Stone cities of the elves. The "Elven" city of Perperikon (Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria) - Earth before the Flood: Disappeared Continents and Civilizations

General information about Perperikon (according to published sources)

Perperikon is located in the Eastern Rhodopes, 20 km northeast of Kardzhali. The rock city rises on a rocky peak at an altitude of 470 m. At its foot is the village of Gorna-Krepost (Upper Fortress), and the Perpereshka River flows nearby. The convenient river valley created favorable conditions for life in ancient times and now it is dotted with dozens of archaeological sites from different eras, the central of which is Perperikon.

perperikon (6 )

The archaeological medieval complex Perperikon is one of the oldest monumental megalithicmonuments carved into the rocks. This is one of the most popular tourist sites in Bulgaria.
Cultural life on the rocky peak began as early as the 5th millennium BC.– she was associated with the cult of the sun god, which was worshiped by people of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Here the first sanctuary was created, in which they brought vessels with gifts for their gods. These sacred rites continued throughout the Bronze Age (III– II millennium BC).
With the development of metal tools, it became possible to carve stone structures from solid rock. Then an oval hall with a huge round altar in the center was cut into the rock. There the priests performed sacred rituals with wine and fire. These rituals were typical for the temple of Dionysus, which was searched for a long time in the Rhodope Mountains.
Recent archaeological research clearly indicates that the temple was located on Perperikon. According to legend, two fateful prophecies were made from the altar of this temple. The first prophesied the great conquests and glory of Alexander the Great, and the second, made several centuries later, foreshadowed the coming to power and power of the first Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus.
During the last millennium BC. and the first centuries after the birth of Christ, the rock temples grew and turned into a city with fortress walls, palaces and adjacent buildings. There, probably, was the palace of the king of the Thracian Besi tribe. Subsequently, the Romans brought a taste for luxury and sophistication to Perperikon, and the Goths ravaged and burned Perperikon in 378.
At the beginning of the 5th century after the adoption of Christianity in the Rhodopes, the rock city of Perperikon turned into the residence of the bishop. In the 7th-14th centuries Perperikon became the center of a prosperous area. For this city many battles were fought between the Bulgarians and the Byzantines. At the end of the XIV century. The Ottoman Turks took over and destroyed the fortress, whose ruins were gradually forgotten.
The holy city of Perperikon is unique from an archaeological, historical, natural and interfaith point of view; it is one of the wonders of the world. Many finds made during the archaeological research on Perperikon can now be seen in the Historical Museum of the city of Kardzhali.

A source: http://bulgariatravel.org

… Thousands of years ago, Perperikon was a massive rock. Prehistoric people chose this mountain to perform religious rites. At first they worshiped huge stones, later they learned how to process them and use them for protection and refuge. Then the Thracians came here. After examining ancient maps, scientists discovered that Perperikon in the Thracian language was called Pergamon (Pergamon) - the citadel on top. The first name of the legendary Troy was also Pergamon. The earliest traces of human civilization discovered at Perperikon date back to the last Neolithic period.– VI-V millennia BC Remains of Neolithic pottery have been found in the natural crevices of the cliff. .
Then Perperikon was not yet a settlement, cult ceremonies took place here. Perperikon became a settlement in the "copper" era– V-IV millennium BC Exactly the origin of the pits carved in the rock and the fragments of pottery found in them date back to this time. . Scientists believe that Perperikon reached its apogee in the Bronze Age, in particular the XVIII-XII centuries. BC, during the heyday of the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations.
Perperikon consists of four objects: the citadel, the acropolis on the hill; a palace or temple to the southeast of the acropolis and two outer cities, on the northern and southern slopes of the hill. No archeological excavations have been carried out on the two outer cities, but surveys of the landscape show that the cities had streets and public and religious buildings carved into the rock. During the reign of the Romans, in the I-IV centuries. AD, most of the houses were located at the foot of the hill, the fertile river valley was densely populated.
The top of the hill was protected by an acropolis whose walls were 8 and a half feet thick. The citadel was probably built earlier, the Romans completed and repaired it several times. The walls of the fortress are made of solid stone blocks without the use of any binding materials. In the eastern part of the acropolis, a basilica-like structure has been preserved. Archaeological research suggests that it was a pagan temple, later converted into a Christian church by the addition of an apse. There are two stone doors in the western part of the temple. A gallery with columns leads from the walls of the church to the middle of the acropolis. About 90 feet below the acropolis is a magnificent palace.

Elvish geography of Arda

Elven cities

Avallone (Avallone) - the port city of the elves on the island of Tol Eressea. Translated from Quenya, it means "located near Valinor."

Alqualonde (Alqualonde, Quenya "Swan Harbor") - a port city in Eldamar (Valinor). Settlement of the Teleri. During the Exodus, the Noldor, who followed Feanor, massacred the harbors, spilling the blood of their kindred and capturing ships. Part of the army, led by Feanor and his sons, moved to Middle-earth, after which the ships were burned. The second, larger part of the army, led by Fingolfin, went to Middle-earth by a detour through the ice of the northern sea.

Annuminas - the capital of Arnor, founded by Elendil. Located on the shore of Lake Evendil. In the Third Age it was in desolation, in the Fourth Age it was rebuilt and turned into a second capital.

Gondolin - the city and hidden kingdom of King Turgon in the Encircling Mountains. It lasted longer than all the elven kingdoms and fortresses during the wars between the elves and Morgoth in the Primordial Age.

Lothlorien - the forest and the state of the elves at the foot of the Misty Mountains, not far from the gates of Moria. Since the 1980s of the Third Age, Celeborn and Galadriel have ruled there. In the Fourth Age, it was empty after the mass migration of elves across the Sea.

Menegroth - the capital of Doriath, the kingdom of the elves-Sindar in the First Age. It was taken and plundered by the Dwarves in the campaign for the Nauglamir, then finally destroyed in internecine wars with the sons of Feanor.

Ost in Edhil - translated from Sindarin "city of elves." The capital of Eregion, destroyed in 1697 of the Second Age during the war of the elves with Sauron.

Rivendell (Rivendell, Imladris) - the city of elves under the control of Elrond, located in the Misty Mountains on the river Bruinen.

Silver Harbor (Mythlond) - a port on the western coast of Middle-earth, inhabited by elves. It is under the dominion of Kirdan Korabel. From the Silvery Harbor, the ships of the elves who wished to part with Middle-earth sailed to the Far West.

Elven kingdoms

aman (Blissful realm of Aman, Va?linor, West-End)- the westernmost continent of Arda, where the Valar came after the destruction of the lamps of Illuin and Ormal.

In the west it is washed by the Ekkaya ocean, and in the east it is surrounded by mountain range Pelori (protection from Morgoth). There was only one passage through the mountains, Kalakirn. On the continent of Aman were the lands of the Valar - Valinor (located on vast plain) with its capital Valimar. On the coast of the sea was Eldamar - the home of the elves. The outlines of Aman have not changed much since the creation of the world, but at the end of the Second Age, after the troops of the Numenoreans tried to capture these lands, Aman and Tol-Eressea were removed from the circles of the world by the will of Iluvatar and from now on it was possible to get there either on an elven ship (Aman - the home of all the elves, except Avari, but even they could), or with the permission of the Valar.

To the south is the Avatar Desert.

Lorien (Lorien) (translated from Quenya - "the land of dreams") - a forest between the Anduin and Celebrant, east of the Misty Mountains, in Middle-earth. Another name is Lothlorien.

First mention

Just as in Mirkwood, in the north, the inhabitants of Lorien were forest elves - the Galadhrim, descended from the Avari. Initially, they lived for a long time in the forests located on both banks of the headwaters of the Anduin.

At the end of the first age, the elves moved to east coast Anduin to avoid the neighborhood with the dwarves. At that time the forest was called Loridan. The Wood Elf culture was subsequently enriched by the merger with the Elves who came from the western mountains at the beginning of the Second Age, with even the Wood Elf language being gradually supplanted by the Sindarin language.

Among the newly arrived elves was Amdir, who became the first lord of the elves. It was Amdir who led the army of Lorien during the War of the Ring. With him came Galadriel and Celeborn, who also crossed the mountains and the Anduin to escape the destruction of Eregion during the War of the Elves and Sauron. Celeborn was an elf of the Sindar tribe, Galadriel belonged to the Noldor.

Second mention

Gradually, with the growth of Sauron's influence in the lands east of the Anduin, part of the elves moved further north.

The remaining elves chose Galadriel and Celeborn as their masters.

Galadriel planted mallorns in Lorien - huge trees that grew only in this place in Middle-earth - until the moment Galadriel gave a sapling of mallorn to Sam Gamgee.

After this, the forests on the western bank of the Anduin received the name Laurelindorinan (Laurelindorenan, the Valley of the Golden Singing) - this was the oldest name, which, however, was not forgotten: this is how Lorien was called Treebeard and Faramir. Later, Laurelindorinan became known as Lothlorien - blooming Lorien. The forests on the east bank of the Anduin were called Lorinand (Golden Vale), and later - "Lorien". The dense silver foliage of the trees of Lothlórien turns bright gold in autumn and hangs on the branches until the coming of spring. In the spring, last year's foliage falls off, covering the forest glades with gold, and on the branches, along with new leaves, golden-yellow flowers bloom, filling the air with a honey fragrance.

The dwellings of the inhabitants of Lorien are placed on wooden platforms in the branches of the mallorns. On the highest of the mallorns, on the hill of Caras-Galadon, were the chambers of Celeborn and Galadriel. To the southeast of it lay the gardens of Galadriel, and in them - her magical Mirror, in which everyone could see their fate.

Under the name "Lorien" forests are best known. In the language of the Rohirrim, these places are called Dwimorden - a magical forest (from "dwimor" - "ghost", a hint of the magic of the elves).

