How people discovered their land Tomilin Anatoly Nikolaevich
Who from the inhabitants of the old world was the first to discover the new world
Everyone knows that Admiral Christopher Columbus discovered America - great navigator, the first of the Europeans to come here in 1492. So it is customary to say.
In fact, the story of the discovery of the New World is not at all so simple. It began long before the birth of the glorious admiral, and ended many years after his death.
They showed even greater affection for God, while at the same time showing more solemn, humble, steadfast and holy in their behavior. By this time Edwards had already published the classic defense of revival, The Marks of the Spirit of God, and he will publish a timeless analysis of religious beliefs with Religious Attachments. But in releasing these major works, he used the Prince's platform in Christian Story to increase his efforts to steer the revival back on a safer path.
He argued convincingly that one cannot clearly discern grace in another person's life simply by assessing the degree of his or her zeal, joy, or other religious attachments. Rather, the discerning spirit explores the nature of these attachments. Although the opponents of revival, mainly Charles Chauncey, unlike Charles Chauncey, Edwards showed little more tolerance than dramatic demonstrations of the Spirit's work that were not accompanied by the fruit of the Spirit. Directly countering radical claims, Edwards argued that this evidence, rather than adherence to any precise set of methods, should determine the validity of the conversion.
Remember, we said that in ancient times the sages divided the land into three parts - Europe, Asia and Libya, or Africa. Other continents were not supposed to be on Earth. But unknown islands could exist.
The great ancient Greek philosopher Plato talked about the wonderful state of Atlantis, which died from an earthquake many centuries ago. Atlantis was located, according to Plato, on big island in front of the Pillars of Hercules, that is, in the Atlantic Ocean. “That island was,” the philosopher wrote, “larger than Libya and Asia taken together, and from it the sailors opened access to other islands, and from those islands to everything opposite, to which that true pontus (sea) was limited ...
It was also not enough to ask if someone had committed a scandalous sin, Edwards argued. He fully expected that many of the members of his congregation who claimed to experience conversion during the revival and behave well in public were not actually true believers. Despite these serious reservations, shared by the princes as they closely followed the progress of the revival in Boston, Edwards ended his letter on a high note. He had enough evidence to conclude that many faced God's grace.
Amerigo Vespucci. From an old engraving.
On this Atlantis island, a great and formidable power of kings developed, whose power extended to the entire island, to many other islands and to some parts of the mainland. In addition, they owned Libya on the local side as far as Egypt and Europe as far as Tyrrenia. "
Tyrrhenia Plato called the northwestern region of ancient Italy - after the inhabitants who inhabited those lands.
There were indications that Northampton was being overhauled by a revival, with less division, more thorough speech, and a willingness to resolve public disputes reasonably. Edwards' contributions to Christian History were just one example of New World concerns about a radical turn in revival. Leading New World ministers in Boston, including Benjamin Coleman, Thomas Prince Sr., William Cooper, and Thomas Foxcroft, have put their reputations publicly, testifying to the progress of true revival.
But even their ability to control revival is clearly limited. Discernment is an urgent need of the day. Prince published a blockbuster story in the latest issue of Christian Story, which reveals the New World's deep interest in perceived radical excess. By publishing an unequivocal confession from Davenport, the prince acknowledged the validity of some of the Old World's criticisms, even as he emphasized the New World's call for discernment.
The island "Atlantis" in the Mediterranean Sea (scientists call it the Minoan sea power) had a powerful fleet for many centuries before the beginning of our era. And why not assume that individual ships of the Atlanteans-Minoans, either on their own hunt, or carried away by the storm, crossed Atlantic Ocean and got to the New World? .. And some, perhaps, came back. No wonder, during scientific excavations in Central America, archaeologists from time to time find various gizmos made in Ancient Greece or in Rome. And on the coast of modern Venezuela, they even found a whole earthen jug with a treasure of Roman coins of the 4th century AD. The pitcher was buried deep in the sand at the very edge of the surf. Perhaps it belonged to a European merchant who was wrecked off unfamiliar shores?
