In the late 1980s. food industry Russian Federation was a complex of subsectors with large, highly mechanized enterprises. The development of the industry was significantly restrained by the insufficient volume of supplies of agricultural products, as well as by the lack of funds allocated for its development. As a result, the technical and technological level of food industry enterprises lagged significantly behind the level of most European countries.
In the 1990s. with the beginning of market reforms in the industry, there was a certain decline in production. At the same time, the magnitude of the decline in production was somewhat less than in most industries. The main reasons for the decline in the industry were the same as in other industries focused on the consumer market: a drop in incomes of the majority of the population, while competition in the domestic market from imported products increased. A significant factor in the decline in production was the decline in agricultural production, which significantly narrowed raw material base industry. The decline in production continued until 1998. Modernization of existing and creation of new enterprises in a number of sub-sectors (production of sausages and semi-finished meat products, dairy products, beer, cigarettes and cigarettes) predetermined the possibility of a fairly rapid increase in production volumes.
In 1999, food and processing industry enterprises began to gradually recover from the protracted crisis and increase production volumes for most types of products. This was facilitated by the reduction of competition in the domestic market from imported products.
The Russian food industry is mainly focused on the domestic market. The products of the domestic food industry have a good reputation within the country, are not inferior in quality characteristics, and in some cases are superior to imported ones, are competitive in the domestic market in terms of price characteristics.
As a result of privatization, the basis of the industry in 2000 was made up of private enterprises - almost 88% of food industry enterprises, which provide production of more than 48% of industrial production.
The enterprises of the industry are located fairly evenly throughout the country, but there is a certain attraction to the regions where the corresponding agricultural products are produced.
Milk and dairy products, meat and meat products are produced in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The largest enterprises in terms of capacity are located in Moscow and.
The production of granulated sugar is carried out from sugar beets and from imported raw materials (raw cane sugar, which comes from Cuba, from other countries). Granulated sugar factories are located close to their raw material zones. Leading producers (over 100 thousand tons of sugar per year): Krasnodar region,
Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Kursk, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Oryol, Nizhny Novgorod regions, Stavropol Territory, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan.
Among the enterprises for the production of chocolate and chocolate sweets, the factories "Russia" (Samara), "Krasny Oktyabr" and the Confectionery Concern "Babaevsky" (Moscow), the Odintsovskaya Confectionery Factory, "Confi" () and a number of enterprises in St. Petersburg stand out. The confectionery market is estimated at $ 2 billion in annual sales and is on an upward trend.
The production of vegetable oils is based on the processing of oilseeds. The main product of the sub-industry is sunflower oil. 48% of vegetable oils are produced in (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Stavropol Territory), 35% - in Central.
The production of alcoholic beverages includes the production of edible alcohol, vodka and spirits. Distillery production is distributed more evenly across the territory of Russia: proximity to the consumer is the decisive factor of location. Vodka and liqueurs are produced in 76 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In terms of fish catch in the European part of the country, the leaders are the coastal regions of the Russian Federation, to whose ports fishing vessels are assigned - Murmansk, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Rostov regions, Krasnodar Territory, the Republic and the Republic of Dagestan; in the Asian part - Kamchatka Territory, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk region, Sakhalin and Magadan regions. Part of the fish is processed at sea-going floating bases, the rest in frozen form goes to the fishery factories of the continent.
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Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Rights
Department of Marketing
Individual robot in the discipline "Regional economy"
On the topic of: " Kharchova promiscuity »
Viconala:
Student MEK-1-07
Kovriga Elizabeth
Reversed:
Litvinenko O. G.
Dnipropetrovsk 2007
Plan
Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ... 3
1.The structure of the industry ………………………………………………… ... 6
2. State of the art food industry…………………………...10
3. Placement of industry enterprises …………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
4. An example of an enterprise operating in modern conditions …… ..14
5. The main directions of development of the food industry ……………….… 16
Conclusions................................................. .................................................. ......nineteen
Bibliography................................................ ...................................... 21
Introduction
The food industry is one of the most promising and rapidly developing industries. Today, manufacturers must launch a wide range of products and create new products, taking into account the ever-increasing demands of consumers. To survive in the global market, it is necessary to develop production and reduce costs by increasing business efficiency.
The food industry is one of the largest industries National economy... Its main task is to meet the needs of people in food. High Quality and a varied assortment. The solution to this problem is carried out mainly on the basis of increased production efficiency, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, an increase in labor productivity, possibly a decrease in raw material prices, an increase in the rate of capital turnover, improvement of labor and production. In the mass production of food products, the technological process plays a decisive role.
The modern food industry, which produces food products, should be characterized by a sufficiently high level of technology, technology and organization of production, the presence of large specialized enterprises and production associations. Improvement must necessarily take place food production, which of course provides for the introduction of high-performance equipment, production lines, expanding the range and improving the quality of food products, the release of food products that are in high demand. The range of food products should be updated as a result of expanding the range and improving the quality of the raw materials themselves.
The technology of modern food production is becoming more and more mechanical, its efficiency primarily depends on the equipment used, which is more and more modernized. The food and processing industry remains the largest and most vital sector of the economy. In a market economy, the efficiency of the food industry is achieved due to the high specialization of production and the improvement of its management. Deepening specialization requires not only providing production with technologies using modern achievements of scientific and technological progress, but also monitoring the quality of raw materials and finished products.