This magic manifested itself in full measure when Galadriel received a magic ring, the power of which filled the earth, saving the vegetation covering it from death. With the help of this ring, Galadriel created a powerful defense of her land from the forces of evil. Only the coming of Sauron himself could break her.

In the middle of Lorien is Kerin-Amroth - the Mound of Woeful Sorrow, on which the first ruler of Lorien is buried. As the Scarlet Book says, there "even in the most severe winters the Eldar flowers never wither and the evergreen grass rustles about the past." South of Kerin-Amroth is the hill of Karas-Galadon, surrounded by a moat and a high earthen wall, the abode of the lords of Lorien. Also on this hill were the dwellings of the rest of the Lorien elves - as they were otherwise called, the Galadhrim. These dwellings - talans - were wooden platforms in the branches of mallorns. At the top of the hill stands the tallest of the mallorns - there were the chambers of Celeborn and Galadriel. To the south-east of this mallorn lay the gardens of Galadriel, in which, with the permission of the mistress, one could look into her famous Mirror.

Third mention

Lorien remained aloof from the war against Sauron for a long time. Like Doriath, Lorien for the time being did not participate in the battles against Sauron and remained a mystery to the inhabitants of the surrounding lands. During the War of the Ring, he was attacked three times by Orcs from Dol Guldur, but Lorien held his own. With the fall of Sauron, the Lorien army captured Dol Guldur. Shortly thereafter, at the beginning of the Fourth Age, Galadriel left Middle-earth, and Celeborn took his subjects to Mirkwood, and with their departure, the story of Lorien ended.

Mirkwood (Mirkwood) , in other translations "Twilight", "Black or Gloomy Forest" - a vast forest in Rhovanion (Middle-earth), east of the Misty Mountains, beyond the Anduin River. Remains of the primeval forest that covered ancient times a large part of the Middle-earth. In the north, Mirkwood reaches the very Gray Mountains, in the east it borders on Erebor, and from its southern tip the Brown Plains begin.

Initially, this forest was inhabited by wood elves, who were ruled by King Oropher, and later by his son Thranduil. The forest was called "Great Greenwood", "Great Forest" ("Eryn Galen") until about 1100 of the Third Age, when the shadow of the dark lord Sauron fell on the forest, and people began to call it "Taur-e-Ndaedelos" ("Forest of Great Fear ”) - in English, Mirkwood (“Markwood”). Sauron established himself in a fortress on the hill of Dol Guldur, forcing Thranduil and his people to withdraw to the northeast. Over time, more and more evil creatures appeared in Mirkwood - orcs, trolls, giant spiders. The forest was traversed from east to west by the old Dwarf Road of Men-and-Naugrim, but because of its relative proximity to Dol Guldur, the road was abandoned. The elves used the path further north - it ended somewhere in the swamps south of Esgaroth, on the Long Lake.

In the year 2941 of the Third Age (these events are described in the novel The Hobbit, or There and Back Again), Bilbo Baggins, along with Thorin Oakenshield and twelve other dwarves, passed through Mirkwood. There they came across giant spiders. Bilbo rescued the dwarves, but soon after they were captured by the wood elves, escaped from captivity and freed Erebor from the dragon Smaug. Around this time the White Council attacked Dol Guldur and Sauron fled to Mordor, whereupon his influence in Mirkwood declined for a time.

Many years later, Gollum, after being released from Mordor, was captured by Aragorn and brought to Thranduil, but fled, taking advantage of an orc raid.

In the spring of 3019, the orcs attacked the elves of Thranduil, but the elves withstood the onslaught and drove the orcs south to Dol Guldur. At the same time, the orcs attacked Lorien, but the elves of Celeborn were victorious and crossed to the east bank of the Anduin in pursuit of the orcs. On April 5, 3019, Thranduil, Galadriel and Celeborn meet near Dol Guldur, and the combined forces of the Wood Elves of Mirkwood and Lorien destroy the remnants of the orcs, the Dark Tower is destroyed, and Mirkwood has since been called Eryn Lasgalen (Forest of Green Leaves) ).

In the south of the forest, Celeborn has since ruled; in the north, Thranduil; the central part of the forest was inhabited by people, the descendants of Beorn.

Rivendell (Rivendell, in translations - Razdol, Doln)- "Cut Valley" - the hidden refuge of Elrond Elfinit, created by him in Eriador in 1697 V. E. to protect against Sauron. This place was in a deep valley at the western foot of the Misty Mountains and remained hidden thanks to Elrond's ring - Vilya - until the end of the War of the Ring. After the destruction of the Ring of Omnipotence, the strength of Vilya dried up, and Elrond sailed across the sea, but Rivendell remained under the rule of his sons - Elladan and Elrohir.

Facts
From 1697 to 1701 VE Rivendell was unsuccessfully besieged by the armies of Sauron.
Rivendell was visited by the characters of The Hobbit - Gandalf, the dwarves Thorin and Bilbo.
Aragorn was brought up in Rivendell, where his future wife lived - the daughter of Elrond Arwen.
There Frodo, Merry, Sam, Pippin and Aragorn fled from the persecution of the Nazgûl.
The famous Council of Elrond also took place there, where it was decided to destroy the Ring of Omnipotence and the Fellowship of the Ring was formed.

Other names
Imladris(Imladris) is an elvish name. Imlad is a word meaning "valley" or "log" and rice is "gorge, dell".
Carningul(Karningul) - the name of the Razdol on the Westron. Denotes a deep valley with steep slopes.

The number of names and titles found in the book is huge, so here are brief information about each character or place. Of course, they cannot reflect everything that is in the book itself; most of the central characters are given only extremely condensed information - but still, the "Pointer" turned out to be too large, and I shortened it in various ways.

If the English translation and the Elvish name are used independently, as, for example, Menegroth and the Thousand Caves, then I usually give one article, and I only give English names with reference to the main article if they were used independently or if the Elvish name remained unknown (for example, "Supreme Sovereign"). (We give here only Elvish names and titles. - Transl.) Translations are indicated by quotation marks; most of them appear in the book itself, although not all. In the "Appendices" you can find information about those titles that have remained untranslated.

Christopher Tolkien

Avalon, city and harbor of the Eldar on Tol Eressea; so named because "it is nearest to all cities to Valinor".

Avari, "The Refused" is the general name of the elves who refused to go to the West from the banks of Kuivienen.

Avatar, "the Misty" - A desert region on the coast of Aman south of the Gulf of Eldamar, where Melkor met Ungoliant.

Agarvein - see Turin.

Aglarond - "Glowing Caverns" in Helm's Deep in the White Mountains.

Aglon - a pass between Dorthonion and the highlands west of the mountain Himring.

Adanedel - see Turin.

Adunakor, "Lord of the West," is the name first adopted in Adunaic, the Númenórean language, by the nineteenth King of Númenor; his Quenya name is Erunumen.

Adarant is the sixth, southernmost of the tributaries of the Gelion in Ossiriand. The name means "double stream", apparently given due to the fact that the riverbed goes around the island of Tol Galen in two branches.

Azagal - ruler of the Dwarves of Belegost; wounded Glaurung in the battle of Nirnaeth Arnoediad and was killed by him.

Aiglos is the spear of Gil-galad.

Aileen-yuel, "Twilight Lakes" at the confluence of Aros with Sirion.

Ainur, "Sacred" - Forces created by Ilúvatar first, even before the creation of Ea.

Ainulindale, "Music of the Ainurs" - the Great Music of the beginning of the World; the tradition of the Creation of Ea, composed by Rumil of Tirion, was also called.

Ayrin is a relative of Kurin from Dor Lomin; she was taken to wife by Brodda from the Easterlings; she helped Morwen after the Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Aldaron, "Lord of the Forests" is the name of the Valar Orome in Quenya.

Alcarinque, "Most Glorious" is the name of a star.

Alcarondas is the huge ship of Ar-Parazon, on which he sailed to Aman.

Alqualonde, "Swan Harbor" - main city and the harbor of Teleri on the banks of Aman.

Almaren - the first dwelling of the Valar on Arda; an island in the middle of a huge lake located in the center of Middle-earth.

Aman - "Blessed Land" in the West, beyond the Great Sea, where the Valar lived, leaving Almaren.

Amandil, "Loving Haman" - the last ruler of Andunie in Numenor, a descendant of Elros and father of Elendil; set sail for Valinor and did not return.

Amarië is an elven maiden from the Vanyar, beloved of Finrod Felagund, who remained in Valinor.

Amlakh is the son of Imlach, the son of Marah; leader of the Men of Estolad, who came to serve Maedhros.

Amon Obel is a barrow in the Forest of Brethil.

Amon Rud - mountain south of Les Bretil; Mim's dwelling and the lair of the vagabonds of Turin.

Amon Sul is Mount Wind in the Principality of Arnor.

Amon Ereb is a mountain between Ramdal and the River Gelion in East Beleriand.

Amon Aethyr - The Watch Hill built by Finrod Felagund east of Nargothrond.

Amrod is the twin brother of Amros, the youngest of the sons of Feanor; died with Amros during the attack on the settlement of Eärendil in the delta of Sirion.

Amros - see Amrod.

Anadune - "Westfall", the name of Númenor in Adúnaic (Númenórean).

Anar is the name of the Sun in Quenya.

Anarion is the youngest son of Elendil, who, together with his father and brother Isildur, escaped from the perishing Numenor and founded the Numenorean principalities in Middle-earth; ruler of Minas Anor, died during the siege of Barad-dûr.

Anarrimé is the name of a constellation.

Anach - the pass from Dorthonion to western part Ered Gorgorath.

Angabar is a mine in the mountains north of the Vale of Gondolin.

Angband, "Iron Hell" - a huge underground fortress of Morgoth in the north-west of Middle-earth.