In Davenport's case, Christian History gives us a glimpse into the behind-the-scenes efforts of New World ministers to defend the revival from what they see as destructive influences. Thus, the prince's new milieu offered New World ministers a powerful new instrument to express their hope and standards for revival, which they felt put them in line with the Puritan story. At the same time, Christian history bears witness to the limited ability of these ministers to control or invent revival, despite the expulsion of Davenport.
And one day - this story began in 1956 - several archaeologists studying a very ancient culture of hunter-gatherers on the southern coast of modern Ecuador stumbled upon strange fragments of pottery. Hunter-gatherers could not have had any ceramics yet. How did these shards appear here?
Then an Indian worker dug a whole vessel out of the ground. It was a red earthenware jug with a tall, angular handle covered with intricate carvings. These jugs were made only in Japan. But how could a vessel from Japan come by itself The Pacific Ocean to South America? Of course not! And here are the conclusions of the American researchers.
As time progressed, the revival became more radical, only depressing critics. Ever since the Great Awakening, evangelicals have been known for their effective use of new media. Evangelical magazines in America and Great Britain spread in the middle of the nineteenth century. Today, self-promotion by so-called activists is unlikely to hit evangelicals as inappropriate, so comfortable we have become with the publicity circus.
Discernment takes a second billing on "fruitfulness" measured in the same way the world does - in numbers. They did well for several years at a time when so many other magazines quickly failed. They effectively applied the new medium to the already existing network of correspondence fueled by the news of the revival. Colonial evangelicals capitalized new technology to form a steady motion. Thomas Kidd notes: "It seems that the growing availability of public information and the press, which scholars considered so important to the creation of nationalism, also helped to create and sustain world evangelism."
A long time ago, about five thousand years ago, small groups of people lived on the coast of Japan and on the coast of Ecuador, who obtained food for themselves by collecting various plants, mollusks, and hunting small animals. Both of them had approximately the same cultural level. But residents japanese islands like all the islanders, they knew how to make boats from solid hollowed out tree trunks. They went out to sea with them and fished. This was a great help in a meager diet. They also knew how to make pottery. The inhabitants of Ecuador had different skills, but they did not know how to make dishes at all.
Although amateur journalists, the princes demonstrated a characteristic New World interest in discernment, honed by the study of the Scriptures and Puritan history. This skill allowed them to edit a magazine that encouraged revivalists. They warned radicals to seek bodily manifestations and empower claims that depended on impressions more than Scripture. They worked behind the scenes to exonerate radical leaders like James Davenport.
However, the articles in Christian History could not completely appease critics or suppress the radicals. And today we cannot expect that even our best efforts to share the pure gospel and teach the illiterate Word will guarantee the success of our cause. No less than the patient instruction of the Apostle Paul could not correct the mockery of the believers in Corinth, who sought prophetic powers but lacked love. Our Lord Jesus himself carefully explained that the Son of Man will be rejected, killed and raised from the dead.
In autumn, in October, typhoons have been raging off the coast of Japan for a long time. Every boat hijacked by a hurricane wind into open ocean immediately picks up a powerful current. Week after week they can carry boats, moving them twenty to thirty miles a day. Those fishermen who withstood the drift for many months ended up on the shores of far removed from South America. It was they who could teach the ancestors of the Indians to make dishes.
But even his own disciples did not understand the purpose of their ministry. We do not always understand God's mysterious purposes, especially when his cause seems to be faltering. Indeed, the publishers and readers of Christian History must have been disappointed that the revival was ultimately clouded over. But they couldn't be surprised. For this result also corresponds to their biblical and theological understanding of regeneration: just as no one can produce regeneration, so no one can ensure its indefinite progress.
Kidd, Protestant Interest: New England after Puritanism. Known as the "Great Awakening," this revival spread new ideas about religion and may have influenced the American Revolution. He was the son and grandson of prominent Puritan ministers.