So what is the role of the food industry? Main role. It is due to the fact that it makes a significant contribution to the creation of the material and technical base of the entire social production, and also produces most of the material values intended to meet the needs of the population. We can say with confidence that providing the population with high-quality food is one of the main areas of social and economic development any state. In Ukraine, of course, there are all the prospects and opportunities for the creation of a highly developed food industry capable of satisfying domestic needs for food and providing significant cash receipts from its sale on the world market. Before writing this work, I identified the main tasks: to highlight the structures of the food industry, to show the current level of development of this industry, to characterize the territorial organization of the industry by economic regions.
As for the relevance of this topic, we can say that a powerful food industry should be created in Ukraine to ensure the normal life of its population, renew and preserve its health, and develop the export of domestic products. It follows from this that the development of the food industry should become one of the priority directions of the economic policy of our country. And the end result of the activity of the entire agro-industrial complex will provide a significant increase in its efficiency, and will also become a reliable source of replenishment of the state budget and significant cash flows into the "wallet" of our country.
1.The structure of the industry
The main part of the food industry belongs to the processing industries. However, there are also enterprises that are included in the extractive industries of this industry: this is the extraction of fish, table salt, and some species of wild food plants. In the food industry, various methods of processing food raw materials are used. They must ensure the safety of food consumption for human health, increase their taste and marketability, nutritional and biological value, which is almost the most important link in this chain. Indeed, in its natural form, many food products are not acceptable for consumption: they either contain components harmful to health, or are poorly absorbed by our body. (For example, beans can contain highly toxic cyanides, natural components of legumes (soy) are unusual types of sugars (stachylose), which cause increased gas production in the intestine, and proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, which dramatically reduce the absorption of protein from these foods.
Such disadvantages can be eliminated by heat treatment such as cooking. However, heat treatment, being an extremely important way of preparing food raw materials, can also have a negative impact on the biological value of the finished product. Thus, foods containing proteins and reducing sugars are extremely sensitive to high temperature, under the action of which there is an active connection of reducing sugars with some amino acids, such as lysine. This leads to a sharp decrease in the usefulness of the product for humans). Traditional food production technologies do not always ensure the absolute harmlessness of ready-to-eat foods. Thus, it has been established by statistics and certainly by deep analysis that during the traditional salting of meat products with the use of nitrate, in a number of cases a toxic significant amount of nitrosamines (strong carcinogens) is formed in them. And making wine at home is associated with the accumulation of methyl alcohol in it (up to 3%). By changing the technological processing, you can achieve a significant improvement in the quality of food. For example, by special processing of milk, it is possible to significantly increase its shelf life (up to 1 month or more) and resistance to thermal effects, inactivate or remove lactose from it, due to the presence of which part of the population does not tolerate milk.
Methanol can be removed from alcoholic beverages using special techniques (bacterial fermentation); enrich oil with vitamins and prevent its rapid burning, reduce its calorie content. When products are smoked using special methods, it is possible to remove components that have carcinogenic properties from the smoke, but preserve those that form the special taste of smoked products and ensure their stability during storage. When processing raw materials in food industry enterprises, a number of sequential operations are usually used, which form the basis of the technology. For example, when grinding wheat, as a result of the action of a number of mechanical factors, flour and bran are obtained. To obtain vegetable oils, they are used to extract them from grains of sunflower, cotton, olive, using special solvents or a pressing method. The primary crude (unrefined) oil is then purified using alkaline solutions, adsorbents or by evaporation (refining process). The production of products such as sausages, mayonnaise, margarine, bread, and other products of a complex composition basically involves mixing several ingredients taken in strictly defined proportions. In this case, ready-made food forms can be obtained both as a result of mechanical mixing of ingredients, and due to certain chemical reactions, certain substances are involved in the formation of color, taste, smell, aroma of food; they also have another important specific property - a bactericidal effect.
An important place in the production of food belongs to processes based on bacterial and non-bacterial fermentation of food raw materials. The first include the processes that occur, for example, when salting cabbage, making wine, when making feta cheese, cheeses, beer, etc. The second group includes those processes that occur in food raw materials due to their own enzymes, for example, during the ripening of meat, sausage meat, and also when using chemically pure enzymes artificially introduced into food raw materials. Also, one of the important methods of processing food raw materials in the food industry is canning. Such methods of processing food raw materials as, for example, sterilizing filtration (used in the production of beer, wine, fruit juices), tenderization (the use of electric current to soften meat and accelerate its ripening), the use of ultra-high frequency currents for rapid heat treatment, are also widely introduced. industrial frequency currents to speed up some processes in sausage production.
The variety of technological methods used for the processing of raw materials also presupposes a large number of different factors that, when exposed to the body of workers in the food industry, can cause negative changes in the state of health. In addition, the low level of mechanization and automation of labor, the imperfection of technological processes for the preparation of food products and the structures of the equipment used, the contact of workers with raw materials infected with microorganisms, microscopic fungi, helminths, the microclimate in production facilities, increased noise, vibration and other negative factors ... In some industries, adverse factors are ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, poisonous substances and allergen. By the way, with regard to confectionery, Ukraine is "gaining momentum" in this industry (see Figure 1).
As you know, the process of privatization of the confectionery industry in Ukraine has created a favorable climate for attracting foreign investment. Today, several large world concerns are present on the Ukrainian market - these are Nestle (ZAO Lviv Confectionery Firm Svitoch), Kraft Foods (ZAO Kraft FoodsUkraina), Western NIS Enterprise Fund (ZAO AVK), Sigma Bleizer (OAO Poltavakonditer "), Trilini International (ZAO KF" Kharkivchanka "). The rest of the factories mostly belong to the collective of the enterprise and Ukrainian investors. In general, the number of enterprises producing confectionery products currently totals about 800, and 45% of the market belongs to 3 large companies- DP "Roshen Confectionery Corporation", CJSC "AVK", CJSC "PO" Kiev-Konti ", which allows us to speak about the sufficient concentration of the confectionery market (see Figure 2).