Anglachel, a sword of meteoric iron, which Thingol received from Eöl and presented to Beleg; reforged for Turin, he was named Gurfang.

Antrim is the father of Gorlim the Unfortunate.

Angrist is a blade crafted by Telkar of Nogrod; Beren took it from Carathin and with it extracted the Silmaril from Morgoth's crown.

Angrod is the third son of Finarfin, who, together with his brother Aegnor, defended the northern slopes of Dorthonion; died in the Battle of Fire.

Angenor is a chain made by Aule; Morgoth was bound by this chain.

Andor, "The Gift of Earth" - Numenor.

Andram is a giant waterfall that divides Beleriand into north and south.

Androf are the caves in the mountains of Mithrim where the Gray Elves raised Tuor.

Anduin, "The Long River" - The Great River east of the Misty Mountains.

Andunie is a city and harbor on the west coast of Numenor.

Ancalagon is the greatest of the winged dragons of Morgoth, slain by Earendil.

Annael - Gray Elf of Mithrim, Tuor's stepfather.

Annuminas, "The Stronghold of the West" (i.e. Numenor) is the city of the Kings of Arnor.

Anfauglir is the nickname of the wolf Carcharoth.

Anfauglyph - see Ard-Galen.

Apanonari - see Atani.

Aragorn is the thirty-ninth heir of Isildur in a straight line; King of the reunited Arnor and Gondor after the War of the Ring; husband of Arwen, daughter of Elrond.

Aradan is the name given by the Sindars to Malach, the son of Marach.

Araman is a wild desert region on the northern coasts of Aman.

Aranwe is an elf from Gondolin, the father of Voronwe.

Aratan is the second son of Isildur, who died with him in Obolon.

Arahorn is the father of Aragorn.

Arvenien - the coast of Middle-earth west of the delta of Sirion.

Arda, "Kingdom" is the name of the Earth as the Kingdom of Manwe.

Ard-galen, Green Edge» - a vast green plain north of Dorthonion; after the ruin was called Anfauglyph.

Ar-Gimilzor is the twenty-second King of Numenor who persecuted the Faithful.

Argonath, "Stones of the Kings" - The Gates of the Kings, stone statues at the northern borders of Gondor, depicting Isildur and Anarion.

Aredhel, sister of Turgon of Gondolin, wife of Eol of Nan Elmut, mother of Maeglin; she was also called Ar-Feiniel, "White Maiden of the Noldor."

Ar-Zimrafel - see Miriel (2).

Arien - Maia, chosen by the Valar to accompany the ship of the Sun.

Armenelos is the city of the Kings of Numenor.

Arminas - see Gelmir (2).

Arnor, "King's Land" is the northern principality of the Numenoreans in Middle-earth, founded by Elendil after the death of Numenor.

Aros is a river in the south of Doriath.

Ar-Parazon, "Golden-faced" - the twenty-fourth and last King of Númenor; his Quenya name is Tar-Kalion; he captured Sauron and was subsequently deceived by him; he led his fleet against Haman.

Ar-Sakaltor is the father of Ar-Gimilzor.

Arfad is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Ar-Feiniel - see Aredel.

Askar is the northernmost of the tributaries of the Helion in Ossiriand (later called Rafloriel). The name means "violent, indomitable".

Astaldo, "The Valiant" - Valar Tulkas.

Atalante - "Fallen Earth" in Quenya.

Atanamir - see Tar-Atanamir.

Atanatars, "Forefathers of Men" - see Atani.

Atani - "Second People" in the speech of Iluvatar and in the language of Valinor - People. Elvish names for Humans: Hildor Who Came Behind; Apanonari, the Afterborn; Engvars Subject to Disease; Firimar, Mortals. In Beleriand, the Sindar and the Noldor for a long time met Men only from the Three Houses of the Friends of the Elves, who were called the Atanatars, "Forefathers of Men"; the Sindar form of Adana refers to them.

Aule - Valar, one of the Aratarov, husband of Yavanna, blacksmith and craftsman who created the dwarves.

Aegnor is the fourth son of Finarfin, who, together with his brother Angrod, defended the northern slopes of Dorthonion; died in the Battle of Fire. The name means "Fierce Fire".

Balan - see Beor.

Balar - a huge bay in the south of Beleriand, at the mouth of Sirion; also an island in this bay, where Cirden and Gil-galad lived after Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Baragund is the father of Morwen Hurin's wife; nephew of Barahir and one of his twelve companions at Dorthonion.

Barad Dur is Sauron's "Black Keep" in Mordor.

Barad Nimras - "White Horn Tower", built by Finrod Felagund on a cape west of Eglarest.

Barahir is the father of Beren; saved Finrod Felagund in the Fire Battle and received a ring from him; killed at Dorthonion.

Barlog is the Sindaric name for the fire spirits who served Morgoth. In Quenya they were called the Valaraukar.

Bar-en-Danved, "House of Redemption" is the name of the cave on Amon Rud, which Mim provided to Turin and his companions.

Bauglir - see Morgoth.

Beleg - the famous archer, the head of the guard of Doriath; had the nickname Cutalion, "Tight Bow"; friend and companion of Turin, fallen by his hand.

Belegaer - "Great Sea" in the west, between Middle-earth and Aman.

Belegost, the "Mighty Keep" is one of the two cities of the Dwarves in the Blue Mountains; Sindaric variant of the Dwarven name Gabilgathol.

Belegund is the father of Rian, Huor's wife; nephew of Barahir and one of his twelve companions at Dorthonion.

Beleriand - they say the original name meant "Land of Balar" and referred to the lands near the mouth of Sirion. Later, the whole coastline of northern Middle-earth south of the Gulf of Drengist and the interior regions from Hithlum to the Blue Mountains, divided by Sirion into West and East Beleriand, became so called. At the end of the First Age, Beleriand was destroyed by an earthquake and flooded.

Belfalas - the southern regions of Gondor, adjacent to the bay of the same name.

Beor is the real name of Balan; the leader of the people of Men, the first to come to Beleriand; founder of the House of Beor, the oldest of the Houses of Adana. He took the name Beor in the service of Finrod Felagund.

Bereg is the grandson of Baran, son of Beor; leader of the disaffected in Estolad; returned to Eriador.

Beren is the son of Barahir; procured the Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth as a wedding ransom for Luthien Thingol's daughter, and was slain by Kargaroth the Wolf of Angband; the only one of the people, he returned from the halls of Mandos and lived with Luthien on the island of Tol Galen; great-grandfather of Elrond and Elros and ancestor of the Númenórean Kings. He was called Kamlost and Ergamion, "one-handed."

Berenduin - "Brown River" in Eriador, flowing into the Sea south of the Blue Mountains; The Hobbit name is Brandywine.

Bor is the leader of the Easterlings, who, along with three matchmakers, supported Maedhros and Maglor.

Boran is the eldest son of Beor.

Borlad is the son of Bor; killed with his brothers in Nirnaet Arnoediad.

Borlakh is the son of Bor; killed with his brothers in Nirnaet Arnoediad.

Boromir - great-grandson of Beor, grandfather of Barahir, father of Beren; first ruler of Ladros.

Borfand is the son of Bor; killed with his brothers in Nirnaet Arnoediad.

Brandir, nicknamed "The Lame One" - took over the leadership of the People of Calef after the death of his father Khandir, was in love with Nienor; killed by Turin.

Bregolas - father of Baragund and Belegund; died in Dagor Bregoly.

Bregolakh - see Dagor Bregolakh.

Bregor is the father of Barahir and Bregolas.

Brethil - a forest between the rivers Teiglin and Sirion, where the Haladins (People of Calef) lived

Brilfort, the "Shimmering Stream" is the fourth tributary of the Helion in Ossiriand.

Brithumbar is the northernmost of the Havens of the Falas on the coast of Beleriand.

The Britun is a river flowing into the Great Sea near Britumbar.

Brodda - a man from the Easterlings, who after Nirnaeth Arnoediad lived in Hithlum and took Irene, a relative of Hurin, as his wife; killed by Turin.

Vase, "Fickle" is the name of the Sun among the Noldor.

Vaira, "Weaver of the Cloth of the World" - one of the Val, the wife of Namo Mandos.

Valakventa, The Tale of the Valar is one of the traditions that make up the Silmarillion.

Valakirk, "the Sickle of the Valar" is the constellation Ursa Major.

Valandil is the youngest son of Isildur and the third king of Arnor.

Valaraukar - in Quenya means "Mighty Demons", the same as the Sindar "barlogs".

Valaroma is the horn of the Valar Orome.

Valar - "Forces", Elements; the name of those Ainur who came to Arda at the Beginning of Time, becoming its creators and guardians.

Valinor is the land of the Valar in Aman, beyond the Pelors.

Valmar is the city of the Valar in Valinor; in the song Galadriel ("VK", v.1, v.2, Ch.8) appears in the form of Valimar as the equivalent of Valinor.

Shafts - "Spouses (Queens) of the Valar"; the word is used only in the Valakwent.

Vana, "Forever Young" - One of the Val, sister of Yavanna and wife of Orome.

The Vanyars are the first of the Eldar peoples to set out from the banks of the Cuivienen to the West. The name itself means "Light", which is associated with the golden hair color of the Vaniars.

Varda is the greatest of the Val, the wife of Manwe, who lives with him on Taniquetil. She is called the "Mistress of the Stars" - Elbereth, Elentari, Tintalle.

Wilvarin is the name of a constellation. In Quenya, the word means "butterfly" and apparently refers to the constellation Cassiopeia.

Vingilot, "Flower of the Seas" is the name of Earendil's ship.

Viniamar - Turgon's palace in Nevrast under Mount Teras.

Voronwe, "Steady" - an elf from Gondolin, the only survivor of the sailors of the seven ships sent by Turgon to the West after Nirnaeth Arnoediad; guide Tuor to Gondolin.

