Lesson topic: CULTURE OF THE ARABIAN KHALIPHAT COUNTRIES.
Goals:
1. To continue to clarify the historical conditions that favorably influenced the development of the culture of the countries Arab Caliphate.
2. Find out what contribution the peoples of the Arab Caliphate made to the development of world culture.
3. Show the role of Islam in the development of the culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate.
4. Continue developing the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, draw conclusions.
Basic concepts and terms: arabesque, madrasah, mosque, minaret, Moorish art, Farsi.
Lesson type: combined.
Type of student activity: group conversation, individual work, work with a textbook
Equipment: textbook, illustrations “Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba” (interior), “Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria”, “Lion's Courtyard in the Alhambra. XIII-XIV centuries Granada, Spain ".
Higher Muslim schools
Few events in history have had such a rapid, profound and far-reaching impact as the emergence of Islam. They erased the great and lasting regional power - Persia; reduced his brilliant rival, Byzantium, to a steep state; and cut out from their territories such huge empire like Rome is in full swing. The triumph was not just a military one. He created for the first and only time an empire based solely on a single faith bound by its laws and dedicated to its expansion. He ripped out primordially native religions such as Zoroastrianism in Persia, Buddhism in Central Asia, and Hinduism in much of the Indus Valley.
DURING THE CLASSES
Org. moment
Updating basic knowledge
Individually: Crossword puzzle on the topic “The emergence of Islam. The Arab Caliphate and Its Decay ”.
Crossword "Arab Caliphate and its disintegration"
1. Temple located in Mecca, an ancient sanctuary.
2. Annual and seasonal auctions
3. Nomadic Arabs, "steppe",
moving through the steppes with their herds
4. The year of resettlement, considered a date
Muslim chronology.
5. Founder of Islam.
6. Ruler of the Arab world.
7. The sacred book of Muslims.
8. Religion of Muslims.
9. Viceroy of the Caliph, appointed
for provincial administration.
10. "City of the Prophet".
He transformed Arabic from a desert dialect into a world language that for centuries supplanted Latin and Greek as the main repository of human knowledge. Yet strangely enough, the question of how Arab Muslims achieved all of this in such a short time remains mysterious. It's not that nobody is trying to explain it. The Arabs themselves have built a rich literary tradition around the seemingly miraculous success of Islam. But these martial stories of futuhata or "discovery" conquered by the new faith tended to focus on the moral superiority, zeal and courage of the victors, rather than more mundane factors that might help them.
Frontal poll.
How did the nature and climate of Arabia affect the occupations of its inhabitants?
What contributed to the unification of the Arab tribes?
How did Islam come about?
Why exactly the resettlement of Muhammad became the starting date of the Islamic calendar?
How did Muhammad's sermons attract people?
How did Islam establish itself among the Arab tribes?
What were the reasons for the military successes of the Arabs?
When did the Arab Caliphate reach its heyday? Why did it break up?
Much attention was paid to details such as the genealogy of the Arab generals and the precise division of the spoils, through precise chronology and geography. Modern historians usually dispute Arab stories, emphasizing instead how the catastrophic upheavals of late antiquity undermine the ability to withstand Muslim invasions. Due to the complex nature of textual sources, including rare materials in Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Persian and even Chinese, as well as Arabic, and due to the relative paucity of archaeological research in early Islam, recent science also tended to be specific on topics and topics.
Learning new material.
Topic, lesson objectives
Plan for learning new material
Education.
Scientific knowledge.
Art.
The meaning of the culture of the Arab Caliphate.
Historical conditions for the development of the culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate.
Conversation:
What do you think, what historical conditions contributed to the development of the culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate?
For more than one generation, someone has tried to trace the broad political history of the first century of Islam. Few authors are better equipped for such a task than Hugh Kennedy. Professor medieval history at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, he has written numerous articles and numerous books on early Islam, including popular stories and scholarly studies. Kennedy is a graceful historian, refraining from guesswork and sticking to close sources. Rather than dismiss suspicious material like the triumphant stories of Muslims, he prefers to sift through them for clues.
High level development of crafts and trade;
- the presence of large cities;
- the presence of a strong central government;
- preservation of monuments of ancient culture;
- preservation of traditions and artistic skills accumulated over the centuries.
Teacher's story:
The culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate has absorbed much of the culture eastern countries- Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and much from ancient culture. But the greatest influence on the culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate was made by the peoples Central Asia.
