2. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkirs. A short historical and ethnographic reference book. Ufa, 1995.
3. Weinstein S.I. Tuvans-Todzhans: Historical and Ethnographic Essays. M., 1961.
4. Weinstein S.I. Historical ethnography of Tuvans. Problems of the nomadic economy. M., 1972.
5. Levshin. A.M. From the history of the Kyrgyz-Kaysak hordes and steppes. Alma-Ata, 1997.
6. Kovalevsky A.N. Book of Akhmed-ibn-Fadlan about his journey to the Volga. Kharkov, 1956.
Originally or before the pagan ceremonies of grandmothers and shamanic grandmothers, fire was only used in the ceremonies of the winter solstice due to the nature of winter and underworld but of the dead aspects I am for cleansing in the act. Very rare Slavs and Balkans use fire in this way and can only be done in small circles, not large party events or gathering festivals. Physical fires are included in the rites of the winter solstice, but also the non-physical aspects of fire, call our relationship spirit, but a connection with the secret of nature.
Most Slavic and even Polish holidays, such as Kupala or Marzanna, are devoid of these types of healing rituals and are "social" or more "collective celebrations." Spiritual rituals are elementary aspects of mystical connection with the soul and etheric dreaming in memory, recollection and recollection that surround us. Healing rituals, when a movement or action of the energy of the spirit of the wind is created in the holy circle, which begins during the ritual, will take place during the entire three lunar cycle after such a ceremony as Kupala.
7. Mukanov M.S. Kazakh yurt. Alma-Ata, 1981.
8. Popov A.A. Dwelling // Historical and Ethnographic Dictionary of Siberia. M.-L., 1961.
9. Rona Tash A. In the footsteps of the nomads. M., 1964.
10. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.-L., 1955.
11. Sevortyan E.V. Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages. M., 1974.
12. Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. M., 1984.
During these cycles, our fire life force will appear in some small way, but the remedy must be monitored very closely. 
We set intent, we take personal responsibility for our health, and we practice purity, and if all three are present together in the ceremony, real magic and healing happens. The legendary Magic Fern is a pagan legend about Poland, about the color of immortality, but about the old aspects of this magical rite, called Vesta, which is the initiation process of ancient or current shamans Slavic peoples.
R. M. Yusupov
In the past, yurts (tirmә) were made by special craftsmen (tirmәse, oҫta), who were famous people in the regions of Bashkiria. According to S.N. Shitova and other authors, there was a clear specialization among the masters of making yurts. Some masters made only lattice frames of yurts (v. Abdulnasyrovo, Khaibullinsky region), others - dome poles (uҡ) (dd. Abdulkarimovo, Kuvatovo, Yangazino, Baimaksky region). The wooden rim for the device of the light and smoke hole in the upper part of the dome was made by special craftsmen in the village of Ishberdy, Baymaksky district and the village of Rafikovo, Khaibullinsky district, since there were many birch forests nearby. Koshmas for covering the lattice frame of the yurt, its domed part, and a separate domed opening were made only by women in the villages of the southeastern and trans-Ural regions of Bashkiria. Among the nightmakers, there were also especially recognized craftswomen, thanks to their skill. The craftsmanship and practical skills of the craftsmen were usually passed down from generation to generation, that is, in most cases it was a family matter that ensured the well-being of the family.
It is a quest and a dedication, but it cannot be found in a real sense like a flower until you have penetrated the veils into your expanded consciousness to access it. The journey is destined and its discovery comes with great trials for women, great struggle and pain.
All healing comes with a balance of cleansing and it is painful to try to subdue that pain, emotional pain, mental pain, or relationship pain, only prolongs the crisis situation. Thus, small language ceremonies were created before pagan grandmothers to work on them in small pieces at a time, so no crisis will end with despair, big losses and other things that people must experience in our time.