Veial is one of the Three Rings of the Elves, the Ring of Air or a sapphire ring wielded by Gil-galad and later by Elrond.

Gabilgathol - see Belegost.

Galadriel - daughter of Finarfin and sister of Finrod Felagund; one of the leaders of the revolt of the Noldor against the will of the Valar; married Celebern of Doriath and stayed with him in Middle-earth after the end of the First Age; the keeper of Naina, the Ring of Water, in Lothlórien.

Galatilion is the White Tree of Tirion, similar to Telperion.

Galdor - surnamed the High, son of Hador Lorindol and ruler of Dor Lomin; father of Hurin and Huor; killed at the fortress of Eithel Sirion.

Gan - a huge hunting dog from Valinor, which Orome gave to Celegorm, friend and helper of Beren and Luthien; died in battle with Kargaroth, defeating him.

Gwindor - Elf of Nargothrond, brother of Gelmir; escaped from the mines of Angband; helped Beleg in search of Turin; brought Turin to Nargothrond; killed in an attack on Nargothrond.

Helion - major river in East Beleriand, rising from Himring and Mount Reir, and fed by the rivers of Ossiriand from the Blue Mountains.

Helion the Elder is a tributary of Helion, originating from Mount Reir.

Gelmir (1) - Elf of Nargothrond, brother of Gwindor, captured in Dagor Bregol and put to death at the walls of Eithel Sirion before Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Gelmir (2) is an elf from the clan of Angrod, who, together with Arminas, brought news of danger to Orodref in Nargothrond.

Gil-galad, "The Shining Star," was the name by which Ereinion, son of Fingon, was known. After the death of Turgon, he became the last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth, and remained in Lindon after the end of the First Age; together with Elendil was the leader of the Last Alliance of Men and Elves; died in duel with Sauron.

Gildor is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Gil-Estel, "Star of Hope" is the Sindarin name of Eärendil during his voyages with the Silmaril across the heavenly seas.

Himilzor - see Ar-Gimilzor.

Himilcad is the younger son of Ar-Gimilzor and Inzilbeth, father of Ar-Parazon, the last King of Numenor.

Ginglith is a river in West Beleriand that flows into the Narog near Nargothrond.

Glaurung - the first of the dragons of Morgoth; fought at Dagor Bregol, Nirnaeth Arnoediad, in the attack on Nargothrond; enchanted Turin and Nienor; killed by Turin.

Gloredel - daughter of Hador Lorindol of Dor Lomin, sister of Galdor; wife of Haldir of Brethil.

Glorfindale is an elf from Gondolin who died in a duel with a barlog while the inhabitants fled from the dying city. The name means golden-haired.

Holodrim is the Sindar form from the "Noldor" in Quenya.

Gondolin, Onolinde - "The Hidden Rock", the secret kingdom of King Turgon.

Gondor, "Stoneland" - Numenorean principality in the south of Middle-earth, founded by Isildur and Anarion.

Gonhirrim, "Lords of Stone" is the Sindaric name for the Dwarves.

Gorgorath (1) - see Ered Gorgorath.

Gorgorath (2) - a plateau in Mordor between the joining spurs of the Ash and Gloomy Mountains.

Gorlim, surnamed the Unfortunate, is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion, who betrayed Barahir's refuge to Sauron.

Gorthol, "Death-Helm" is the name taken by Turin as one of the Two Chiefs in the Land of the Bow and Helm.

Gorthaur is the name of Sauron among the Sindar.

Gotthmag - the leader of the barlogs, the commander of Angband, who killed Feanor, Fingon and Ecthelion.

Grond, "Hammer of the Underworld" - the great hammer of Morgoth, with which he struck down Fingolfin. The same name was given to the ram used in the assault on Minas Tirith (VK, vol. 3, book 6, ch. 4).

Gundor is the youngest son of Hador Lorindol; killed with his father in Dagor Bregoly.

Gurfang is the name of Anglahal, the sword of Beleg, after it was reforged in Nargothrond for Turin.

Galvorn is a metal invented by Eol.

Gandalf - the name of the magician and sage Mithrandir among people; see Olorin.

Dagnir is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Dagair Glaurunga, "Curse of Glaurunga" - Turin.

Dagor Aglareb, "The Victorious Battle" is the third of the great Battles of Beleriand.

Dagor Bregolach, the "Fiery Battle" is the fourth of the great Battles of Beleriand.

Dagorlad is the place where the great northern battle took place between the forces of Sauron and the Last Alliance of Men and Elves at the end of the Second Age.

Dagor-nuin-Giliath, "The Battle Under the Stars" is the second of the Battles of Beleriand that took place in Mithrim after Feanor's return to Middle-earth.

Dayruin is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Darin - Sovereign of the Dwarves of Khazad-Dum (Moria).

Daeron is the minstrel of King Thingol, versed in ancient lore, who created Kirt, the runic alphabet; loved Luqien and betrayed her twice.

Denethor is the son of Lenwe; leader of the Nandors who crossed the Blue Mountains and settled in Beleriand; slain on Amon Ereb in the first of the Battles of Beleriand.

Dimbar is the land between Sirion and Mindeb.

Dior, son of Beren and Luthien, heir of Thingol, father of Elwing, mother of Elrond; after the death of Thingol came to Doriath from Ossiriand; by inheritance owned the Silmaril; slain at Menegroth by the sons of Feanor.

Dol Guldur, "Sorcerer's Mountain" - Sauron's stronghold in the south of the Twilight in the Third Age.

Dolmed, "Wet Peak" is a peak in the Blue Mountains near the Dwarven cities of Nogrod and Belegost.

Dor Dinen, the "Land of Silence" is a desolate region in the headwaters of Esgalduin and Aros.

Dor Daedeloth, "The Land of DreadShadow" - the lands of Morgoth in the north.

Doriath, "The Enclosed Kingdom," was so called because of the Belt of Melian; the ancient name is Eglador; the kingdom of Thingol and Melian in the forests of Neldoreth and Region, with Menegroth as its capital on the river Esgalduin.

Dor Karanthir, "Land of Karanthir" - Thargelion.

Dorlas is a Haladin man in Brethil; went with Hurin and Hantor to fight Glaurung, but fled in fear; killed by Brandir the Lame.

Dor Lomin - a region in the south of Hithlum, the possessions of Fingon, given by them to the House of Hador; home of Hurin and Morwen.

Dor-nu-Faglyph, "The Land Hidden by Ashes" - see Anfauglyph.

Dorthonion, "Pineland" - wooded uplands in the north of Beleriand, later called Taur-nu-Fuin.

Draughlin - werewolf killed by Gan; in his guise Beren entered Angband.

Drengist is a large inlet deep into the land in the region of Ered Lomin, western border Hithlum.

The Duilwen is the fifth tributary of the Helion in Ossiriand.

The Dunadans, "Adans of the West" are Numenoreans.

Dungorfeb - see Nan-Dungorfeb.

Ibun is one of the sons of the dwarf Mim.

Ivrin is a lake and waterfalls at the foot of Ered Vetrin, where the river Narog originates.

Idril, called Celebrindel, "Silverfoot" is the only daughter of Turgon and Elenwe; wife of Tuor, mother of Eärendil, who fled with him to the Delta of Sirion; went west with Tuor.

Isengard - Saruman's stronghold in the Misty Mountains; translation into the language of Rohan of his elvish name Angrenost.

Isil is the name of the moon in Quenya.

Illuin is one of the Lights of the Valar created by Aule. Illuin stood in the north of Middle-earth. At the place of its fall, the inland sea Helkar was formed.

Iluvatar - "Father of All", Eru.

Ilmen - heavenly land; the location of the stars.

Imladris - Doln, home of Elrond in the valley near the Misty Mountains.

Imlach is the father of Amlach.

Yngve is the leader of the Vanyar, the first Eldar who set off from the banks of Cuivienen to Valinor. In Aman, he lived on Thaniquetil and was considered the High King of all elves.

Indis - from the people of the Vaniars, a relative of Ingve; second wife of Finwe, mother of Fingolfin and Finarfin.

Inziladan - the eldest son of Ar-Gimilzor and Inzilbet; later took the name Tar-Palantir.

Inzilbet is a queen from the House of the Princes of Andunie, the wife of Ar-Gimilzor.

Irmo is the Valar, commonly called Lórien, after his dwelling place.

Isildur is the eldest son of Elendil, who, together with his father and brother Anarion, escaped from the perishing Numenor and founded the southern principality of Numenor in Middle-earth; ruler of Minas Itil. He removed the Ring of Omnipotence from the hand of Sauron and was killed by orcs while crossing the Anduin.

Istari are mages. See Karanir, Saruman; Mithrandir, Gandalf, Olorin; Radagast.

Yavanna, "Giver of Fruits" - one of the Val, numbered among the Aratars, the wife of Aule.

Khazad is the self-name of the people of the Dwarves.

Khazad-Dum is the largest settlement of the Dwarfs from the people of Durin in the Misty Mountains (Moria).

Kalakwendi, "Elves of Light" - Elves of Aman (High Elves).

Kalakirya, "Passage of Light" - the gorge in Pelor, in which the green hill of Tuna was erected.

Calenardon, "Green Margin" was the name of Rohan at the time when it was the northern part of Gondor.

Karanir - see Saruman.

Caranthir is the fourth of the sons of Feanor, called the Dark One; the most rude and quick-tempered of the brothers; ruler of Thargelion; killed in an attack on Doriath.

Karafin is the fifth son of Feanor, nicknamed the Artful; father of Celebrimber. For the origin of the name, see Feanor; for history, see Celegorm.

Karafinwe - see Feanor.

Kargaroth - a huge wolf from Angband, who bit off the hand of Beren, clutching the Silmaril; slain by Gan in Doriath. The name means "Red Throat". Also called Anfauglir, "The Ravenous Mouth."