2. The current state of the food industry
V last years the development of the food industry is characterized by a relative decline in production, a certain narrowing of the range of products in certain situations, and, of course, not the best financial and economic condition of most enterprises. In 1999, the output of such goods was 31.5% compared to 1996. But in 2000, the situation began to gradually improve: an increase in production was obtained in comparison with 1999 by 7%. For half a year in 2002, its growth in comparison with last year is -30.6%. The dynamics of production of basic goods for the period from 1996 to 2003 is presented in the table.
Although, in terms of the state of the production and technical base, structure, technical and economic indicators and infrastructure development, the food industry of Ukraine lags far behind economically developed countries, especially regarding the complex processing of raw materials, mechanization and automation of production processes, as well as packaging and packaging of products. Despite the exceptionally favorable soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the population is not yet fully provided with high-quality food products. Recently, Ukraine has been losing external markets for food products, and the internal one is filled with foreign products (often of low quality), while there is all the necessary raw materials and production facilities. But as for the production volumes, they are decreasing.
And the main reason for the decrease in production is the increase in the cost of resources and lending rates, the increase in taxes, as well as the sudden opening of the domestic market for competition with foreign producers. The decline in production was also caused by a reduction in resources, a decrease in the efficiency of their use, a weakening of executive and technological discipline, a decrease in incentives and opportunities for relative investment and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The renewal of the machine and tractor fleet of farms has almost stopped, even a simple reproduction of production is not ensured, there is no accumulation of capital: moreover, a clear tendency has been established to reduce the number of livestock and poultry (6-10% every year), a reduction in perennial plantations, that is, farms exist mainly for by reducing inventories and artificially reducing the present value work force... On the domestic food market in Ukraine, prices continue to rise.
Nevertheless, the rates of their increase for individual products differ significantly: in particular, for the period from August 1997 to August 1998. they were the lowest for butter, apples, onions, sugar and potatoes, and the highest for bread and bakery products, milk, confectionery and meat products. If during the specified period prices in state and cooperative trade increased for butter by 6.8%, apples - by 9.3%, onions - by 12.7%, sugar - by 16.7%, potatoes - by 17.3%, then by bread and bakery products - by 44-103%, milk and dairy products - by 65-96%, confectionery - by 70-80, meat and meat products - by 59-72 and fish - by 38-54%. In urban markets, food prices rise at a slower pace than in government and cooperative trade. In general, prices for food products increased over the specified period by 44.7%, and for non-food products - by 87.6%.
With regard to the deteriorating workforce, enterprises are delaying payment wages for 5-6 months. It is paid without corresponding indexation of losses caused by inflation. Free vacations are widely practiced at the initiative of the administration. Therefore, most workers are deprived of the opportunity to live off the results of their work. A sharp drop in the cost of labor is the main factor in the disproportion between demand and supply in the food market. Delays in the payment of wages reduce, according to our calculations, the purchasing power of the population by 25-30 percent.
Of tables a ... production of main types of goods, thousand tons
| Granulated sugar |
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| Meat (including Category I offal) |
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| Sausages |
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| Animal oil |
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| Products from uncollected milk for milk rediscounting |
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| Fat cheeses |
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| Olea (vegetable oil) |
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| Margarine products |
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| Canned food |
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| Bread and bakery products |
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| Confectionery |
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| Pasta |
3. Placement of industry enterprises
An important aspect is the placement of specializations across the territory of Ukraine. A certain specialization of the processing branches of the light and food industries has developed. The natural conditions must correspond to the type of activity that is intended. The natural conditions of Polesye are favorable for animal husbandry (breeding of dairy and meat cattle and pigs), growing flax, potatoes and grain farming. This is the Polesie agro-industrial zone.
In the forest-steppe, with its fertile soils and sufficient moisture, beet-grain crops, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding prevail. This is the forest-steppe agro-industrial zone. In the Steppe, where the soil is fertile, but moisture is insufficient, a zone of grain and oilseeds with developed vegetable growing, viticulture, melons and gourds and meat and dairy cattle breeding has formed. This is the Steppe agro-industrial zone. Around major cities and industrial centers there were suburban areas of farms that specialize in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables, the production of milk, meat, eggs. The formation of suburban areas is caused by the needs of the urban population in livestock and fruit and vegetable products. Their specialization does not depend on natural area... In the Carpathians and Crimea (mountainous and foothill territories), the natural conditions are unique, which affects the characteristics of the economy. Grapes and tobacco are grown in Crimea. Horticulture is developed; animal husbandry has a dairy and meat direction; v mountainous areas graze the sheep. In the Carpathian region, grain, flax, hops, potatoes are grown, cattle and pigs are raised. V Carpathian mountains, sheep graze on the meadows. In Transcarpathia, cattle are raised, grapes and tobacco are grown. And it is very important not to miscalculate the correspondence natural conditions with the industrial activities of the enterprise.
4. An example of an enterprise operating in modern conditions.
As a vivid example, I decided to put the confectionery corporation "ROSHEN", the largest manufacturer confectionery. It produces about 25% of all domestic sweets, the range of which includes about 200 types of sweets, chocolate, caramel, biscuits, waffles, marmalade and cakes. All products are made on the basis of natural high quality products. The recipe is constantly being improved, modern technologies are being introduced. ROSHEN products can be found in many countries of the world: Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, USA, Canada, Germany and Israel.
