Life in the taiga zone requires from a person super-hard work, endurance and hardening. Even the poorest person should have a warm sheepskin coat in this climate and live in a heat-flooded house. Food in the cold taiga climate cannot be completely vegetarian; it requires high-calorie food. But there are few good grazing lands in the taiga, and they are confined almost exclusively to the floodplains of rivers and lakes. And they were primarily intended for agricultural development. Forest soils - gilded and sod-podzolic - are not very fertile. The harvest did not make it possible to live off agriculture, therefore. along with agriculture, the taiga peasant had to also engage in fishing and hunting. In the summer, they hunted for upland game (a large taiga bird), gathered mushrooms, berries, wild garlic and onions, were engaged in beekeeping (collecting honey from wild forest bees). In the fall, they prepared meat and prepared for the new hunting season.
An attempt was made to nationalize pension funds, which, although partly frustrated, largely changed the pension model. Efforts have been made and new taxes have been introduced, such as the weekend, which creates both an additional administrative and tax burden on businesses and additional preconditions for corruption. There was talk of raising local taxes through municipalities. The lack of reforms associated with cuts in public spending inevitably leads to budget deficits, which, combined with rising levels of public debt, exacerbate fears of businesses from possible tax increases in the coming years.
Hunting for a taiga animal is very dangerous. Everyone knows what kind of threat a bear poses to humans, which was considered the master of the taiga. Less known, but no less dangerous is the hunting of moose elk. It is not for nothing that there is a saying in the taiga: "Go to the bear - make a bed, go to the elk - planks (on the coffin) amuse." But the mining was worth the risk.
The type of the estate, the appearance of the residential part of the house and outbuildings, the layout of the interior space, the furnishing of the house - all this was determined by the natural and climatic conditions.
This is a factor that has a great influence on the investment climate in the country. Any increase in the minimum insurance thresholds, the minimum wages and taxes changes the realized cash flows from the projected ones, reducing the net profit of the business and, consequently, the internal rate of return on investment projects. V last years many similar examples have been found. This largely confuses economic agents, which theoretically should refuse or postpone the implementation of investment projects by businesses.
The main support in taiga life was the forest. He gave everything: fuel, building material, provided hunting, brought mushrooms, edible wild herbs, fruits and berries. A house was built from the forest, a well was built with a wooden frame. For the northern wooded areas with cold winters, wooden log houses with a hanging underground or podzbitza were characteristic, protecting the living quarters from the frozen ground. Gable roofs (in order to prevent snow from accumulating) were covered with boards or shingles; it was customary to decorate wooden window frames with carved ornaments. A three-chamber layout prevailed - a canopy, a cage or a renka (in which the family's household property was kept, and in the summer married couples lived) and a living room with a Russian stove. In general, the oven was important element in the Russian hut. First, the heater stove, later an adobe stove without a chimney ("black"), was replaced by a Russian stove with a chimney ("white").
Why, in spite of all the aforementioned negative circumstances, does business continue to invest? The investment activity of small and medium-sized enterprises over the past 2-3 years has been mainly concentrated around European funds. Over the same period, the state and municipalities have benefited from their availability, further prompting contractors and subcontractors to invest in new machinery and equipment.
This greatly distorts the real business sentiment data regarding the investment climate in the country. All of the above sources of economic uncertainty did not have a negative impact on the investment intentions of the business due to the payment of so many investment projects financed under European programs.
Coast Of the White Sea: winter here is cold, windy, winter nights are long. There is a lot of snow in winter. Summer is cool, but the summer day is long, and the nights are short. Here they say: "The dawn is catching up with the dawn." Around the taiga, so the houses are made of logs. The windows of the house face south and west and east. In winter, sunlight should enter the house, because the day is so short. So the windows "catch" the sun's rays. The windows of the house are high above the ground, firstly, there is a lot of snow, and secondly, the house has a high underground floor, where cattle live in cold winter. The yard is covered, otherwise the snow will fill up during the winter.