Cardolan is a region in the south of Eriador, part of the Principality of Arnor.

Karnil is the name of a red star.

Quendi is the self-name of all elven peoples, including the Avari, meaning "those who speak with a voice."

Quenta Silmarillion - History of the Silmarils.

Quenya, an ancient tongue common to all Elves, in the form it took in Valinor; it was brought to Middle-earth by the Noldor exiles, but it was not used for everyday communication, especially after the decree of King Thingol. It was also called the High Speech of the West; the language of Valinor; Noldorian dialect.

Kalvar is an elvish word that sounded in the request of Yavanna to Manwe and means “animals; living beings capable of locomotion.

Celebern (1) - "Tree of Silver", the name of a tree on the island of Tol Eressea, a descendant of Galathilion.

Celebern (2) Elf of Doriath, kinsman of Thingol; married Galadriel and stayed with her in Middle-earth after the end of the First Age.

Celebrant, the "Silver Stream" - a river that flows through Lorien and flows into the Anduin.

Celebrimber, "Silver Hand" - son of Karafin, who remained in Nargothrond; in the Second Age, the greatest of the blacksmiths of Eregion, who created the Three Rings of the Elves; killed by Sauron.

Celebrindel - see Idril.

Celebros, "Silver Rain" or "Silver Spray" is a stream in the Brethil Forest that flows into Teiglin at the Crossroads.

Celegorm is the third son of Feanor, nicknamed the Light One; before the Fiery Battle he ruled Himlad together with his brother Karafin; lived in Nargothrond; captured Lucian; the owner of the dog Gan; killed by Dior in Menegrote.

The Kelon is a tributary of the Aros, a river flowing from Mount Himring to the southwest. The name means "stream flowing from the heights".

Kementari - "Queen of the Earth", the title of Yavanna.

Kim is the son of the dwarf Mim, who was killed by an arrow from a bandit of Turin.

Cirden "Shipwright" - an elf from Teleri, ruler of the Falas (the western coasts of Beleriand); after the defeat of the Havens in Nirnaeth, Arnoediad, together with Gil-galad, took refuge on the island of Balar; during the Second and Third Ages he remained the guardian of Argent Haven.

Kirion is the third son of Isildur, who died with him in Obolon.

Cirth are runes originally invented by Daeron of Doriath.

Crissaegrim is a mountain peak south of Gondolin, nesting place for the Eagles of Thorondor.

Kuivienen, "Waters of Awakening" - a lake in Middle-earth, where the first elves woke up, later found by Orome.

Cutalion - see Beleg.

The Laikwendi are the "Green Elves" who lived in Ossiriand.

Lalaif, "The Laughing One" is the daughter of Morwen and Hurin, who died in infancy.

Lammoth, the "Great Echo," the region north of Drengist Bay, is named after Morgoth's struggle with Ungoliant, when Morgoth's cry echoed through the mountains.

Lanthir Lamah - "Waterfall of Resounds" was located next to Dior's dwelling in Ossiriand; in his honor, Elwing received her name, meaning "scattering stars."

Laurelin, "Golden Song" is the youngest of the Two Trees of Valinor.

Legolin is the third tributary of the Helion in Ossiriand.

Lembas is the later Sindaric name for the "road bread" of the Eldar (from the ancient lennbass, koimas in Quenya).

Lenwe - the leader of the elves from Teleri, who refused to cross the Misty Mountains during the campaign from the banks of the Cuivienen (later called Nandor); father of Denethor.

Linaeven - a huge "Bird Lake" in Nevrast.

Lindon is the name of Ossiriand in the First Age; later the name was retained for the surviving lands west of the Blue Mountains.

Lindorie is the mother of Inzilbet.

Logran - the leader of the Easterlings of Hithlum after Nirnaeth Arnoediad, who took Tuor as a slave.

Lomion - see Maeglin.

Laurelin is a lake in Lórien in Valinor, a favorite resting place of Vala Este.

Lorien (1) - gardens and habitat of the Valar Irmo. Over time, the Valar himself began to be called by this name.

Lorien (2) - the land ruled by Celebern and Galadriel between the rivers Celebrant and Anduin. Perhaps the name is borrowed from Lorien Valinor. In the word Lothlorien, "lot-" means "flower".

Lorindol - see Hador.

Losgar is the place by the Gulf of Drengist where Feanor burned the ships of the Teleri.

Lothlorien - see Lorien.

Lothlann, "wide and desolate," is the region north of the Marches of Maedhros.

Luinil is the name of a blue star.

Lumbar is the name of a star.

The Lune is a river in Eriador that empties into the Sea near the Silver Haven.

Luthien is the daughter of King Thingol and Maya Melian, Beren's lover, who shared the fate of Mortals with him.

Mablung, "Heavy Hand" - Elf of Doriath, chief commander of Thingol, friend of Turin. Killed in Menegroth by dwarves.

Magor is the son of Malach Aradan; led part of the people of Marah into West Beleriand.

The Maia are the Ainur of lesser power than the Valar.

Malach is the son of Marah; his elvish name is Aradan.

The Maldwin is a tributary of the Teiglin. The name probably means "Yellow River".

Manwe is the chief of the Valar, also called the Lord of Arda and its Supreme Ruler.

Mandos (the name means "Justice") is the dwelling place that became the name of the Valar Namo in Valinor.

Marah is the leader of the third of the human tribes that came to Beleriand, the ancestor of Hador Lorindol.

Mardil - nicknamed the Faithful; first reigning Steward of Gondor.

Mahal is the name given to Aula by the Dwarves.

Mahtan is a great Noldor blacksmith, father of Nerdanel.

Maeglin, "Sharp Eye" is the son of Eol and Aredhel, Turgon's sister. His mother named him Lomion, "Son of Twilight." Born in Nan Elmut; gained influence in Gondolin and surrendered the city to Morgoth; killed by Tuor while defending the city.

Maedhros is the eldest son of Feanor, nicknamed the High; was chained to a rock in Thangorodrim and freed by Fingon; defended Mount Himring and surrounding lands; convened the Union of Maedhros, ending with the battle of Nirnaeth Arnoediad; at the end of the First Age, he died, taking possession of one of the Silmarils.

Melian - Maia, who left Valinor and went to Middle-earth; consort of King Thingol; surrounded Doriath with Melian's Enchanted Belt; Luqian's mother.

Melkor - in Quenya, the name of the rebellious Valar, by origin the most powerful of them, who laid the foundation for Evil, later he was called Morgoth, Bauglir, the Dark Lord, the Enemy, etc. The name Melkor means "Rising in Glory".

Menegroth, "Thousand Caves" - the palace of Thingol and Melian in Doriath on the river Esgalduin.

Meneldil is the son of Anarion, King of Gondor.

Menelmakar, "Sword-bearer of Heaven" is the constellation of Orion.

Meneltarma, "Pillar of Heaven" - a mountain in the center of Numenor, on top of which was the sanctuary of Eru Ilúvatar.

Meret Adertad - "Feast of Reunion" hosted by Fingolfin at the Ivrin Falls.

Mim, the little dwarf in whose house Bar-en-Denved on Amon Rud Turin hid; betrayed his guest to the Enemy. Killed by Hurin in Nargothrond.

Minas Anor, "Fortress of the Sun" - Anarion's city at the foot of Mount Mindolluin, later - Minas Tirith, "Fortress of the Watch".

Minas Ithil, "Fortress of the Moon" - the city of Isildur, built on a spur of the Gloomy Mountains, later - Minas Morgul, "Witched Fortress".

Minas Morgul - see Minas Itil.

Minastir - see Tar-Minastir.

Minas Tirith (1) - "Watchtower", built by Finrod Felagund on the island of Tol Sirion.

Minas Tirith (2) - see Minas Anor.

The Mindeb is a tributary of the Sirion between the Dimbar and the Forest of Neldoreth.

Mindolluin, the "Blue-Eyed Tower" is a peak near Minas Anor.

Miriel (1) - First wife of Finwe, mother of Feanor, who died after his birth.

Miriel (2) - Tar-Miriel, daughter of Tar-Palantir, forcibly taken as a wife by Ar-Parazon and taking the name Ar-Zimrafel.

Mithlond, the "Silver Haven" of the elves in the west of Middle-earth.

Mithrandir, "Grey Wanderer" is the name of one of the Istari, Mage Olorin, among the elves.

Mithrim - huge lake in the east of Hithlum and the land around it, to the mountains in the west that separate Mithrim from Dor Lomin.

Morwen is the daughter of Baragund, nephew of Barahir, father of Beren; wife of Hurin, mother of Turin and Nienor. She was called Eledwen, "elven light," and the Lady of Dor Lomina.

Morgoth, "The Black Enemy of the World" is Melkor's name given to him by Feanor after the abduction of the Silmarils.

Morgul - see Minas Morgul.

Mordor, the "Black Country" is the realm of Sauron to the east of the Gloomy Mountains.

Morikwendi - Night Elves.

Moria - see Khazad-Dum.

Mormegil - see Gurfang.

Maglor - the second son of Feanor, a great poet and minstrel; defended Maglor's Gap; at the end of the First Age, together with Maedhros, he took possession of two Silmarils, but was forced to throw his own into the Sea.

Nair is one of the Three Elven Rings, the Ring of Fire; it was kept by Cirden, and later by Mithrandir.

The Nazgûl are Ring-bearers, holders of the Nine Rings, slaves of the Ring of Omnipotence and servants of Sauron.

Namo - see Mandos.

Nandor - the word supposedly means "those who returned": elves from Teleri who refused to cross the Misty Mountains during the campaign to the West from the banks of Kuivienen; some of them, under the leadership of Denethor, later nevertheless came to Ossiriand.

Nan Dungorfeb - the gorge between the chasms of Ered Gorgorath and the Melian Belt; the name is translated in the text as "valley of terrible death".