For the production of chocolate and biscuit products, the latest equipment from Switzerland was specially purchased, for the production of chocolates with liqueur fillings from Germany, and Italian equipment for the production of chocolates with praline and cream fillings. All this is produced at the Kiev confectionery factory named after. K. Marx.
A modern fully automated German line for the production of glazed waffles and wafer cakes has been installed at the Vinnitsa confectionery factory.
The Kremenchug confectionery factory specializes in the production of roasted candies (Prometheus, Roasted roasted nuts in chocolate and Meteorite).
The Mariupol Confectionery Factory specializes in the production of chocolate and wafer products (Mermaid, Mowgli, Wild Swans, Veselyi Zhuravlik, Karabas-Barabas).
For the purpose of quality control, the premises of the quality control department were reconstructed and re-equipped with modern measuring complexes, the measurement results are systematically accumulated in the computer database. The center develops and implements reliable methods for controlling raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products that meet the requirements and standards of Ukraine and the EEC countries, develops and masters methods of accelerated testing of finished products that determine their shelf life
The corporation presents all its products under the "ROSHEN" brand - a brand designed to embody the main principles of the company's activity - a combination of the traditions of Ukrainian confectioners with the latest European technologies, consistently high quality products and affordable prices.
5. The main directions of development of the food industry.
Food industries are one of the main links in the structure of the agro-industrial complex - they are designed to ensure a sustainable supply of food to the population; balanced food ration; improving the quality and competitiveness of agricultural products in the domestic and world markets; smoothing the existing regional differentiation in the consumption of certain types of food. The main directions of development of the food industry are construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises and an increase in the utilization of their capacities.
Modern conditions for the functioning of food industry entities in a market environment presuppose their development on an entrepreneurial basis, primarily on the basis of innovation and investment programs. In this regard, it becomes necessary to consider the problems of increasing the business activity of food industry enterprises, taking into account the innovative factors of their development.
For the development of the industry in the region, it is necessary, first of all, to increase the investment activity of enterprises in order to introduce modern technologies for the production of products, as well as the use of new methods
analyzing and planning data to provide them to investors. There is sufficient potential in the region to increase domestic production of agricultural and food products. The growth of production depends, first of all, on the creation of conditions for the development of innovative activities in the agro-industrial complex, aimed at modernizing the technological and economic base of the main industries.
To maintain the stability of the country's food supply, efforts should be concentrated on:
· Implementation of measures to accelerate the restoration of grain production as the basis for the sustainability of the agri-food market;
· Creation of insurance stocks of basic food products;
· The implementation of food aid to individual territories in the food emergency zone;
· Ensuring the unity of agri-food markets in the country by establishing a regime for the unhindered movement of goods, services and resources throughout the country, pursuing a unified antimonopoly policy, supporting the formation and regulation of agricultural markets;
· Pursuing a structural and effective foreign economic policy aimed at restructuring ineffective and unprofitable agricultural enterprises;
· Assistance to increase the competitiveness of domestic producers;
· Implementation of protectionism in the import of domestic agricultural products and foodstuffs of the agro-industrial complex, the production of which can fully meet the needs of the country, as well as effective integration into the world market.
This concept for the development of the agro-industrial complex provides for the increasing role of the state in regulating the food market of Ukraine, as well as in mobilizing the internal capabilities of the agro-industrial complex of all available reserves.
One of the most important branches of the agro-industrial complex is the meat and dairy industry, which provides all groups of the population with food, balances the food ration, solves one of the most important tasks of transition to market conditions for managing and developing the agro-industrial complex, which forms an effective competitive agro-industrial production. It is the leading industry in the processing of agricultural raw materials. It is connected both with agriculture and with other industries, supplying them with many types of raw materials - for the production of medicines, light, food and perfumery industries. In the food and processing industries, the share of the dairy industry in the gross production is 21.7%, and in the meat industry - 16.6%.
The meat and dairy industry is one of the first branches of the food industry to adapt to market conditions. She was able to withstand the competition. Improving the quality and appearance of the final product provides an opportunity for further growth in production and investment opportunities. But it is necessary to implement measures of state support for agriculture in the regulation of the agricultural market. An important area of ensuring food security of citizens: stimulating effective demand, guaranteeing consumption not lower than the physiological norms of the population. At this stage, domestic enterprises need modern production technologies that provide highly profitable production of products with a constantly updated assortment. To solve this problem, management decisions are required based on new methods and techniques of management. Demand for flexible production, awareness of the cost of production, prices are necessary conditions in the competition for the sales market, for the consumer, and, consequently, for high-quality work.
conclusions
The food industry is one of the leading structure-forming links of the entire economy, industrial and agro-industrial complexes in any country, and even more so in Ukraine, which has all the priorities and excellent conditions for its effective development. And the consequence of its effective functioning is economic and social growth, which brings about an increase in the living standards of the population. In Ukraine, the formation of a market economy determined the policy of action of market factors for the development and location of the food industry. In this regard, there was a need to develop a scientifically grounded model for the development of the food industry in Ukraine, subject to the implementation of fundamental changes in the market system. To increase efficiency, the food industry pursues the following goals:
1. Achieving the maximum possible food self-sufficiency for the main types of food products;
2. Ensuring the production of food in the amount and range sufficient for nutrition according to scientifically proven standards;
3. Ensuring the compliance of food quality with safety standards for public health;
4. Creation and maintenance of stocks of basic food products necessary in case of negative situations;
5. Creation of a developed export potential of industrial food products in Ukraine and its regions.
Of course modern regional development food industry in Ukraine does not fully comply with the laws territorial organization social production, and one of the main requirements is the rational use of the natural, labor, production, scientific, technical and technological potential of the territory, which provides a volumetric amount of high-quality ecologically clean food products with minimal costs of various labor. The main task of the food industry is to further improve the distribution of its productive forces, the integrated development and specialization of farms. economic regions and regions of Ukraine.