However, most of the navigators of the Old World, by the will of fate abandoned on a foreign continent, did not influence the peculiar Indian culture.
The first Spanish conquerors saw local residents large balsa rafts for long sea voyages. And the voyage of Thor Heyerdahl on a similar raft - "Kon-Tiki" - proved the possibility of ancient visits both from Polynesia to South America and to reverse direction... Therefore, it is impossible to strictly determine which of the inhabitants of the Old World was the first to discover the shores of the American continent. But there were such travelers. Their visits remained in the memory of people in the form of fairy tales and legends, filling the oceans dividing the continents with "islands of bliss and happiness."
Jonathan went to college to prepare for a pastor. He graduated 17 years and soon had an intense spiritual experience that the Puritans called "conversion." Within a few years, Edwards became an ordained priest and was married. His grandfather, who was famous for leading local religious revivals, died at Edwards, succeeding him as minister of the Puritan Congregational Church in Northampton, a city on the Connecticut River in western state Massachusetts.
Edwards soon became controversial. He completed his grandfather's practice of allowing "unconverted" people to participate in Holy Communion, a sacrament that recalls the suffering and crucifixion of Jesus. Edwards sided with those Puritans who believed that only converted Christians could accept fellowship and hope to escape the horrors of hell.
6. Possible reflection in the Apocalypse of the departure of Noah = Columbus in 1492 from the Old World to New World... The well-known biblical story about the flood and voyage of the patriarch Noah "on the great waters" is identified by us with information about the journey of Columbus to CHRON 6, ch.14. This is very important
From the book Sudak. Travel across historical sites the author Timirgazin Alexey DagitovichNEW LIGHT Behind the spacious beaches of the Sudak Bay, behind the majestic ruins medieval fortress, among relict junipers and pines of Sudak, surrounded by wild and majestic mountain peaks, on the shores of the emerald bay, the buildings of the village under
The great journey of Christopher Columbus
They got together at night, "frolicking" in the tavern, and did not go to church meetings. When the young man died suddenly of illness, Edwards seized the moment. In his funeral sermon, Edwards warned that even those in their prime could die at any moment. If they had not been spiritually born again, having received Jesus in their hearts, he preached, they would surely have fallen into the eternal fires of hell. Edwards spoke calmly but intensely, and the young listened. Some screamed, cried and passed out at his words.
To the New World! Throughout the 17th century, the Jewish community of Amsterdam takes an active part in the economic life of the country. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company is created. Jews owned 20% of the VIC shares. The purpose of this joint-stock company was the colonization of lands in the American
Soon, Edwards was holding prayer meetings only for the youth of the city. The Christian idea of being born again through a process of conversion had its roots in the Protestant Reformation in Europe. The Reformation took place 200 years before the time of Jonathan Edwards. John Calvin, leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, taught that God had already decided who would go to heaven and who would go to hell. However, no one could be sure of their fate.
Despite this, Calvin believed that people could receive signs that God had saved them from eternal damnation. Calvin thought one of these signs was the conversion of the sinner. This happened when a person sincerely and completely opened his heart to Jesus and experienced a "new birth." In turn, God saved man from hell. Calvin called this "covenant with God."
Chapter XI The Common Origin of All Old World Theosophies. When you free yourself from the slavery of multilingual names that cover up concepts and ideas that are identical in their essence with the difference of sounds, then you quickly become convinced that the primary mythologies different nations no more
Calvin's doctrine of conversion became the central faith of the Puritans, Presbyterians, and other Protestants in Britain and America. Calvin believed that it would probably take a lifetime to become a reformer. It first confessed its sinfulness, experiencing the inner joy of the love of Christ, and then for many years studied the Bible, attended church and lived a moral life.