Nan Tafren - "Willow Valley" at the confluence of the Narog into Sirion.

Nan Elmut, the forest east of the River Kelon, where Elwe Thingol and Melian met; later Eolus lived in this forest.

Nargothrond - "mighty underground fortresses on the river Narog", founded by Finrod Felagund and destroyed by Glaurung; the city itself and the land around it.

Narn and Hin Hurin - The Tale of the Children of Hurin, an ancient long ballad retold in the 21st chapter; attributed to the poet Dirhabel, a man who lived in the Havens of Sirion in the time of Eärendil and who died in the attack of the sons of Feanor.

The Narog is the chief river of West Beleriand, rising from the Falls of Ivrin and joining Sirion at Nan Tafren.

Narsil is the sword of Elendil, forged by Telkar of Nogrod; it was broken in Elendil's duel with Sauron, and then reforged by Aragorn and received a new name - Andril.

Narsilion is a song about the Sun and the Moon.

Nauglamir, "Necklace of the Dwarves" - an ornament forged by the Dwarves for Finrod Felagund; Hurin brought it to Nargothrond, and it caused the death of Thingol.

The Naugrim, "Short Folk," is the name of the Dwarves in Sindaric.

Nahar is the horse of the Valar Orome.

Nevrast is a region in the west of Dor Lomin, beyond Ered Lomin, where Turgon lived before he left for Gondolin. The name means "Local Shore" and originally referred to the entire western coast of Middle-earth, as opposed to the "Far Shore", Harast - Aman.

Neldoreth is a huge beech forest in the northern part of Doriath.

Nenar is the name of a star.

Nen Girith, "Quilting Water" - waterfalls on Celebros in Brethil Forest.

The Nennin is a river in West Beleriand that flows into the Sea at the harbors of Eglarest.

Nerdanel is the daughter of the blacksmith Makhtan, the wife of Feanor.

Nimbrethil - The birch groves of Arwenian in southern Beleriand.

Nimloth, "White Flowers" (1) - The White Tree of Numenor. Isildur saved his fruit, which gave birth to the White Tree of Minas Ithil.

Nimloth (2) - wife of Dior, Heir of Thingol, mother of Elwing. She died in Menegroth during the attack of the sons of Feanor.

Nymphelos is a huge pearl given by Thingol to the ruler of the Dwarves of Belegost.

Niniel - see Nienor.

Nirnaeth Arnoediad, "Tears of Countless" - The Fifth Battle of the Wars of Beleriand, ending in a crushing defeat for Elves and Men.

Niphredil, the white flower that bloomed in Doriath at dusk when Luthien was born; he also grew up on the mound of Kerin Amroth in Lorien.

Nienna is one of Val, Maiden of Sorrow and Pity, sister of Mandos and Lorien.

Nienor, "Sadness" - daughter of Hurin and Morwen, sister and wife of Turin; bewitched by Glaurung, she forgot her past and ended up in the Brethil Woods. Unaware of her kinship, Turin gave her the name Niniel, "wet-eye"; learning the truth, she threw herself into the waters of Teiglin.

Nogrod is one of two Dwarf cities in the Blue Mountains.

The Noldor are the Wise Elves, the second people of the Eldar who went to the West under the leadership of Finwe. In Sindar, this word sounds like the Holodrim.

Numenor (the full Quenya form is Numenore) is the "Westfall", a vast island created by the Valar for the Adani at the end of the First Age. Its other names are Anadune, "Western Land"; Andor, "Gift Earth"; Elenna, "Land under the Star", and after death - Atalante and Mar-nu-Falmar.

Nurtale Valinoreva - "Song of the Concealment of Valinor".

Nein - one of the Three Elven Rings, the Ring of Water; Galadriel kept him.

Nessa is one of the Val, the sister of Orome and the wife of Tulkas.

Oyolosse, "Eternal Whiteness" is the Elvish name for Taniquetil. "Valaquenta" names only the top of Taniquetil.

Olvar is an elvish word that sounded in the request of Yavanna to Manwe and means "those who cling to the earth with their roots."

Olorin is Maia, one of the Istari, magicians, known among the elves as Mithrandir, and among the people as Gandalf.

Olwe - together with his brother Elwe (Thingol) led the people of Teleri to the West from the banks of Cuivienen; ruler of the Teleri of Alqualonde.

Ondolinde, "Stone Song" is the original Quenya name for Gondolin.

Orcs are creatures created by Melkor in mockery of the elves.

Ormal is one of the Lights of the Valar created by Aule. Ormal stood in the south of Middle-earth.

Orodref - the second son of Finarfin, the ruler of the fortress of Minas Tirith on Tol Sirion; King of Nargothrond after the death of Finrod; Father Finduilas.

Orodruin, "Mountain of Furious Flame" - a volcano in Mordor, where Sauron forged the Ring of Omnipotence; also called "Mountain of Doom".

Orome - Valar, great hunter, husband of Vana; he led the Eldar from the banks of the Cuivianen to the West. The name means "Sound of Horns".

Orthanc is an ancient Númenórean tower in the ring of the rocks of Isengard.

Osgiliath, the Star Citadel, was the capital of ancient Gondor on the Anduin.

Ossiriand, "Seven Rivers" - the region between Helion and its tributaries flowing from the Blue Mountains, inhabited by Green Elves.

Osse - Maya from the retinue of Ulmo, living in the waters of Arda; friend and mentor of the Teleri.

Okhtar, "The Warrior" - Isildur's squire who brought the wreckage of Narsil to Imladris.

Palanthirs, "Seeing Through the Far" - seven Vigilant Stones created by Feanor and brought to Middle-earth by Isildur.

Parazon - see Ar-Parazon.

Pelargir is a Numenorean harbor above the Delta of the Anduin.

The Pelors, "enclosing or protective heights," also called the Mountains of Aman, were erected by the Valar after the destruction of their dwelling on Almaren; they surrounded Aman from the east in a semicircle.

Periannath - Hobbit people, Halflings.

Ragnor is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Radagast is one of the Istari (Mages).

Radruin is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Rana, "The Wanderer" is the name of the Moon among the Noldor.

Rafloriel, the "Golden Channel" is the name of the river Askar after the treasures of Doriath were thrown into it.

Region - dense forests in the southern part of Doriath.

Reir is a mountain north of Lake Helevorn, at which Prime Helion begins.

Rian is the daughter of Belegund (nephew of Barahir, father of Beren); Huor's wife and Tuor's mother; after Huor's death, she died of anguish on the Mound of Tears.

The Rivil is a river flowing north from Dorthonion and joining Sirion near the Marsh of Serech.

The Ringwil is a stream that flows into the Narog near Nargothrond.

Ringil is the sword of Fingolfin.

Romenna is a harbor on the east coast of Numenor.

Rohan - "Land of Horses". This was the name given in Gondor to the vast grassy plain at the northern borders of the kingdom.

The Rohirrim are the "Lords of the Horses", the people who inhabit Rohan.

Rhudaur is an area northeast of Eriador.

Rumil is the Noldor of Tirion who invented writing and supposedly wrote down the Ainulindalë.

Raros - huge waterfalls on the river Anduin,

Salmar - Maya, who came to Arda with Ulmo; he made for Ulmo the horns of Ulmuri.

Saruman - "Craftsman"; translation into the Common language of the name Karanir.

Sauron - "Terrifying", in Sindar - Gorthaur; the greatest of the servants of Melkor, originally Maya from the retinue of Aule.

Saeros, an elf of Nandor, one of Thingol's chief councilors in Doriath; he offended Turin at Menegroth and was killed by him.

Seregon - "stone blood", a plant with dark red flowers; grew, in particular, on Amon Rud.

Serech is a huge swamp north of the Pass of Sirion at the confluence of Sirion Rivil.

The Silmarils are three stones created by Feanor before the Two Trees of Valinor perished, and filled with their light.

Silmarien is the daughter of Tar-Elendil, the fourth King of Numenor; mother of the first ruler of Andunie, progenitor of Elendil.

Sindar - Gray Elves. This was the name of all the elves from Teleri whom the Noldor found when they returned to Beleriand, except for the Green Elves of Ossiriand. Apparently, the name is due to the fact that they were the first to meet the elves of Hithlum, who lived in the gray, gloomy northern lands; or with the fact that these elves belonged neither to the Light Elves of Valinor nor to the Avari, the Night Elves, and were called the Twilight Elves. Perhaps there is a connection between this name and Elwe's nickname - Thingol (in Quenya - Sindakollo, Singollo - "Silvermancer"). The self-name of the Sindars is the Aediles.

Sirindae - see Miriel (1).

Sirion is the "Great River" which divides Beleriand into West and East.

Soronume is the name of a constellation.

Sulimo is one of the names of Manwë, in Valakwent it means "Lord of the Breath of Arda".

Talah Dirnen - Guard Plain north of Nargothrond.

Talah Runen - "East Valley", the ancient name of Thargelion.

Talion - see Hurin.

Talos is the second of the tributaries of the Helion in Ossiriand.

Thangorodrim - the mountains raised by Morgoth over Angband; were destroyed in the Great Battle at the end of the First Age.

Taniquetil, "High White Peak" - highest peak the Pelorian Mountains and all Arda; here is Ilmarin, the home of Manwe and Varda.

Tar-Ancalimon - the fourteenth King of Numenor; in his reign the Númenóreans split into two warring factions.

Tar-Atanamir is the thirteenth King of Numenor, to whom the messengers of the Valar came.

Thargelion - the land beyond the river Gelion, between Mount Reir and the river Askar, the domain of Caranthir.

Tar-Kalyon is the name of Ar-Parazon in Quenya.

Tar-Kyriatan is the twelfth King of Númenor, the "Shipbuilder".

Tar-Minastir is the eleventh King of Numenor who helped Gil-galad in the wars against Sauron.