Material for making a yurt
The main requirement for wood material in the manufacture of the lattice base of the vertical walls of the yurt (kirәgә), consisting of individual lattices (ҡanat), as well as long domed poles (yҡ), was primarily lightness and at the same time strength. This quality is possessed in most cases by common willow, willow. It is they who, when skillfully made, give the yurt lightness and grace. The wooden rim forming the vault of the yurt above its domed part (syғaraҡ, taғaraҡ) must be heavy and strong, since the rim with its weight holds and gives strength to the domed part, and the entire structure of the yurt. Therefore, a wooden rim for the dome of a yurt is made of twisted trunks of birch (ҡaiyn), black willow (ҡara tal). Kazakh, Turkmen and other masters Central Asia make blanks for the rim of the yurt from elm (ҡara aғas), which is distinguished by its weight and strength. It was used to set up large yurts, but was very expensive. The density and strength of birch and elm wood ensured the reliability and durability of the rims made of these materials, since, among other things, they were resistant to the effects of meteorological precipitation. In this respect, a wooden rim made from black willow was less strong and durable.
The goal is to focus on healing and preserving water in summer traditions and in winter traditions to keep the fire going to maintain intuitive health, dream vitality and visionary abilities for much more high level along with nature.
Fire dries up in summer and overtakes land and water in winter ceremonies freezes and is not applicable. When we come to terms with the oppositions of the elements and add the holy ceremony of purity, the fullness of the ceremony can flourish, festive with healing rites in emotional work is summer seasons, for all women, girls and some soul-filled men, not just girls. Kupala is a fun and festive community and it's beautiful for fun and connection for what's left of the original medicines.
Procurement of raw materials
Raw materials for the manufacture of structural parts of the yurt were prepared before or after sap flow in tree trunks. Craftsmen usually harvested birch and willow trunks in early spring, at the end of February - mid-March, or in late autumn, at the end of October, in November. Cut blanks 200-250 cm long for lattices and domed poles were dried in the shade, in a dry room, laid on a flat surface, cleaned from bark, planed with a special carpentry tool - two-handed tarty, and also corrected irregularities with a small plane (yishҡy).
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Illustration: Elsa Mora's Ferns; Brandi's photos! Of all the legends of medieval Europe, the most typical are myths, fictions and guesses about King Arthur and the knights at the round table. Was Arthur a real person or was he a figment of the imagination of the myth-makers? About him remains only very spotty and in this semi-historical evidence. Everything else is fiction, legend, or fantasy. Whoever hasn't written about this mysterious man Spencer, Milton, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Tennyson, Swinburne, Blake, Twain, Ariosto, Petrarch, Dante, Brant, Cervantes, Goethe, Schiller, too many to name.
Making domed poles
In order to give the desired bend in the lower part of the domed poles, the lower, thicker part was cut in an area of 70-80 cm, giving a flattened shape up to 4-5 cm wide.After that, the workpiece was soaked in water or steam to soften before the folding procedure the lower part of the domed poles, which gave the spherical shape to the domed part of the yurt. After the soaking procedure, the lower part of the domed poles was bent on special machines, superimposing 6-8 pieces on top of each other. The shape of the bend was checked with a special template. Village craftsmen in the regions of Bashkiria bent in a simpler traditional way. They drove three stakes up to 0.5 m high into the ground or inserted them into specially knocked out holes on the floor or wall of the workshop. The distance between the first and second stake was up to 1.5 m or a little more, the third stake was driven into the ground or floor at a distance of 40-50 cm from the second stake, but not on the same line, but 30-40 cm lower. The soaked poles 200-250 cm long (on average 220 cm) were bent in the thickened part and inserted between the pegs and dried for 10 or more days. After drying, the domed poles took the desired shape of the bend, which gave the dome of the yurt its volume and sphericity. The thickness of the domed pole in the lower part, which was tied to the lattice, was, as already mentioned, 4-5 cm, in the central part - 3-4 cm, the upper end of the pole, which was inserted into the wooden rim of the vault, was made tetrahedral for the strength of the connection.