Under these conditions, businesses will have to invest on their own without EU assistance. The combination of relatively high economic uncertainty and lack of payment for European programs from the new programming period will certainly lead to a reduction in gross fixed capital formation over the next two years. This forecast is in line with the European Commission's forecast of a sharp -1% decline in gross fixed capital formation next year.
The first signs of investment delays are already a fact. It is important to note that this is preliminary data based on information from large companies so that the real trend is revealed in the next few months of the year. In the current environment, the state must do everything possible to limit the sources of economic uncertainty. A small market like a Bulgarian cannot influence the global economy or geopolitical processes, but the government can certainly influence other factors.
For the northern part of Russia, the valley type of settlement: villages, usually small, are located along the valleys of rivers and lakes. On the watersheds with rugged terrain and in areas remote from major roads and rivers, settlements with free building up of yards, without a definite plan, predominated, that is, the disorderly planning of settlements.
And in the steppe, rural settlements - villages, stretched, as a rule, along rivers and swamps, since the summer is dry and it is important to live near the water. Fertile soils - chernozems allow you to get a rich harvest and make it possible to feed many people.
This, as always, is going through structural changes, which in general should be focused on the following areas. Deep administrative reform to make it as simple as possible for any potential investor wishing to invest in the Bulgarian economy. Priority should be given to reducing administrative and regulatory barriers to business. This will make it possible to negatively affect the growth of the level of debt to GDP over the past 6-7 years. Successful implementation of these reforms would also make the Bulgarian economy much more accessible and more resilient in the face of economic crises.
The roads in the forest are very winding, they bypass thickets, rubble, swamps. It will be even longer to walk in a straight line through the forest - you will torment yourself over the groves, and climb hillocks, or you can even get into a swamp. Dense thickets of spruce forest with a windbreak are easier to get around, easier to walk around and a hill. We have such sayings: "Only crows fly straight," "You can't break through a wall with your forehead," and "A clever one won't go uphill, a clever one will bypass a mountain."
Administrative instruments based on a coercive principle must be known and respected. They are based on applicable law; in practice, this means meeting the established emission limits. Economic instruments are based on a market approach, they operate at the price of costs or products. In practice, there are different taxes, fees or charges for different forms of use of natural resources, different forms of pollution.
It is an opportunity to devote energy to the gradual improvement of business behavior in different areas. These “best practices” are the alphabet of sustainable behavior, including business best practices. Also "Economic Concepts". ... In addition to protective equipment environment different communication strategies are also important.
The image of the Russian North is created mainly by the forest - near local residents the saying has long been in use: "7 gates to heaven, but everything is in the forest" and water. This power inspired people to be creative with its beauty:
Not for nothing among such latitudes
To match the space and the people
Any distance does not honor the distant
He is all your native breadth,
Broad-shouldered hero.
Measures aimed at environmentally friendly access to the environment have different impacts on the economic prosperity of a company. Some measures, such as saving costs by saving energy, raw materials and other natural resources, or installing modern technologies that increase production efficiency, are beneficial both for the environment and for the economic prosperity of the enterprise.
Mid-range measures bring greener behavior to the same payoff. An example would be that a business can either pay a fee for the use or pollution of a certain natural resource or invest in better technologies that reduce resource consumption or eliminate or reduce pollution. The total cost savings over a given period of time offset the value of these investments so that the investment can be profit-neutral for the business.
With a soul, like yourself, wide!
Climatic conditions had a huge impact on the formation of ancient Russian clothing. The harsh and cold climate - long winters, relatively cool summers - led to the appearance of closed warm clothes. The main types of fabrics produced were linen fabrics (from coarse canvas to the finest canvases) and homespun coarse wool - sermyaga. It is not for nothing that there is such a proverb: "They produced them in all ranks, they put them on the throne" - linen was worn by all classes, from peasants to reigning persons, for there is no fabric, as they say now, more hygienic than linen.