Given the vast geographical reach of the work and the patchy, scattered nature of the evidence, Kennedy wisely chose to organize the book, more or less chronologically, one campaign after another. He begins, however, with a couple of helpful chapters, one of which examines the textual and archaeological sources from this period, the second of which describes the form of Arab society at the beginning of the great Islamic expansion.
Kennedy, far from savage, illiterate Bedouins, early Muslim leaders were sophisticated townships and highly trained commanders. Once they rallied a critical mass of converts, the rapid adherence to the new faith of tribes from all over the Arabian Peninsula created their own momentum for conquest. Arab society was adapted to inter-tribal conflict. Now, submitting to the authority of one leader, the Muslim caliph, the nomadic warriors had to channel their energies outward or risk the separation of the nascent Islamic nation.
Conversation:
What areas of knowledge do you think received the most development?
(the development was received by those branches of knowledge that were associated with the practical needs of the craft and trade: geography, mathematics, astronomy)
2. Education.
Teacher's story:
Every Muslim who was going to get a job had to get an education.
Their fighting spirit was further rooted in the doctrine of jihad, which promised both earthly and heavenly rewards. The martyrs were guaranteed a special place in paradise, while the soldiers were allowed to keep four-fifths of the captured booty. Several other factors proved to be decisive. Timing was the most important thing.
Beginning in 540, recurring epidemics of the bubonic plague appear to have dramatically reduced populations in the Middle East and Mediterranean. The political turmoil should have weakened the region further. It was only in 624 that the Byzantines under Heraclius counterattacked, landing an army on the shores of the Black Sea, beyond the Persian lines, which fired and plundered their way south through the Persian hearts.
Working with the textbook: pp. 77-78
Read paragraph 1 Education and answer the questions:
What language were spoken in the countries where Islam spread?
Where could Muslims get education?
Scientific knowledge.
Conversation:
Listen to Arabic proverbs. Think about what they are talking about? "Scholar's ink should be valued on par with the blood of a martyr."
"He does not die who gives his life to science"
"The most important human exercise is knowledge"
"He who sets out on a journey for the sake of science, before that the doors of paradise are opened."
An example of managing email settings. ... But decades of war, as scripted by Quentin Tarantino, left both Byzantium and Persia dazed and bleeding. A sudden Muslim advance found them completely unprepared. As Kennedy notes, "If Muhammad had been born an earlier generation, and he and his successors tried to send armies against great empires in, say, 600, it is hard to imagine that they would have made any progress at all."
Let's remember what we learned
Worse, for Heraclius, the split among Christian sects led many Egyptians and Syrians to the Arab invaders against the Byzantines, who tried to impose orthodoxy by brute force. To further the Muslims' advantage, they demanded relatively lenient terms: those of the vanquished who did not convert to Islam could worship as they pleased with an annual tax that was no more onerous than what they had paid before.
? (About great respect for scientific knowledge, scientific activity).
Scientists from the Caliphate countries studied the works of Euclid on geometry and Ptolemy on astronomy. The works of Iranian and Indian scientists were translated into Arabic.
In Baghdad, during the reign of Harun ar-Rashid, the House of Wisdom was founded - a repository of manuscripts, where books were translated and copied.
The Muslim offensive has not always been painless, as Kennedy shows in a poignant chapter that gives voice to the vanquished. In some cases, cities that resisted were destroyed, their inhabitants killed or enslaved. V North Africa the scale of the slave raid was so great that it triggered a huge Berber revolt. In much of the rapidly conquered territory, Muslim retention remained weak for generations. It is noteworthy that the expansion of Arabia happened in two waves.
The first exploited the weakness of the destroyed neighboring empires. The second, two generations later, exploited the newfound power of the Muslims, but was never able to push the boundaries. It's actually remarkable how stable the periphery of Islam has been since then, with the exception of Spain's loss of Christian reconquista and Muslim raids into India, the Balkans and the East Indies. But these events followed centuries later, and the final military triumphs of Islam were achieved not by the Arabs, but by the Turks.
Listen to the story of the development of scientific knowledge and establish a correspondence between the name of the scientist and the science in which he made the discovery:
The medicine
Geography
Physics
Mathematics
Astronomy
2, 4, 8
1, 7
5
6
3
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Sina
Al-Biruni
Avicenna
Ibn al-Haytham
Abu-l-Wafa
Ibn Rusta
Abu Bakr Muhammad
Kennedy's reluctance to make broad judgments can disappoint general readers. His preference for living in lesser-known episodes, such as the conquest of Central Asia, rather than advances such as the capture of Spain, is also more likely to delight scholars than lay people. Historians may be wrong about Kennedy too, relying on textual evidence more than archeology.