Contemporary literature and art is, first of all, a genre of fantasy: both texts, in a word, fiction and fantasy. Our task on this topic and the purpose of this essay is not to create another fiction, but to postulate hypotheses arising from legends and stories in order to place a famous person in context. European history with the eyes, thoughts and concepts of an orientalist.
Once the High King of Great Britain Uther Pendragon, fired by a passion for his wife Ygraine of Cornwall, Duke of Gorlois, sneaked into his bedroom at Tintagel Castle. The wise druid predicted a great future for Arthur, for education he turned to the glorious knight Ector. Hector raised and taught Arthur like his own son named Kai. The king had no other children. From the marriage with the deceased Gorlua, Igrain had three daughters, the youngest of whom, having mastered the art of magic, played a fatal role in the fate of his half-brother.
The poles that were attached above the upper part of the door frame were made shorter than the others, since the upper crossbar of the door frame, to which the poles were attached, was 20-30 cm higher than the lattice walls of the yurt. In the upper crossbar of the door frame, special oblique grooves were made, into which the lower ends of the over-door dome poles were inserted (Fig. 1.2). In the lower part of each pole, a hole was drilled through which a rawhide strap or strong rope was passed to tie the pole to the upper lattices (crosshairs) of the end strips of the lattice. The number of poles depended, therefore, on the number of forks in each lattice. An average of 100-120 domed poles 200-220 cm long made of birch or willow went to a yurt of 5-6 lattices.
After Pendragon's death, Merlin revealed the secret of his birth to 16-year-old Arthur. And when the young man became strong enough to pull the sword out of the anvil, this can only be done by the "true king of Britain", he ascended to the throne of his father. Soon, Arthur received the magic sword Excalibur as a gift from the Lady of the Lake, married the beautiful Lady Guinevere and lived happily at Camelot Castle.
Arthur gathered the brave and loyal knights of his kingdom from his court, he would sit at the Round Table so that no one was the first and no one was the last. Druid Merlin taught the Knights not to do any evil, avoid betrayal, lies and dishonor, grant mercy to inferior people and provide protection to ladies. Then the paladins of the Round Table went to roam to perform feats, defeat dragons, giants and wizards and rescue princesses. But the main purpose of their redistribution was the search for the Holy Grail, the Cup from which Jesus drank at the Last Supper, and where then his blood was poured.
Making yurt grates
The vertical walls of the yurt (kirәgә, tirәs) are sliding, they consist of individual links-lattices of an elongated shape (ҡanat), which, as it were, cover its frame with wings. The size of the yurt depended on the number of lattice links. Medium yurts were usually 5-6 lattices. For special occasions, weddings, etc. made spacious, high yurts of 10-12 links. The material for the gratings was most often willow and willow, which grew in abundance along the banks of rivers and reservoirs. They met the main requirements for gratings - they were lightweight, flexible and resistant to breakage. The material harvested in the spring-autumn period was also dried, leveled on both sides with a plane. On average, the length of the slats for the gratings was 180-200 cm, the thickness was 1.5-2 cm, and the width was up to 3 cm. The slats in the central part were slightly bent outward. To do this, they also drove into the ground or floor at a distance of 60-70 cm 3 stakes, the central stake was spaced from the side stakes by 10-15 cm from the center line. 5 pieces of willow strips were inserted between the stakes and kept until the curvature was completely fixed in the central part of the strip for 10-12 days. The bend gave a bulge to the side walls of the yurt. Separate lattices (ҡanat) consisted of an even number of willow or bilge strips. Usually in one lattice there were 44-48 slats: 22-24 in each direction, since the slats were superimposed on each other in different directions and fastened in the crosshairs with rawhide straps with knots at the ends. (Fig. 1.3.) Wealthy and wealthy pastoralists could fasten the planks with hammered copper studs. Among the Kyrgyz, wealthy Kazakhs, in the past, the planks were also fastened together with copper or even silver rivets with chased heads. After assembling the gratings, they were painted on the inside with red paint. In a normally stretched form, each lattice with 24 strips in each direction and a distance between the strips of 10-15 cm had a length of 270 to 350 cm.