Apparently, in the eyes of our ancestors, no shirt could compare with linen, and there is nothing to be surprised at. In winter, linen fabric warms well, and in summer it gives the body coolness. Traditional medicine experts say. that linen clothing protects human health.
Traditional food: hot liquid dishes, warming a person from the inside in winter, cereal dishes, bread. At one time, rye bread prevailed. Rye is a crop that yielded high yields on acidic and podzolic soils. And in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, wheat was grown, since it is more demanding on heat and fertility.
This is how many-sided natural conditions affect the life of the Russian people.
The mentality of the people is an integral part of the national culture. The study of folk mentality is necessary to understand the relationship between nature, history, culture and society in a particular territory.
The study of the mentality of the Russian people helps to find the right approaches to understanding many problems in the sulfur of socio-economic and internal political construction, to foresee in general terms the future of our Motherland.
Man is part of the geographic environment and depends on it. As a prologue to the study of this dependence, I quote the words of M. A. Sholokhov: "Severe, untouched, wild - the sea and the stone chaos of the mountains. Nothing superfluous, nothing artificial and people match nature. On a working person - a fisherman, a peasant, this nature has imposed the seal of chaste restraint.
Having studied in detail the laws of nature, we will be able to understand the laws of human behavior, his character.
I. A. Ilyin: "Russia has put us face to face with nature, harsh and exciting, with cold winters and hot summers, with hopeless autumn and stormy, passionate spring. She plunged us into these fluctuations, made us live with all her power and depth. This is precisely how controversial the Russian character is. "
S.N.Bulgakov wrote that the continentality of the climate (the temperature amplitude in Oymyakon reaches 104 * C) is probably to blame for the fact that the Russian character is so contradictory, the thirst for absolute freedom and a slave, obedience, religiosity and atheism - these properties are incomprehensible to a European , create an aura of mystery for Russia. For us, Russia remains an unsolved mystery. F.I. Tyutchev said about Russia:
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
A common yardstick cannot be measured,
She has a special become -
You can only believe in Russia.
The severity of our climate has also greatly influenced the mentality of the Russian people. Living in a territory where winter lasts for about six months, Russians have developed tremendous willpower, perseverance in the struggle for survival in a cold climate. The low temperatures throughout most of the year influenced the temperament of the nation. Russians are more melancholy and slower than Western Europeans. They have to store and store their energy to fight the cold.
The harsh Russian winters have had a strong influence on the traditions of Russian hospitality. To deny a traveler shelter in winter in our conditions means to doom him to a cold death. Therefore, the Russians perceived hospitality as a self-evident duty. The severity and stinginess of nature taught Russian people to be patient and obedient. But even more important was the stubborn, continuous struggle with the harsh nature. The Russians had to engage in all kinds of craft. This explains the practical orientation of their mind, dexterity and rationality. Rationalism, a calculating and pragmatic approach to life does not always help the Great Russian, since the waywardness of the climate sometimes deceives even the most modest expectations. And, getting used to these deceptions, our man sometimes prefers headlong the most hopeless decision, opposing the whim of nature to the caprice of his own courage. V.O. Klyuchevsky called this tendency to tease happiness, to play at luck "the Great Russian avos". It is not for nothing that the proverbs arose "Perhaps yes, I suppose - brothers, both lie" and "Avoska is a kind guy; either he will help out or he will learn."
To live in such unpredictable conditions, when the result of labor depends on the whims of nature, is possible only with inexhaustible optimism. In the rating of national character traits, this quality is in the first place among Russians. 51% of Russian respondents declared themselves optimists, and only 3% were pessimists. In the rest of Europe, constancy, a preference for stability, won out among qualities.