Tar-Miniatar is the name that Elros adopted as the first King of Numenor.

Tar-Miriel - see Miriel (2).

Tarn Ayluin is a lake in Dorthonion, the last camp and place of the death of Barahir with a detachment.

Tar-Palantir, the "Seer" is the twenty-third King of Númenor, who adopted the Quenya name in accordance with ancient custom. See Inziladun.

Tar-Elendil is the fourth King of Numenor, father of the Silmarien.

Taur-im-Duainaf - "Forest in Mesopotamia", a wild land south of Andram, between Sirion and Gelion.

Taur-nu-Fuin, "Forest in the Night" is the later name of Dorthonion.

Taur-en-Faroth is a wooded hillock west of Narog, above Nargothrond.

The Teiglin is a tributary of the Sirion, beginning at Ered Wethrin and skirting the Forest of Brethil to the south.

Telemnar is the twenty-sixth King of Gondor.

Telkar is the most celebrated of the blacksmiths of Nogrod, the creator of Angrist and Narsil.

Telperion is the White Tree, the eldest of the Two Trees of Valinor.

Telumendil is the name of a constellation.

Tilion is Maya, the conductor of the moon.

Thingol "Silvermancer" is the name by which Elwe, leader of the Teleri, became King of Doriath and was known in the First Age in Beleriand.

Tinuviel is the name given by Beren to Luthien; the word means "Daughter of Twilight", a poetic name for the nightingale.

Tirion is the "High Watchtower" of the elves at the top of Tuna.

Tol Galen - "Green Isle" on the river Adarant in Ossiriand, where Beren and Luthien lived.

Tol Morwen is an island formed after the sinking of Beleriand at the site of the death of Turin, Nienor and Morwen.

Tol Sirion is an island in the Pass of Sirion, on which was Finrod's sentinel fortress, Minas Tirith, later captured by Sauron.

Tol Eressea - "The Lonely Isle" on which the Vanyar and the Noldor (and later the Teleri) crossed the Great Sea with the help of Ulmo. It was later placed in the Bay of Eldamar and became the home of the Teleri before they moved to Alqualondë.

Thorondor is the "King of the Eagles," bringing news to Manwe of all that is happening in Middle-earth.

Thranduil - an elf from the Sindar, king of the Green Elves of Twilight; Legolas' father.

Tulkas is the Valar, "Greatest in courage and strength", the last to come to Arda, his nickname is Astaldo, "Valiant".

Tumladen - "The Vast Valley" in the ring of mountains, in the center of which Gondolin was built.

Tumunzahar - see Nogrod.

Tumhalad is the valley between Ginglith and Narog where Nargothrond's army was defeated.

Tuna is a green hill in the Kalakirya Gorge, on which Tirion, the city of the elves, was built.

Tuor is the son of Huor and Rian, taken in by the Gray Elves of Mithrim; he came to Gondolin as the herald of Ulmo; husband of Idril, daughter of Turgon, and father of Eärendil; on the ship Earrame went to the West.

Turambar - see Turin.

Turgon is the second son of Fingolfin; lived in Viniamar in Nevrast, and then founded the secret settlement of Gondolin, which he ruled until his death; father of Idril, mother of Eärendil.

Turin is the son of Hurin and Morwen; protagonist of The Tale of the Children of Hurin; his nicknames or adopted new names are Neifan, "Insulted"; Gorthol, "Death Helmet"; Agarvain, "Bloodstained"; Mormegil, "Black Sword"; Turambar, "Master of Destiny".

Turingvetil - an evil spirit in the service of Sauron, who had the appearance of a huge bat; in this guise, Luthien entered Angband.

The Teleri are the third and most numerous people of the elves, who set off to the West from the banks of the Cuivienen under the leadership of Olwe and Elwe. Their self-name is Aindar, "The Singers". The name Teleri, "The Last", was given to them by the elves who had gone before them. Part of the Teleri did not leave Middle-earth; The Nandors and Sindars are of Teleri origin.

Teras - a peak on the coast of Nevrast; at its foot was Vinyamar, the dwelling of Turgon before he left for Gondolin.

Winen - Maya, wife of Osse, Lady of the Seas.

Ulars - Ring-bearers, Nazgul.

Ulvar - son of Ulfang the Black, slain by the sons of Bor in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Uldor the Accursed - son of Ulfang the Black; slain by Maglor in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Ulfang the Black - the leader of the Easterlings; served Caranthir with his three sons and betrayed him in the battle of Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Ulfast - son of Ulfang the Black, slain by the sons of Bor in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Ulmo is the Valar, one of the Arathars, "Lord of the Waters and King of the Seas."

Ulmuri are huge Ulmo shell horns created by Maya Salmar.

Umaniars is the name of the elves who went to the West from the berets of Kuivienen, but never reached the Blessed Land.

Umbar is the great harbor and stronghold of the Numenoreans south of Belfalas.

Ungoliant is a huge spider who destroyed the Two Trees of Valinor along with Melkor. Shelob is the last offspring of Ungoliant.

Urfel is one of Barahir's twelve companions in Dorthonion.

Utumno is the first of the fortresses of Melkor in the north of Middle-earth, destroyed by the Valar.

Falas - West Coast Beleriand south of Nevrast.

The Falatrim are elves from the Teleri who lived in the Falas under the control of Cirden the Shipwright.

Falmari - Sea Elves; The Teleri who left Middle-earth and went to the West.

Feanor is the eldest son of Finwe (only child of Finwe and Miriel), half-brother of Fingolfin and Finarfin; the greatest of the Noldor, who created the Silmarils, the instigator of the schism; slain at Mithrim in Dagor-nuin-Giliath. His given name is Karafinwe, from "kara" - skillful; the name Feanor, "Fiery Spirit", was given to him by his mother.

Felagund - see Finrod.

Finarfin is the third son of Finwe; remained in Aman after the expulsion of the Noldor and ruled in Tirion the remaining Noldor.

Finwe is the leader of the Noldor during their campaign from the banks of Cuivienen to the West; father of Feanor, Fingolfin and Finarfin; slain by Morgoth in Formenos.

Fingolfin, second son of Finwe, High King of the Noldor of Beleriand, who dwelt in Hithlum; killed by Morgoth in a duel.

Fingon is the eldest son of Fingolfin, called the Valiant; saved Maedhros, chained by Morgoth to the rock of Thangorodrim; High King of the Noldor after the death of Fingolfin; slain by barlogs in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Finduilas - daughter of Orodref, beloved of Gwindor; She was captured in Nargothrond and died at the Crossroads on Teiglin.

Finrod - the eldest son of Finarfin, nicknamed "The Faithful"; Founder and King of Nargothrond, hence nicknamed Felagund, "Lord of the Caverns," from the Dwarven "fe-lak-gundu," "cave stonemason." First I met in Ossiriand the tribes of people who came from behind the Blue Mountains; rescued by Barahir in Dagor Bregolakh; fulfilling the oath given to Barahir, he went with Beren to mine the Silmaril; died defending Beren in the dungeons of Sauron on Tol Sirion.

Firimars - see Atani.

Formenos is the fortress of Feanor and his sons in the north of Valinor, built after the departure of Feanor from Tirion.

Fornost is the Northern Stronghold of the Numenoreans in Eriador.

Frodo is the Ring-bearer.

Hador, nicknamed Lorindol, "Golden-Haired" - ruler of Dor Lomin, father of Galdor, grandfather of Hurin; killed in Dagor Bregoly.

Haladin - a tribe of people who came second to Beleriand; later called the People of Calef and lived in the Forest of Brethil.

Haldad - the leader of the Haladins, who led the defense against the orcs in the forests of Targelioia, where he died; father of Halef and Haldar.

Haldan - son of Haldar; leader of the Haladins after the death of Calef.

Haldar is the son of Haldad of the Haladins, brother of Calef. Died along with his father during an orc attack on Thargelion.

Haldir is the son of Halmir of Brethil; the husband of Gloredel, daughter of Hador of Dor Lomin, died in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Halef is the leader of the Haladins, who led the migration from Thargelion to the western lands of Sirion.

Halmir - ruler of the Haladins, son of Haldan; after Dagor Bregolach defended the Pass of Sirion with Beleg of Doriath.

Khandir - son of Haldir and Gloredel, father of Brandir the Lame; leader of the Haladins after Haldir's death; killed in Brethil in battle with orcs.

Hantor is a human from the Haladins of Brethil; went with Turin against Glaurung and was killed by a loose stone while crossing the gorge.

Haradrim - people from Harad ("From the South"); inhabited the lands south of Mordor.

Haref is the daughter of Halmir of Brethil; wife of Galdor of Dor Lomin; mother of Hurin and Huor.

Hatol is the father of Hador Lorindol.

Haud-en-Arwen - "The Tomb of the Lady", the burial mound of Khalef in the forest of Brethil.

Haud-en-Ndengin - The Mound of Tears in the Anfaglyph Desert, where the bodies of humans and elves who fell in the Nirnaeth Arnoediad were buried.

Howd-en-Ellef is a mound, the burial place of Finduilas near the Crossroads on Teiglin.

Hafaldir, nicknamed the Young One, is one of the twelve comrades of Barahir in Dorthonion.

Helevorn, "Black Glass" is a lake in the north of Thargelion near Mount Reir, in the domain of Caranthir.

Helkar - the Inner Sea in the northeast of Middle-earth, where the Pillar of Illuin once stood; lake Kuivianen, where the first elves awoke, is described as one of the bays of this sea.

Hildorien is an area in the east of Middle-earth where the first people awakened.

Hildory - see Atani.

Himlad is a plain south of the Aglon Pass, the domain of Celegorm and Karafin.

Himring - a peak west of the Gorge of Maglor, where the fortress of Maedhros was located; in the text is translated as "Eternally cold".