For years, knights roamed Britain in search of the relic, all in vain. Eventually the Grail fell on Sir Percival. Arthur's disastrous chain of events began with his greatest knight, Sir Lancelot du Lac. He fell in love with Lady Guinevere and could not suppress his insidious and criminal passion for the wife of his overlord. The illegitimate son Arthur Mordred exposed the lovers and forced Arthur to condemn his wife to death. Lancelot saved the queen and fled with her to France. Arthur left Mordred as regent before following them in pursuit with his army.
Making light and smoke wood rim
A wooden rim is usually made in two parts, from two halves. The diameter is on average 120-150 cm.Both halves of the rim were made from curved birch trunks, carefully trimming, giving them the shape of a semicircle, or from a simple birch trunk, which, after a week of steaming in warm water, was bent using the same stakes, driving them into ground to fit the rim and the required curvature. After giving both halves of the rim the shape of semicircles, they were joined, tightly tightening, with a rawhide strap, which was passed through the holes drilled at the end ends of the semicircles. Over the joints, the junction was wrapped in raw leather, the edges of which were sewn. As it dries, the leather tightened and very firmly fixed the semicircle junction, resulting in a very durable one-piece light and smoke rim. Further, through holes were made in the side surface of the rim, directed obliquely from bottom to top, where, when assembling the dome, the pointed or tetrahedral ends of the dome poles were inserted. The number of holes in the rim was equal to the number of dome poles (100-120 pieces). Above the light-smoke rim, a dome was made of arcuate strips curved upwards and crossing in the center. The arcs, having previously been bent, were inserted into the drilled holes along the upper end of the rim, 3-4 pieces in each direction. Thus, these strips curved up to a height of up to half a meter above the light-smoke hoop logically completed the spherical shape of the tent part of the yurt. The inner side of the wooden circle-rim, as well as the lower surface of the arcuate curved planks, were decorated with carvings.
The nephew, taking advantage of his uncle's absence, staged a coup. Arthur returned home and met Mordred at the Battle of Callann, where he stabbed the traitor with a spear, but when Mordred was dying, he was able to mortally wound the king. Excalibur's sword was thrown into the water, where it was caught by the hand of the Lady of the Lake, and Arthur's faithful companions put dying in a boat that brought him by the sea to the magical island of Avalon. To appease the knights, the king promised to return when Britain faced great danger.
Based on classical legends and origins, most later myths and European writers unanimously claim that Arthur was the leader of a Celtic tribe of the British, that he fought the Anglo-Saxons for the liberation of what is now Wales. This version is temporarily accepted here as a working hypothesis. If the English were one of the components of the Celts, who were the Celts? And the Celts were once Asians. For ancient Europe with a thin population, the Celts were newcomers, and their mass completely changed the demographic situation on the continent, provoking endless wars for land and place in the sun in Europe.
Making yurt doors
Until the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. instead of a door, the entrance to the yurt was covered from the outside with thick, sometimes two-layer, sewn felt. The width of the felt canopy was wider than the doorway, so that it was tightly covered. V summer time the felt curtain rolled into a roll and hung over the door, if necessary, it was easily lowered.
The worst clashes of the Celts with Rome. Before the invasion of the Huns and the Goths, the Celts threatened their very existence " eternal city". The war continued with varying degrees of success. trying to escape from this trouble, recruiting Celtic troops, play different tribes against each other.
The Celts flooded Europe with horses, which have always been a rare and expensive commodity. They spread the culture of steppe Kurgan burials, heraldry, clan tamgas, widespread production and use of iron, Scythian weapons. For example, Europe was in awe of the big bows of the Celts, their iron swords, their protective armor.