A Russian person needs to cherish a clear working day. This makes our peasant rush to work hard in order to do a lot in a short time. No nation in Europe is capable of such strenuous work for a short time. We even have such a proverb: "The summer day feeds the year." Such diligence is inherent, perhaps, only in Russians. This is how the climate influences the Russian mentality in many ways. The landscape has no less influence. Great Russia with its forests, swampy swamps at every step presented the settler with a thousand minor dangers, difficulties and troubles, among which he had to find, with which he had to fight every minute. The proverb: "Don't poke your nose into the water without knowing the ford" also speaks of the caution of the Russian people, to which their nature has taught them.
The originality of Russian nature, its whims and unpredictability were reflected in the skade of the mind of the Russians, in the manner of his thinking. Everyday irregularities and accidents taught him a lesson to discuss the path traveled more than to think further, to look back more than to look ahead. He learned to notice the effect more than to set goals. This skill is what we call hindsight. Such a well-known proverb as: "The Russian peasant is strong in hindsight" confirms this.
The beautiful Russian nature and the flatness of the Russian landscapes taught people to contemplate. According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, "In contemplation, our life, our art, our faith. But from excessive contemplation, souls become dreamy, lazy, weak-willed, unworkable." Discretion, observation, thoughtfulness, concentration, contemplation - these are the qualities that were brought up in the Russian soul by Russian landscapes.
But it will be interesting to analyze not only the positive traits of the Russian people, but also the negative ones. The power of the breadth over the Russian soul gives rise to a whole series of Russian "unworthiness". Associated with this are Russian laziness, carelessness, lack of initiative, and a poorly developed sense of responsibility.
Russian laziness, it is called Oblomovism, is widespread in all strata of the people. We are lazy to do work that is not strictly obligatory. Partially Oblomovism is expressed in inaccuracy, being late (to work, to the theater, to business meetings).
Seeing the infinity of his expanses, the Russian person considers these riches to be infinite and does not preserve them. this gives rise to mismanagement in our mentality. It seems to us that we have a lot. And, further, in his work "About Russia" Ilyin writes: "From the feeling that our riches are abundant and generous, a certain kindness of soul, a certain unlimited, affectionate good nature, calmness, openness of the soul, sociability is enough for everyone. ". This is the root of Russian generosity.
The "natural" calmness, good nature and generosity of the Russians surprisingly coincided with the dogmas of Christian morality. Humility in the Russian people and from the church. Christian morality, which for centuries held the whole of Russian statehood, strongly influenced the people's character. Orthodoxy has brought up spirituality, all-encouraging love, responsiveness, sacrifice, and kindness in the Great Russians. The unity of the Church and the state, the feeling of being not only a citizen of the country, but also a part of a huge cultural community has nurtured in Russians an extraordinary patriotism, reaching the level of sacrificial heroism.
A comprehensive geographic analysis of the ethnocultural and natural environment allows today to reveal essential features mentality of any people and trace the stages and factors of its formation.
Conclusion
In my work, I analyzed the variety of character traits of Russian people and found out that this is directly related to geographic conditions... Naturally, as in the character of any nation, it has both positive and negative qualities.
Also, the peculiarities of the life and life of the Russian people are associated with natural conditions. I figured out the impact climatic conditions on the type of settlement, the arrangement of the dwelling, the formation of clothing and food of the Russian people, as well as the meaning of many Russian proverbs and sayings. And most importantly, she showed the reflection of the real world through the cultural environment of people, that is, she completed her task.
Natural conditions affect almost all aspects of the daily life of the population, the peculiarities of their work, rest and life, people's health and the possibility of their adaptation to new, unusual conditions.
Total score natural conditions determined by the level of their comfort for a person. To measure it, up to 30 parameters are used (duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind regime, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.).