The main link in effective work is a more complete satisfaction with food products of the population of the country and its regions at the expense of its own production. Today this is a very important aspect in the food industry. A deep analysis showed that the effectiveness of the development and functioning of a given industry sector can be achieved by studying the internal and external markets in its products, the purchasing power of its consumers, ensuring its production with quantitative and qualitative parameters that should meet modern conditions of scientific and technological progress and minimal expenditure labor.
The transformed development of the food industry is an important preface for overcoming crisis situations in the country's economy; it also requires a logical scientifically determined price, tax, financial and credit, investment and innovation policy aimed at solving various existing problems in this industry. Today, due to the modern "not ideal", due to the available production capacities, technical, physical, technological state, Ukraine lags behind the analogous industry in economically developed countries.
Of course, the introduction of an economic mechanism for the development of the food industry in the conditions of the functioning of this market economy will increase the efficiency of the food industry in the regions and will contribute to an increase in the production of high-quality final food products.
Bibliography
1. Babenko AG Management of increasing labor productivity. - Donetsk: IEP NAS of Ukraine, 1996 .-- 270 p.
2. Deineko L.V. Methodological bases for assessing regional development of food industry // Regional policy of Ukraine: scientific bases, methods, mechanisms: Zb. sciences, prats. Part 2.- Lviv, 1998.- S. 79-83.
3. A.I. Nazarova, A.F. Fan-Jung "Technology of canned fruits and vegetables" M. Light and food industry 1981.
4. V.I. Lishilenko "Placement of productive forces and regional economy", 2006.
5.http: //www.ukrfood.com.ua/
6.http: //www.produkti.com.ua/
7.http: //www.roshen.ua/ukrbiz/about/
8. Socio-economic geography of Ukraine / Ed. About Shabliya. - Lvov: Svit, 1995. - 40 p.
Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Rights
Department of Marketing
Individual robot in the discipline "Regional economy"
On the topic of: " Kharchova promiscuity »
Viconala:
Student MEK-1-07
Kovriga Elizabeth
Reversed:
Litvinenko O. G.
Dnipropetrovsk 2007
Plan
Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ... 3
1.The structure of the industry ………………………………………………… ... 6
2. The current state of the food industry ………………………… ... 10
3. Placement of industry enterprises …………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
4. An example of an enterprise operating in modern conditions …… ..14
5. The main directions of development of the food industry ……………….… 16
Conclusions................................................. .................................................. ......nineteen
Bibliography................................................ ...................................... 21
Introduction
The food industry is one of the most promising and rapidly developing industries. Today, manufacturers must launch a wide range of products and create new products, taking into account the ever-increasing demands of consumers. To survive in the global market, it is necessary to develop production and reduce costs by increasing business efficiency.
The food industry is one of the largest sectors of the national economy. Its main task is to meet the needs of people in food of high quality and a wide range of products. The solution to this problem is carried out mainly on the basis of increased production efficiency, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, an increase in labor productivity, possibly a decrease in raw material prices, an increase in the rate of capital turnover, improvement of labor and production. In the mass production of food products, the technological process plays a decisive role.
The modern food industry, which produces food products, should be characterized by a sufficiently high level of technology, technology and organization of production, the presence of large specialized enterprises and production associations. It is imperative to improve food production, which of course provides for the introduction of high-performance equipment, production lines, expansion of the range and improvement of the quality of food products, and the production of food products that are in high demand. The range of food products should be updated as a result of expanding the range and improving the quality of the raw materials themselves.
The technology of modern food production is becoming more and more mechanical, its efficiency primarily depends on the equipment used, which is more and more modernized. The food and processing industry remains the largest and most vital sector of the economy. In a market economy, the efficiency of the food industry is achieved due to the high specialization of production and the improvement of its management. Deepening specialization requires not only providing production with technologies using modern achievements of scientific and technological progress, but also monitoring the quality of raw materials and finished products.
So what is the role of the food industry? Main role. It is due to the fact that it makes a significant contribution to the creation of the material and technical base of the entire social production, and also produces most of the material values intended to meet the needs of the population. We can say with confidence that providing the population with high-quality food is one of the main directions socio-economic development of any state. In Ukraine, of course, there are all the prospects and opportunities for the creation of a highly developed food industry capable of satisfying domestic needs for food and providing significant cash receipts from its sale on the world market. Before writing this work, I identified the main tasks: to highlight the structures of the food industry, to show the current level of development of this industry, to characterize the territorial organization of the industry by economic regions.
As for the relevance of this topic, we can say that a powerful food industry should be created in Ukraine to ensure the normal life of its population, renew and preserve its health, and develop the export of domestic products. It follows from this that the development of the food industry should become one of the priority directions of the economic policy of our country. And the end result of the activity of the entire agro-industrial complex will provide a significant increase in its efficiency, and will also become a reliable source of replenishment of the state budget and significant cash flows into the "wallet" of our country.
1.The structure of the industry
The main part of the food industry belongs to the processing industries. However, there are also enterprises that are included in the extractive industries of this industry: this is the extraction of fish, table salt, and some species of wild food plants. In the food industry, various methods of processing food raw materials are used. They must ensure the safety of food consumption for human health, increase their taste and marketability, nutritional and biological value, which is almost the most important link in this chain. Indeed, in its natural form, many food products are not acceptable for consumption: they either contain components harmful to health, or are poorly absorbed by our body. (For example, beans can contain highly toxic cyanides, natural components of legumes (soy) are unusual types of sugars (stachylose), which cause increased gas production in the intestine, and proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, which dramatically reduce the absorption of protein from these foods.