Known as evangelicals, these Puritans emphasized not only sudden conversions, but strict Bible reading and dramatic preaching as well as moral behavior. However, evangelicals have tried to appeal to the emotions of the people. Protestants, following the ideas of John Calvin, believed that God created special “seasons” when the outpouring of God's spirit awakened sinners to danger for their souls. These Christian revivals, also called revivals, have previously taken place in Europe and America.
6. Possible reflection in the Apocalypse of the departure of Noah = Columbus in 1492 from the Old World to the New World.
Evangelical ministers such as Jonathan Edwards expected a massive Christian revival similar to the Protestant Reformation. They thought this renaissance would begin in America and take over the world. When signs of revival appeared, evangelical ministers “preached” the ability of sinners to save their souls. The ministers were directed to persuade the immaculate to open their hearts to the spirit of God passing through the earth before it was too late.
Most in many churches have remained unconverted. Hundreds from all classes and ages came forward to be born again and be saved from hell. In New England people called these ministers "New World" preachers. Meanwhile, the recent massive migration of Scottish-Irish Presbyterians from Northern Ireland has sparked another revival in the middle colonies. Gilbert Tennen, an evangelical Presbyterian minister in New Jersey, experienced a sudden conversion as a young man on his voyage to America. Tenent's emotional style of preaching, with its vivid descriptions of the agony of hell, appealed to the younger and shook the older generation.
8. Great Cycles of Eurasia, or the Old World Pendulum Divides Eurasia into two parts? The coastal belt, with an eye that stretches from the Okhotsk and Japanese seas along the coast of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, and inland? Heartland; mostly Russia plus
From the book In Search lost world(Atlantis) the author Andreeva Ekaterina VladimirovnaNew and Old World Links Some scholars have suggested that the Egyptian-like features of the ancient cultures of South and Central America originated from links with Mediterranean cultures; however, while admitting this, they persist in the belief that it is not necessary
From the book Knights of the New World [with pictures] the author Kofman Andrey FedorovichKnights of the Old and New Worlds However, the most widespread genre of mass literature, and the most read and revered in Spain and just in the era of the conquest of America, were knightly novels. They, one might say, constituted the core of the culture of the conquistadors and during
From the book Archeology. At the beginning author Fagan Brian M.Old World Archeology Europeans studied their prehistoric origins, concentrating on creating descriptive historical schemes that traced European society from the emergence of hunter-gatherers to the dawn of writing. Stone century,
From the book Struggle for the Seas. The era of the greats geographical discoveries author Erdödi JanosInstead of the end of the world New world It so happened that just in the days of the expected global catastrophe, at the beginning of the II millennium, instead of the predicted end of the world, something quite different happened: the foot of a European set foot on the hitherto unknown continent, the northernmost extremity
From the book ISSUE 3 HISTORY OF A CIVILIZED SOCIETY (XXX century BC - XX century AD) the author Semyonov Yuri Ivanovich3.2.4. Other historical arenas of the outer periphery of the Old World Several historical nests have emerged in Indochina. It remains to be seen whether they formed a special historical arena - the Indo-Chinese one, or whether they entered the East Asian arena, others
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From the book Phenomena ancient culture East North Asia author Popov VadimChapter No. 5 “Skask” about who was the first to discover Cupid It seems that another fortress of the historical text has fallen - “skaska” (questioning speeches) of the serviceman Nekhoroshko Kolobov and the Cossacks: I.Yu. Moskvitin and D.E. Kopylova. For almost half a century, historians have been arguing about whether they discovered
From the book De Conspiratione / On the Conspiracy author Fursov A.I.8. Great Cycles of Eurasia, or the Old World Pendulum Eurasia is divided into two parts - the Coastal Belt, which stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan along the coast of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, and the deepest part - Heartland; mostly Russia
From the book History of the swastika from ancient times to the present day author Wilson Thomas From the book Except Stonehenge the author Hawkins Gerald10 New World Embankment Builders, USA From the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachians, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, embankment builders have left their footprints everywhere - huge geometrically regular embankments: squares, circles and perfect
Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias (1450-1500) was the first to indicate a direct sea route from Europe to. In 1488 he sailed to the southern outskirts of Africa. Two of his ships were caught in a violent storm. Strong wind drove ships to the rocks. But Dias managed to turn from the coast and go out into the open sea. For several days he sailed east, but the African coast was not visible. Dias realized that he had skirted Africa and entered Indian Ocean! The rock on which the ships nearly crashed was the southern tip of Africa. Diash named it Cape of Tempests. But the king of Portugal ordered to rename the rock to the cape Good Hope... Thanks to Bartolomeu Dias, an outlet to the Indian Ocean was found, and a section of a previously unknown African coast with a length of over 2.5 thousand km was plotted on the map.