Hirilorn is a huge beech tree with three trunks in Doriath, where Luthien was kept in custody.

Hisilome is the Quenya name for Hithlum.

Hithlum, the "Land of Smokes," is a region bordered on the east and south by the Ered Wethrin Range, and on the west by the mountains of Ered Lomin.

Huor son of Galdor of Dor Lomin, husband of Rian and father of Tuor; visited Gondolin with brother Hurin; killed in Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

Hurin, surnamed Talion, "Steady," son of Galdor of Dor Lomin, husband of Morwen, and father of Turin and Nienor; ruler of Dor Lomin, vassal of Fingon. With Tuor he was in Gondolin; enchanted by Morgoth, spent many years in captivity on Thangorodrim. After his release, he killed Mim in Nargothrond and brought the Nauglamir to Thingol.

Halloween is the star Sirius.

Ea - the Existing World, the material Universe; Ea in Elvish means "let there be"; with this word Ilúvatar gave existence to the World.

Earwen, daughter of Olwe of Alqualonde, brother of Thingol; wife of Finarfin of the Noldor; her children Finrod, Orodref, Angrod, Aegnor and Galadriel were allowed to cross the borders of Doriath.

Earendil, "Beloved of the Sea" - he was called "Elfinit", "Blessed", "Shining" and "Seafarer"; son of Tuor and Idril Celebrindel, escaped from Gondolin; married Elwing, daughter of Dior; went with her to Aman and asked for help against Morgoth; together with the ship Vingilot and the Silmaril, mined in Angband by Beren and Luthien, became the star of the heavenly seas.

Earendur (1) - Ruler of Andunie in Numenor.

Earendur (2) is the tenth King of Arnor.

Earnil is the thirty-first King of Gondor.

Earnur - son of Earnil; the last King of Gondor, with whom Anárion's line ended.

Earrameh, "Sea Wing" - Tuor's ship.

Eglarest is the southernmost of the Havens of the Falas on the coast of Beleriand.

Eglaf, "The Forgotten People," was the name given to themselves by those of the Teleri who remained in Beleriand in search of Elwe Thingol after the rest of the Teleri had gone to Aman.

Edrahil - the commander of the elves of Nargothrond, who went with Finrod and Beren and died in the dungeons of Sauron.

Ezellohar - the green mound of the Two Trees of Valinor; also called Corollaire.

Eilinel is the wife of Gorlim the Unfortunate.

Eithel Sirion - a fortress at the source of Sirion.

Ecthelion - one of the princes of Gondolin, who, at the death of the city, killed Gottmag, the Leader of the barlogs, and died with him.

Elbereth, "Lady of the Stars," is Varda's common name among the Sindar.

Eledwen - see Morwen.

Elemmire (1) is the name of the star.

Elemmire (a) is an elf from the Vanyars who wrote the Lament for the Two Trees of Valinor.

Elenwe is the wife of Turgon; died while crossing the ice.

Elendil is the son of Amandil, the last ruler of Andunie in Numenor, a descendant of Earendil and Elwing, but not in the direct line of Kings; together with his sons Isildur and Anarion, he escaped from the dying Numenor and founded the Numenorean kingdoms in Middle-earth. Together with Gil-Galad, he died in battle with Sauron at the end of the Second Age. The name can be translated as "Friend of the Elves" or "Love of the Stars".

Elenna, "The Land of the Star" is the name of Numenor in Quenya, given in honor of the voyage of the Adans on the course indicated by the Star of Eärendil.

Elentari - see Varda.

Elerrina, Crowned with Stars - Taniquetil.

Elrond - the son of Eärendil and Elwing, at the end of the First Age chose the fate of the Firstborn and remained in Middle-earth until the end of the Third Age; Lord of Imladris, keeper of Veial, one of the Elven Rings he received from Gil-galad.

Elros, the son of Earendil and Elwing, chose the fate of Mortals at the end of the First Age and became the first King of Númenor.

Elu is the Sindar form of the name Elwe.

Elured is the eldest son of Dior; died with his younger brother Elurin during the attack of the sons of Feanor on Doriath. Both names mean "In memory of Elu (Thingol)".

Elurin - see Elured.

Elwing is the daughter of Dior, who preserved the Silmaril after the death of Doriath; wife of Eärendil, mother of Elrond and Elros; went with Eärendil to Valinor.

Elwe - he was called Singollo, "Silvermancer" (Thingol in Sindar); together with his brother Olwe led Teleri westward from the banks of the Cuivienen until he got lost in Nan Elmut; later - the Lord of the Sindar, who ruled Doriath together with Maia Melian; killed in Menegroth by dwarves.

Eldalie, "Elven People" - the same as the Eldar.

Eldamar - the region in Aman where the Elves lived; a huge bay with the same name.

Eldar, "Star People" - according to the legends of the elves, this is how the Valar Orome called all the elves, but this word was used only for the Three Peoples (Vanyar, Noldor and Teleri), who undertook a campaign to the west from the banks of Cuivienen, as opposed to Avari.

Emeldir - wife of Barahir and mother of Beren; after Dagor Bregolah led the children and women of Beor's Folk from the besieged Dorthonion.

Emin Beraid - "Tower Hills" in the west of Eriador.

Engvar - see Atani.

Eol, nicknamed the Dark Elf - a skilled blacksmith who created the sword Anglahal; he dwelt at Nan Elmut, and took Aredhel, Turgon's sister, to wife; father of Maeglin.

Eonwe is one of the main Mayas; herald Manwe; led the host of the Valar in the war against Morgoth at the end of the First Age.

Ergamion - see Beren.

Eregion, the Holy Land, is the realm of the Noldor west of the Misty Mountains, where the Elven Rings were forged during the Second Age.

Ered Wethrin, the Twilight Mountains - a huge curved mountain range between the plain of Taur-nu-Fuin (Anfaglyph), Hithlum and West Beleriand.

Ered Gorgorath - Gorgorath Highlands, the Mountains of Dread, located north of Nan Dungorfeb.

Ered Lindon, the Ringing Mountains is another name for Ered Luin, the Blue Mountains.

Ered Lomin, the Singing Mountains, is the western border of Hithlum.

Ered Luin - The Blue Mountains, also called Ered Lindon. After the destruction of Beleriand at the end of the First Age, they formed a coastal range at the western end of Middle-earth.

Ered Nimras, the White Mountains, is a mountain range south of the Misty Mountains.

Ered Engrin, the Iron Mountains is a mountain range far to the north.

Ereinion is the son of Fingon, better known as Gil-galad.

Eressea - see Tol Eressea.

Erech is a peak in the west of Gondor with the Stone of Isildur.

Eriador is the land between the Misty and Blue Mountains. The principality of Arnor was located there, and later the Hobbit Shire.

Eru - One, Ilúvatar.

Erumor is a Numenorean renegade who gained power over the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age.

Erunumen, "Lord of the West" is the name of Ar-Adunakor in Quenya.

Esgalduin is a river in Doriath that separates the forests of Neldoreth and Region. The name means Veiled River.

Estolad - the lands south of Nan Elmut, where they lived, having crossed the Blue Mountains, the tribesmen of Beor and Marah. The name means "Station".

Este - one of Val, wife of Irmo (Lorien); her name means "peace".

Ephel Duat - mountain range between Mordor and Gondor; Gloomy Mountains.

Kolomna is unexpectedly large and strangely entwined with rivers and temples.

The old city or the Kremlin is very similar to Moscow, with birds or ticks of red brick battlements, differing only in simple rounded towers instead of openwork Moscow ones. Unfortunately, the Kremlin wall of Kolomna collapsed in some places to the ground.

This journey was not quite usual for us - we went by bus, not by car, getting up at an unbearable early hour for us and "pilgrimage" to the monasteries on foot, watching with surprise how other travelers open the doors of their cars.
We unexpectedly liked being pilgrims - to feel the dust of a country road with our heels through the soles, to be baked by the sun and listen to the silence of the fields.
We walked to the Bobrenev Monastery for a long time, and it slowly and majestically grew in front of us like an unprecedented snow-white field stalactite, decorated with blue and black. In the deep blue sky, the black, gracefully outlined domes and the tent of the bell tower looked unusual and luxurious.

A scent of color, I would say.

And when we turned back, we realized that there was an equally impressive picture behind us - an elven country is visible across the river - temples and carved aerial bell towers of the Kremlin.

Sharp reflections on the water, lush greenery, bell towers illuminated by the sun and above all this - a completely bottomless and amazing sky.
This is HAPPINESS.
Is it not happiness to see, feel, feel like a note woven into the general symphony of the beauty of the world?
Have you felt similar? :)))

The city of elves is quite small and quite compact. It is hidden in a forested area south of summit 588 on a slight rise between two gorges. It is clear where else to live elves if not in the forest. From the east, from the side where gloomy Mordor rises through the ravine, all littered with dead forest, the city of the elves is closed by a powerful fortress wall. Evil fiery breath extends to the very fortress walls, dead trees lie everywhere. But the walls and the warriors on the walls hold the blow. And further behind the wall is a peaceful and kind town, where there are no tall buildings, rather a stone village, and not a city. But the elves do not need much, the main thing is the forest.

1. Fortress wall.

2. View from the fortress wall to Mordor.

3. Detachments of warriors are always on guard at the fortress wall.

4. This expressive character stands right behind the wall, if you go around it on the left. He doesn’t have a name yet, but Tolkien’s fans will come sometime and call everything here. But here you can clearly see the individuality characteristic of granites, which is sometimes called mattress-like. During weathering, the rock is divided into such separate, somewhat rounded blocks.

Let's walk through the city of elves.

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8. The fortress wall from a different angle.

9. Quarters and streets of the city of Elves.

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14. The forest dwellers and animals are not very shy.

City of elves on the map.

City of elves in the satellite image.