Description of countries; maps of countries and seas
Osama bin Laden's message is the opposite. For bin Laden and those who follow him, it is a war of religion, a war for Islam and against the infidels, and therefore inevitably against the United States, the greatest power in the world of the infidels. Bin Laden often refers to history in his statements. We can be reasonably certain that bin Laden's Muslim listeners - the people he spoke to - immediately picked up the hint and appreciated its meaning. In the end, the Turks managed to liberate their homeland, but they did so not in the name of Islam, but through a secular nationalist movement.
4. Art.
Leading task (individual)
Hear a story about art in the Arab Caliphate and fill in the missing words in the text.
Many arts, especially architecture, developed in the Caliphate. The famous building is the palace of the emir in the Spanish city of Granada - _____3_____. The place of prayer for Muslims was ____7______. It also contained ___1_______. Sometimes ___5____ was erected over the mosque. Near the mosque, ____6______ were erected - high ______2_____, from which they were called to prayer. The walls of the buildings were covered with a geometric pattern called - ____4_______.
Books and money
Towers
Alhambra
Arabesque
Dome
Minarets
Mosque
The Ottoman sovereign was not only a sultan, the ruler of a certain state; he was also widely recognized as the caliph, the head of all Sunni Islam, and the latest in a line of such rulers associated with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632. For nearly thirteen centuries, the Caliphate disappeared, but it remained a powerful symbol of Muslim unity, even identity, and its destruction in a double attack by foreign imperialists and domestic modernists was felt throughout the Muslim world.
Historical allusions such as bin Laden's, which may seem abstruse to many Americans, are common among Muslims and can only be properly understood in the context of a Middle Eastern perception of identity and against the backdrop of Middle Eastern history. Even the concepts of history and identity require redefinition for Westerners trying to understand the modern Middle East. Muslim peoples, like everyone else in the world, are shaped by their own history, but, unlike some others, they are acutely aware of this.
Literature
Advance job
Hear a story about literature and name the most famous Arab poet.
Read his statements, what is their main idea, what do they teach?
Only in the mind is happiness, trouble without it, Only the mind is wealth, need without it.
Don't decide anything rashly
Without thinking, there is nothing to act.
For example, in the 1980s, during the Iran-Iraq war, both sides waged massive propaganda campaigns that often sparked events and personalities dating back to the seventh century. These were not detailed stories, but quick, incomplete allusions, and yet both sides used them in reliable knowledge that they would be understood by their target audiences - even a significant portion of the audience that was illiterate.
"The most important adornment of a person is knowledge"
The perception of Middle Eastern history is fueled by the pulpit, schools and the media, and while it may indeed be often slanted and imprecise, it is nonetheless vibrant and powerful resonant. V western world the basic unit of human organization is the nation, which is then subdivided in different ways, one of which is according to religion. However, Muslims tend to see not a nation divided into religious groups, but a religion divided into nations. This is undoubtedly partly because most of the nation states that make up the modern Middle East are relatively new creations left over from the era of Anglo-French imperial domination that followed the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, and they retain the state-building and border demarcations of their former imperial masters. ...
Let your mind direct deeds; it will not allow your soul to evil.
You should delve deeper with your mind, understand
What does it mean for us to be called human.
Man decorates the whole world with himself; With him, any object acquires a price.
Those who murmur against their teachers, For those a hundred times harder to learn.
Consolidation of the material studied in the lesson.
Conversation:
What was the significance of the culture of the Caliphate?
Students should note:
Europeans borrowed from the Arabs scientific knowledge in the field of mathematics, geography, medicine; as well as achievements in the national economy.
Arab culture was a kind of mediator in the transfer of many of the achievements of ancient culture to medieval Europe.