Such disadvantages can be eliminated by heat treatment such as cooking. However, heat treatment, being an extremely important way of preparing food raw materials, can also have a negative impact on the biological value of the finished product. Thus, products containing proteins and reducing sugars are extremely sensitive to high temperatures, under the influence of which the reducing sugars are actively combined with certain amino acids, for example, lysine. This leads to a sharp decrease in the usefulness of the product for humans). Traditional food production technologies do not always ensure the absolute harmlessness of ready-to-eat foods. Thus, it has been established by statistics and certainly by deep analysis that during the traditional salting of meat products with the use of nitrate, in a number of cases a toxic significant amount of nitrosamines (strong carcinogens) is formed in them. And making wine at home is associated with the accumulation of methyl alcohol in it (up to 3%). By changing the technological processing, you can achieve a significant improvement in the quality of food. For example, by special processing of milk, it is possible to significantly increase its shelf life (up to 1 month or more) and resistance to thermal effects, inactivate or remove lactose from it, due to the presence of which part of the population does not tolerate milk.
Methanol can be removed from alcoholic beverages using special techniques (bacterial fermentation); enrich oil with vitamins and prevent its rapid burning, reduce its calorie content. When products are smoked using special methods, it is possible to remove components that have carcinogenic properties from the smoke, but preserve those that form the special taste of smoked products and ensure their stability during storage. When processing raw materials in food industry enterprises, a number of sequential operations are usually used, which form the basis of the technology. For example, when grinding wheat, as a result of the action of a number of mechanical factors, flour and bran are obtained. To obtain vegetable oils, they are used to extract them from grains of sunflower, cotton, olive, using special solvents or a pressing method. The primary crude (unrefined) oil is then purified using alkaline solutions, adsorbents or by evaporation (refining process). The production of products such as sausages, mayonnaise, margarine, bread, and other products of a complex composition basically involves mixing several ingredients taken in strictly defined proportions. In this case, ready-made food forms can be obtained both as a result of mechanical mixing of ingredients, and due to certain chemical reactions, certain substances are involved in the formation of color, taste, smell, aroma of food; they also have another important specific property - a bactericidal effect.
An important place in the production of food belongs to processes based on bacterial and non-bacterial fermentation of food raw materials. The first include the processes that occur, for example, when salting cabbage, making wine, when making feta cheese, cheeses, beer, etc. The second group includes those processes that occur in food raw materials due to their own enzymes, for example, during the ripening of meat, sausage meat, and also when using chemically pure enzymes artificially introduced into food raw materials. Also, one of the important methods of processing food raw materials in the food industry is canning. Such methods of processing food raw materials as, for example, sterilizing filtration (used in the production of beer, wine, fruit juices), tenderization (the use of electric current to soften meat and accelerate its ripening), the use of ultra-high frequency currents for rapid heat treatment, are also widely introduced. industrial frequency currents to speed up some processes in sausage production.
The variety of technological methods used for the processing of raw materials also presupposes a large number of different factors that, when exposed to the body of workers in the food industry, can cause negative changes in the state of health. In addition, the low level of mechanization and automation of labor, the imperfection of technological processes for the preparation of food products and the structures of the equipment used, the contact of workers with raw materials infected with microorganisms, microscopic fungi, helminths, the microclimate in production facilities, increased noise, vibration and other negative factors ... In some industries, adverse factors are ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, toxic substances and an allergen. By the way, with regard to confectionery, Ukraine is "gaining momentum" in this industry (see Figure 1).As you know, the process of privatization of the confectionery industry in Ukraine has created a favorable climate for attracting foreign investment. Today, several large world concerns are present on the Ukrainian market - these are Nestle (ZAO Lviv Confectionery Firm Svitoch), Kraft Foods (ZAO Kraft FoodsUkraina), Western NIS Enterprise Fund (ZAO AVK), Sigma Bleizer (OAO Poltavakonditer "), Trilini International (ZAO KF" Kharkivchanka "). The rest of the factories are mostly owned by the collective of the enterprise and Ukrainian investors. In general, the number of enterprises producing confectionery products currently totals about 800, and 45% of the market belongs to 3 large companies - DP "Roshen Confectionery Corporation", CJSC "AVK", CJSC "PO" Kiev-Konti ", which allows us to speak about the sufficient concentration of the confectionery market (see Figure 2). 2. The current state of the food industry
In recent years, the development of the food industry is characterized by a relative decline in production, a certain narrowing of the range of products in certain situations, and, of course, not the best financial and economic condition of most enterprises. In 1999, the output of such goods was 31.5% compared to 1996. But in 2000, the situation began to gradually improve: an increase in production was obtained in comparison with 1999 by 7%. For half a year in 2002, its growth in comparison with last year is -30.6%. The dynamics of production of basic goods for the period from 1996 to 2003 is presented in the table.
Although, in terms of the state of the production and technical base, structure, technical and economic indicators and infrastructure development, the food industry of Ukraine lags far behind economically developed countries, especially regarding the complex processing of raw materials, mechanization and automation of production processes, as well as packaging and packaging of products. Despite the exceptionally favorable soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the population is not yet fully provided with high-quality food products. Recently, Ukraine has been losing external markets for food products, and the internal one is filled with foreign products (often of low quality), while for their production there are all the necessary raw materials and production capacities. But as for the production volumes, they are decreasing.