By the level of comfort, the following stand out:
extreme territories(polar regions, alpine
areas of high latitudes, etc.);
uncomfortable areas - areas with harsh natural
conditions unsuitable for the life of an unadapted population;
subdivided into cold humid(arctic deserts, tundra), arid
territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as mountainous areas;
hypercomfortable territories - areas with limited
favorable natural conditions for the resettlement population,
subdivided into boreal(forests temperate zone) and semiarid(steppe
temperate zone);
very comfortable territories - areas with minor
deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a constant
population;
comfortable territories - areas with near-ideal
environmental conditions for the life of the population, characteristic of
southern part of the temperate zone, in Russia are represented by insignificant
area by areas.
The largest part of our country is the coldest in the world ( average annual temperature territory of Russia as a whole below -5 degrees Celsius) - refers to extreme and uncomfortable territories. However, the bulk of the population lives in regions with precomfortable and comfortable conditions. Within their limits - in Central Russia, in the North Caucasus, in the Middle Volga region - there are 25 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, most of the largest urban agglomerations.
Concept "natural conditions" already in itself presupposes one form or another economic activity... It is natural conditions that often predetermine the economic diversity of human activity, the sectoral specialization of individual regions, and the rate of economic and social development. At the same time, it is essential that the influence of natural conditions on the national economy is ambiguous and largely depends on the level of development and economic situation country or region.
Natural conditions are paramount for those industries National economy that function under open air... First of all, this is agriculture, forestry and water management. Their specialization and development efficiency are directly related to soil fertility, climate, and water regime of the territory. They also influence transport and many other industries and
spheres of the economy.
It is known, for example, that when organizing the extraction of minerals, not only their reserves and quality characteristics are taken into account, but also the conditions of their occurrence, which directly affect the method, scale and cost of extraction. In the practice of the mining industry, it often happens that the most economical are not the richest, but the relatively poor, but located in more favorable natural conditions deposits.
Almost all types of construction are highly dependent on natural conditions. Its cost is predetermined by such terrain parameters as the strength and water content of soils, the degree of seismicity, swampiness of the territory, the presence of permafrost, mountainous terrain, etc. The creation of a functional object of the same type in the northern and northeastern regions of Russia can be an order of magnitude more expensive than in the south of the European territory of the country.
The natural parameters of the territory have a significant impact on the organization of municipal utilities. So, the cost of heating, water supply, sewerage, lighting of dwellings, as well as their construction, also differ significantly depending on the climate and engineering-geological conditions. In the northern regions of Russia, the heating season lasts up to 10 months a year, compared to 4-5 months in the south of the country. Costs rise accordingly.
In the north and in other regions with extreme natural conditions, there is a need to create special technical means adapted to these conditions, for example, with an increased safety margin. In the northern version, it is the ability to withstand low temperatures, in the south - high, and for regions with a monsoon climate - the ability to work normally in especially humid conditions. For Russia, most of the territory is located in such extreme natural conditions - this is especially important.
Special attention should be paid to the question of natural conditions for agriculture, where they played and play a decisive role. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy, especially for Russia, are directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and water regime of the territory.
The methods of growing different crops and raising farm animals depend on agroclimatic conditions - Shmat resources in relation to the interests (requests) of agriculture. The impact of climatic conditions on agricultural production can be quantified through agro-climatic indicators. The agricultural climate assessment is based on comparing the agro-climatic conditions of the territory with
the requirements of ecologically different cultivated plants to their life factors.
Obviously, agro-climatic conditions differ significantly from place to place. Understanding the patterns of agroclimatic differentiation is necessary not only for management agricultural sector the national economy, but also for the purposes of political and economic analysis. It is estimated, for example, that the agro-climatic potential of the United States is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of Russia. From this natural science fact, it follows that with equal costs, the productivity of US agriculture will always be at least the same amount higher than in our country.
When assessing agroclimatic conditions, as well as for a number of other practical purposes, they use data on zonal differences in the country's territory. On the territory of Russia, there is a change in natural zones from north to south: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, forests (subdivided into subzones of taiga and mixed and deciduous forests), forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts and subtropics.