The great journey of Christopher Columbus
The successes of the Portuguese sparked interest in naval expeditions in the neighboring one. The great cartographer and navigator (1451-1506) first proposed to reach the shores of India across the Atlantic Ocean by the western route. It took him 16 years to obtain permission and funds for this voyage.
The Spanish government allocated him three caravels (the largest with a displacement of 280 tons), and in August 1492 an expedition led by Columbus set sail, and in October of the same year reached Bahamas thereby opening America. However, Columbus never found out this and until the end of his days was sure that the mainland he discovered was India.
Columbus called the local inhabitants (aborigines) Indians. This name has survived to this day.
Columbus sailed to the shores of America four times, and each time new territories opened to him appeared on the map. Subsequently, a stream of immigrants from Europe rushed there. Thus, Spanish settlements arose on the islands and coasts of Central America.
In honor of Christopher Columbus, the country of Columbia is named in South America, river in North America, administrative District in the United States, which is the capital of the country, Washington.
New World - Land of Amerigo
The travels of the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) were of great importance for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. On commercial affairs, he several times went by sea to the shores of America (1499-1504). Comparing the information of the Spanish and Portuguese navigators with their own data, Vespucci came to the conclusion that discovered by Columbus the land is not Asia or India at all, but a new huge continent unknown to Europeans. Amerigo Vespucci suggested calling this part of the land the New World. Later it was renamed and named in honor of Vespucci "The Land of Amerigo", or "America" (by the way, without the knowledge of Vespucci himself), and this name came into use. In 1538 it appeared on the Mercator map.
Vasco da Gama and the opening of the sea route to India
Having learned about Columbus' discovery of "Western India", the Portuguese hurried to find the eastern route. As a result, the navigator Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) circled Africa on four ships and reached the shores of real India in 1498.
Look at the schematic map on p. 50. Judging by the chosen route, the expedition was headed by an intelligent, brave and decisive man who knows very well how to navigate. The ships managed to avoid two main troubles of sailors: a strong Benguela current and a stormy head wind. His ships turned east at the parallel of Cape Agulhas, and then followed north along east coast Africa to Mozambique. In the port city of Mombasa (this is modern Kenya), the members of the expedition were greeted by disgruntled oriental merchants, who sensed competitors in them. But no matter how annoyed they were, they were unable to change anything.
The local ruler gave the travelers a good pilot, who in just 23 days led the Portuguese caravels to the Indian shores. Thus, Vasco da Gama's expedition safely crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the city of Calicut, a port in southern India. The Portuguese trade was not particularly successful for the first time. The local rich were distrustful of the strangers and were in no hurry to take their goods. However, the Portuguese managed to buy at the local market spices, fabrics and jewelry - a little of everything. After that, they went back to.
Return trip was difficult: the daredevils had to fight off the pirates, the crews of the ships were mowed down by diseases and setbacks pursued. Of the 168 people, only 55 returned to their homeland. The rest died on the way. Nevertheless, the expedition completed its mission: a sea route to India was found. Its discovery for Europeans is one of the greatest events in the development of geography, as well as in the history of world trade. From that moment until the construction of the Suez Canal (1869), the main trade of European countries with the states and China went not through the Mediterranean, but across the Atlantic Ocean - past the Cape of Good Hope.
