristic of the interior of continents, characterized by large annual and daily temperature fluctuations, low relative humidity and moderate or rare precipitation ... Geography Dictionary
Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
continental climate- — EN continental climate A climate characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and little rainfall, typical of the interior of a continent. (Source: CED)… … Technical Translator's Handbook
Climatogram of Orenburg I F M A M I I A S O N D ... Wikipedia
Usually over the inner parts of the continents, in areas with a predominance of air masses of continental origin. It is characterized by significant fluctuations in air temperature, a decrease in humidity, cloudiness and precipitation in comparison with the sea ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
continental climate- žemyninis klimatas statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Žemynų ir kai kurių vandenynų pakrančių, kur vyrauja žemyninio oro masės, klimatas. Pasižymi mažesniu nei jūrinio klimato debesuotumu, oro drėgniu, vidutiniu vėjo greičiu ir … Ekologijos terminų aiskinamasis žodynas
The type of climate observed in areas where air masses of continental origin predominate throughout the year. As a rule, it is found in the inner regions of the continents, far from the oceans. The transition from maritime to continental climate ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Usually above the inside parts of the continents, in districts with a predominance of air. masses of continental origin. It means characterized. fluctuations in air temperature, a decrease in humidity, cloudiness and precipitation in comparison with the sea. climate... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
1) In general terms, in the temperate zone, the continental climate has strong annual and daily temperature fluctuations compared to the maritime climate, lower average annual temperature, less precipitation, lower cloudiness (especially lower), slightly lower relative humidity, sometimes higher dust content in the air, winter significantly colder, summer a little cooler.
2) Protects the Earth from sudden temperature changes, such as on Mercury, protects from asteroids, etc., distributes heat, and corny contains the oxygen we need, life would be impossible without it.
3) In general, the temperature decreases with height by 6 degrees Celsius per 1000m, therefore, in your case at an altitude of 1500 it will be 11 degrees, and 14 it will be at an altitude of 1000m.
4) I hope this is not about global warming, but about the weather. Firstly, the seasons change due to the tilt of the earth's axis and, consequently, different daylight hours. Atmospheric circulation is greatly influenced by cold and warm fronts, which bring cold and warm weather, respectively, as well as cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones in winter usually bring cloudy warm weather, up to thaws, and the anticyclone, on the contrary, is clear and frosty, in summer the cyclone brings coolness and rains, and the anticyclone heat. The Tsikonic and anticyclonic activity at this point depends on its position next to the sea or in the depths of the mainland, as well as the direction of the prevailing winds.
5) There are different classifications, but I will consider Alisov:
polar climate(Arctic and Antarctic)
It is characterized by the predominance of (Ant-)Arctic masses throughout the year, cold winter -24 ----30 average, summer very cold below 10 degrees. Precipitation is little less than 200mm
Subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic)
Transitional type from Arctic to temperate climate, dominated in winter moderate masses, depending on their origin (marine or continental), winter can be either unusually mild for such high latitudes (for example, cf. January -0.5 in Reykjavik, -3 in Tromso) or extremely severe (e.g. cf. January -42 in Verkhoyansk). In summer, arctic masses dominate here, so it is cool from 10 to 15 degrees in July on Wednesday, there is a little rainfall of 200-450mm.
Temperate climate, a climate in which masses of temperate latitudes predominate all year round. Here, as a rule, 4 are well expressed in the seasons, cf. The temperature of the warmest month is more than 15 degrees, the coldest month is below 0, in winter there is a stable snow cover, the only exception is the temperate-marine climate. This type of climate is the most contrasting in terms of temperature regime and therefore it is divided into 5 regions according to the degree of continentality increase: Marine, Moderate Continental, Continental, Sharply Continental. It is also worth highlighting Monsoon temperate characteristic Far East, where winter is dominated by continental mass, and in the summer sea.
Subtropical climate. The climate is transitional from tropical to temperate, where tropical air masses dominate in summer and temperate in winter. Average annual temperature above 12 degrees, the temperature of the coldest month is above 0, Summer lasts most of the year. There are 3 areas of this climate: Mediterranean with a maximum of precipitation in winter, dry continental (deserts often form here), and monsoon with a maximum in summer. The subtopic climate is the cradle of human civilizations.
Tropical climate. all year round, tropical masses The amplitude of annual temperature fluctuations is small, all months the temperature stays above 18 degrees, monsoons bring once a year the rainy season with a huge amount of precipitation, the rest is all drought. In the continental zone of this climate, the rainy season is not pronounced and deserts form.
Subequatorial, the same as the tropical monsoon.
equatorial climate(5 degrees north and south of the equator) - climate moist forests equatorial belt with weak winds, very small annual temperature fluctuations (24-28 ° C at sea level) and heavy precipitation (from 1.5 thousand to 5 thousand