Test
1. A Muslim temple is called:
1) minaret 2) church 3) mosque 4) madrasah
2. The name of an outstanding Arab poet, author of the poem "Shah - name":
1) Homer 2) Al-Biruni 3) Ferdowsi 4) Ibn Sina 3. Arab buildings were decorated:
1) mosaics 2) stained-glass windows 3) arabesques 4) portraits of Muhammad and caliphs
4. Higher Muslim schools in the Arab Caliphate were called:
1) minaret 2) mosque 3) madrasah 4) scriptorium
5. Avicenna is the author of:
1) the poem "Shah-name" 2) a textbook on algebra
3) the treatise "The Canon of Medical Science" 4) the collection of fairy tales "A Thousand and One Nights"
6. In the Arab Caliphate, it reached its peak
1) portrait painting 2) architecture 3) icon painting 4) sculpture
Even their names reflect this artificiality: Iraq was a medieval province whose borders are very different from those of the modern republic; Syria, Palestine and Libya are names of classical antiquity that were not used in the region for a thousand years or more before they were revived and imposed by European imperialists in the twentieth century; Algeria and Tunisia don't even exist as words in Arabic - the same name serves for a city and a country. The great thing is that in Arabic there is not a word for Arabia, but in modern Saudi Arabia it refers to what it is like "the kingdom of Saudi Arabia" or "the Arab peninsula," depending on the context.
Lesson summary.
Conclusion
Evaluation
Homework:
Steam. 10 teach
Question: Solve the crossword puzzle from the history of the Arab Caliphate from workbook Kryuchkova in history 1. The ruler of the Caliphate (5 letters) 2. The Tajik-Persian language (5 letters) 3. A city in Palestine captured by Muslims (9 letters) 4. A city in Arabia (6 letters) 5. A resident of Arabia (4 letters) 6. The capital of the Caliphate under the Abbasids (6 letters) 7. The capital of the Arab Caliphate in the 7th - first half of the 8th century (6 letters) 8. A device necessary for navigation. (6 letters) 9. The heavenly body, according to al-Biruni, located in the center of the Universe. (6 letters) 10. Part of the light to which spread Arab possessions in the VIII century. (6 letters) 11. A whimsical pattern on the walls of Arab buildings. (8 letters) 12. The new faith of the Arabs. (5 letters) 13. Higher Muslim schools. (7 letters) 14. Greek scientist, whose works were familiar to Arab mathematicians. (6 letters) 15. Repository of manuscripts in Baghdad. (3 letters and 8 letters) 16. Arabic name"heads of scientists". (3 and 4 letters) 17. Palace of the emirs in Granada. (9 letters) 18. European name for the "head of scientists". (8 letters) 19. Continent, the north of which was conquered by Muslims in the 8th century. 5 letters 20. Spiritual judges of Muslims. 4 letters Question was changed on 12 Dec 2014 at 16:33
Solve a crossword puzzle from the history of the Arab Caliphate from Kryuchkova's workbook on history 1. Ruler of the Caliphate (5 letters) 2. Tajik-Persian language (5 letters) 3. A city in Palestine captured by Muslims (9 letters) 4. A city in Arabia (6 letters) ) 5. A resident of Arabia (4 letters) 6. The capital of the Caliphate under the Abbasids (6 letters) 7. The capital of the Arab Caliphate in the 7th - first half of the 8th century (6 letters) 8. A device necessary for navigation. (6 letters) 9. The heavenly body, according to al-Biruni, located in the center of the Universe. (6 letters) 10. Part of the world to which the Arab possessions spread in the VIII century. (6 letters) 11. A whimsical pattern on the walls of Arab buildings. (8 letters) 12. The new faith of the Arabs. (5 letters) 13. Higher Muslim schools. (7 letters) 14. Greek scientist, whose works were familiar to Arab mathematicians. (6 letters) 15. Repository of manuscripts in Baghdad. (3 letters and 8 letters) 16. Arabic name of the "head of scientists". (3 and 4 letters) 17. Palace of the emirs in Granada. (9 letters) 18. European name for the "head of scientists". (8 letters) 19. Continent, the north of which was conquered by Muslims in the 8th century. 5 letters 20. Spiritual judges of Muslims. 4 letters Question was changed on 12 Dec 2014 at 16:33
Answer:
1. Caliph 2. Farsi 3. Jerusalem 4. Medina 5. Arab 6. Baghdad 7. Damascus 8. Compass 9. Sun 10. Europe 11. Arabesques 12. Islam 13. Madrasah 14. Euclid 15. House of Wisdom 16. Ibn Sina 17. Alhambra 18. Avicenna 19. Africa 20. Kadi in 19 - 6 letters, not 5, because the last two letters, not one, are the beginning of another word Kadi
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