And the main reason for the decrease in production is the increase in the cost of resources and lending rates, the increase in taxes, as well as the sudden opening of the domestic market for competition with foreign producers. The decline in production was also caused by a reduction in resources, a decrease in the efficiency of their use, a weakening of executive and technological discipline, a decrease in incentives and opportunities for relative investment and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The renewal of the machine and tractor fleet of farms has almost stopped, even a simple reproduction of production is not ensured, there is no accumulation of capital: moreover, a clear tendency has been established to reduce the number of livestock and poultry (6-10% every year), a reduction in perennial plantations, that is, farms exist mainly for by reducing inventories and artificially reducing the real cost of labor. On the domestic food market in Ukraine, prices continue to rise.
Nevertheless, the rates of their increase for individual products differ significantly: in particular, for the period from August 1997 to August 1998. they were the lowest for butter, apples, onions, sugar and potatoes, and the highest for bread and bakery products, milk, confectionery and meat products. If during the specified period prices in state and cooperative trade increased for butter by 6.8%, apples - by 9.3%, onions - by 12.7%, sugar - by 16.7%, potatoes - by 17.3%, then by bread and bakery products - by 44-103%, milk and dairy products - by 65-96%, confectionery - by 70-80, meat and meat products - by 59-72 and fish - by 38-54%. In urban markets, food prices rise at a slower pace than in government and cooperative trade. In general, prices for food products increased over the specified period by 44.7%, and for non-food products - by 87.6%.
With regard to the deterioration of the workforce, the enterprises delay the payment of wages for 5-6 months. It is paid without corresponding indexation of losses caused by inflation. Free vacations are widely practiced at the initiative of the administration. Therefore, most workers are deprived of the opportunity to live off the results of their work. A sharp drop in the cost of labor is the main factor in the disproportion between demand and supply in the food market. Delays in the payment of wages reduce, according to our calculations, the purchasing power of the population by 25-30 percent.
Of tables a ... production of main types of goods, thousand tons
| Granulated sugar |
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| Meat (including Category I offal) |
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| Sausages |
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| Animal oil |
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| Products from uncollected milk for milk rediscounting |
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| Fat cheeses |
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| Olea (vegetable oil) |
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| Margarine products |
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| Canned food |
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| Bread and bakery products |
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| Confectionery |
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| Pasta |
3. Placement of industry enterprises
An important aspect is the placement of specializations across the territory of Ukraine. A certain specialization of the processing branches of the light and food industries has developed. The natural conditions must correspond to the type of activity that is intended. The natural conditions of Polesye are favorable for animal husbandry (breeding of dairy and meat cattle and pigs), growing flax, potatoes and grain farming. This is the Polesie agro-industrial zone.
In the forest-steppe, with its fertile soils and sufficient moisture, beet-grain crops, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding prevail. This is the forest-steppe agro-industrial zone. In the Steppe, where the soil is fertile, but moisture is insufficient, a zone of grain and oilseeds with developed vegetable growing, viticulture, melons and gourds and meat and dairy cattle breeding has formed. This is the Steppe agro-industrial zone. Around large cities and industrial centers, suburban areas of farms have emerged that specialize in growing vegetables and fruits, producing milk, meat and eggs. The formation of suburban areas is caused by the needs of the urban population in livestock and fruit and vegetable products. Their specialization does not depend on the natural area. In the Carpathians and Crimea (mountainous and foothill territories), the natural conditions are unique, which affects the characteristics of the economy. Grapes and tobacco are grown in Crimea. Horticulture is developed; animal husbandry has a dairy and meat direction; sheep are grazed in mountainous areas. In the Carpathian region, grain, flax, hops, potatoes are grown, cattle and pigs are raised. In the Carpathian mountains, sheep are grazed on meadows. In Transcarpathia, cattle are raised, grapes and tobacco are grown. And it is very important not to miscalculate the compliance of natural conditions with the industrial activities of the enterprise.
4. An example of an enterprise operating in modern conditions.
As a vivid example, I decided to put the confectionery corporation "ROSHEN", the largest manufacturer of confectionery products. It produces about 25% of all domestic sweets, the range of which includes about 200 types of sweets, chocolate, caramel, biscuits, waffles, marmalade and cakes. All products are made on the basis of natural high quality products. The recipe is constantly being improved, modern technologies are being introduced. ROSHEN products can be found in many countries of the world: Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, USA, Canada, Germany and Israel.
For the production of chocolate and biscuit products, the latest equipment from Switzerland was specially purchased, for the production of chocolates with liqueur fillings from Germany, and Italian equipment for the production of chocolates with praline and cream fillings. All this is produced at the Kiev confectionery factory named after. K. Marx.
A modern fully automated German line for the production of glazed waffles and wafer cakes has been installed at the Vinnitsa confectionery factory.
The Kremenchug confectionery factory specializes in the production of roasted candies (Prometheus, Roasted roasted nuts in chocolate and Meteorite).
The Mariupol Confectionery Factory specializes in the production of chocolate and wafer products (Mermaid, Mowgli, Wild Swans, Veselyi Zhuravlik, Karabas-Barabas).
For the purpose of quality control, the premises of the quality control department were reconstructed and re-equipped with modern measuring complexes, the measurement results are systematically accumulated in the computer database. The center develops and implements reliable methods for controlling raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products that meet the requirements and standards of Ukraine and the EEC countries, develops and masters methods of accelerated testing of finished products that determine their shelf life
The corporation presents all its products under the "ROSHEN" brand - a brand designed to embody the main principles of the company's activity - a combination of the traditions of Ukrainian confectioners with the latest European technologies, consistently high quality products and affordable prices.
5. The main directions of development of the food industry.
Food industries are one of the main links in the structure of the agro-industrial complex - they are designed to ensure a sustainable supply of food to the population; balanced food ration; improving the quality and competitiveness of agricultural products in the domestic and world markets; smoothing the existing regional differentiation in the consumption of certain types of food. The main directions of development of the food industry are construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises and an increase in the utilization of their capacities.
Modern conditions for the functioning of food industry entities in a market environment presuppose their development on an entrepreneurial basis, primarily on the basis of innovation and investment programs. In this regard, it becomes necessary to consider the problems of increasing the business activity of food industry enterprises, taking into account the innovative factors of their development.
For the development of the industry in the region, it is necessary, first of all, to increase the investment activity of enterprises in order to introduce modern technologies for the production of products, as well as the use of new methods
analyzing and planning data to provide them to investors. There is sufficient potential in the region to increase domestic production of agricultural and food products. The growth of production depends, first of all, on the creation of conditions for the development of innovative activities in the agro-industrial complex, aimed at modernizing the technological and economic base of the main industries.
To maintain the stability of the country's food supply, efforts should be concentrated on:
· Implementation of measures to accelerate the restoration of grain production as the basis for the sustainability of the agri-food market;
· Creation of insurance stocks of basic food products;
· The implementation of food aid to individual territories in the food emergency zone;
· Ensuring the unity of agri-food markets in the country by establishing a regime for the unhindered movement of goods, services and resources throughout the country, pursuing a unified antimonopoly policy, supporting the formation and regulation of agricultural markets;
· Pursuing a structural and effective foreign economic policy aimed at restructuring ineffective and unprofitable agricultural enterprises;
· Assistance to increase the competitiveness of domestic producers;
· Implementation of protectionism in the import of domestic agricultural products and foodstuffs of the agro-industrial complex, the production of which can fully meet the needs of the country, as well as effective integration into the world market.
This concept for the development of the agro-industrial complex provides for the increasing role of the state in regulating the food market of Ukraine, as well as in mobilizing the internal capabilities of the agro-industrial complex of all available reserves.
One of the most important branches of the agro-industrial complex is the meat and dairy industry, which provides all groups of the population with food, balances the food ration, solves one of the most important tasks of transition to market conditions for managing and developing the agro-industrial complex, which forms an effective competitive agro-industrial production. It is the leading industry in the processing of agricultural raw materials. It is connected both with agriculture and with other industries, supplying them with many types of raw materials - for the production of medicines, light, food and perfumery industries. In the food and processing industries, the share of the dairy industry in the gross production is 21.7%, and in the meat industry - 16.6%.
The meat and dairy industry is one of the first branches of the food industry to adapt to market conditions. She was able to withstand the competition. Improving the quality and appearance of the final product provides an opportunity for further growth in production and investment opportunities. But it is necessary to implement measures of state support for agriculture in the regulation of the agricultural market. An important area of ensuring food security of citizens: stimulating effective demand, guaranteeing consumption not lower than the physiological norms of the population. At this stage, domestic enterprises need modern production technologies that provide highly profitable production of products with a constantly updated assortment. To solve this problem, management decisions are required based on new methods and techniques of management. Demand for flexible production, awareness of the cost of production, prices are necessary conditions in the competition for the sales market, for the consumer, and, consequently, for high-quality work.
conclusions
The food industry is one of the leading structure-forming links of the entire economy, industrial and agro-industrial complexes in any country, and even more so in Ukraine, which has all the priorities and excellent conditions for its effective development. And the consequence of its effective functioning is economic and social growth, which brings about an increase in the living standards of the population. In Ukraine, the formation of a market economy determined the policy of action of market factors for the development and location of the food industry. In this regard, there was a need to develop a scientifically grounded model for the development of the food industry in Ukraine, subject to the implementation of fundamental changes in the market system. To increase efficiency, the food industry pursues the following goals:
1. Achieving the maximum possible food self-sufficiency for the main types of food products;
2. Ensuring the production of food in the amount and range sufficient for nutrition according to scientifically proven standards;
3. Ensuring the compliance of food quality with safety standards for public health;
4. Creation and maintenance of stocks of basic food products necessary in case of negative situations;
5. Creation of a developed export potential of industrial food products in Ukraine and its regions.
Of course, the modern regional development of the food industry in Ukraine does not fully comply with the laws of the territorial organization of social production, but one of the main requirements is the rational use of the natural, labor, production scientific, technical and technological potential of the territory, which provides a volumetric amount of environmentally friendly food products. high quality with the minimum cost of various labor. The main task of the food industry is to further improve the distribution of its productive forces, the integrated development and specialization of farms in economic regions and regions of Ukraine.
The main link in effective work is a more complete satisfaction with food products of the population of the country and its regions at the expense of its own production. Today this is a very important aspect in the food industry. A deep analysis showed that the effectiveness of the development and functioning of a given industry sector can be achieved by studying the internal and external markets in its products, the purchasing power of its consumers, ensuring its production with quantitative and qualitative parameters that should meet modern conditions of scientific and technological progress and minimal expenditure labor.
The transformed development of the food industry is an important preface for overcoming crisis situations in the country's economy; it also requires a logical scientifically determined price, tax, financial and credit, investment and innovation policy aimed at solving various existing problems in this industry. Today, due to the modern "not ideal", due to the available production capacities, technical, physical, technological state, Ukraine lags behind the analogous industry in economically developed countries.
Of course, the introduction of an economic mechanism for the development of the food industry in the conditions of the functioning of this market economy will increase the efficiency of the food industry in the regions and will contribute to an increase in the production of high-quality final food products.
Bibliography
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