Since the beginning of the XX century. began to make wooden single and double doors. During his studies in pre-revolutionary Bashkiria in 1905-1908. S.I. With rare exceptions, Rudenko found mostly wooden doors in yurts. According to our informants, the door frame was made from local building materials: linden (the lightest and most popular), aspen, oak and pine. The door frame boards were prepared from boards 120 cm long, 15 cm wide and 4-5 cm thick. The internal size of the door opening was 160 by 80 cm. Through holes were drilled in the side jambs of the door frame along its width, to which the felt sidewalls were tightened and fastened with straps covering the lattice walls of the yurt. In the upper side of the door rail, 5-6 holes were drilled to a depth of 2-3 cm, where the lower ends of the domed poles were inserted. (Fig. 1.2) For stable fastening of the outer grilles parallel to both side jambs of the door frame, one vertical round post with a diameter of 3-4 cm was attached. The post was inserted into special holes drilled at the ends of the upper and lower crossbar of the door frame, which protruded 10-12 cm beyond the edges of the door frame. The door was usually made with two doors, and the inside was covered with red paint. Outside, in the cold season of the off-season, it was insulated with felt sheets. The door was usually secured with special wide straps or door hinges.
Celtic ethnonyms are amazing. This is the most accurate definition of the historical fate of this great nation! Some parts of this mysterious ethnicity were forced to migrate to the islands of Foggy Albion, territories modern Britain... Not a small part of them remained on the continent. They became known as Gauls, Galatians. Again, this word is read only in Türkic: gald was left behind, left behind, stayed, stayed, settled, settled. Here again we have a name corresponding to fate, history.
It is this part of the Celts that survived in northern Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and some parts of Germany. For example, the same "Spanish" Basques are descendants of the same Gauls. Another interesting word is constant. From the Türkic it is translated as “staying behind”, “settled for a long time”. Consequently, the names of Constantine, Constantinople, etc. without a word, Celtic wandering singers and musicians, this word is also translated from Turkic as "vulgar", "wandered", "traveled", "roamer", "vagrant".
Assembling the yurt
Arriving at the summer camp, they unloaded from the loaded horses and carts folded and connected gratings, dome poles, felt covers, a light-smoke hoop, a door frame, household utensils, dishes, etc. After that, they chose a place to install the yurt on a more or less level place, closer to the water and the edge, if there was a forest nearby. After that, the assembly of the yurt began. Traditionally, women were involved in this business. First, a door frame was placed on the east side, to which the first lattice was fastened with straps on the left side, and all the rest to it, fastening them together with straps and tightly tying them at the joints with horsehair ropes (Fig. 1.1). The most recent lattice was attached to a vertical post on the right side of the door frame. The ends of the bars of the sidewalls of the grilles were inserted into the holes on the outer sides of the door frames. After that, along the entire perimeter of the upper edge of the lattice frame of the yurt, the frame was pulled together with a rope and a colored woolen braid woven with a beautiful pattern was stretched over it.
What is presented now is not a figment of fantasy. This is confirmed by the examples of our history. The name of the Kazakh tribe Kete "Sent", the generic name Kalmak means "left behind." This means that specifically nomads defined and used ethnic names based on the difference in migration and settlement: left - settled, moved - stayed, moved - settled. Significant historical names have become ethnic names.
Thus, the Celts are not autochthons of Europe, but the steppe people who migrated from the Pontic and Caspian regions, by the same Scythians or Cimmerians, and not by some mysterious people who fell from the sky on the heads of Europeans. The descendants of the Celts still keep legends about their Asian origins. These are the ancestors of the Scots, Irish, Welsh and others who were nomads who conquered and inhabited the European continent. They were distinguished by such a feature of the steppe people as a passion for travel, roaming, knightly adventures, exploits, campaigns, the conquest of new lands and peoples.
Rice. No. 1. Options for fixing the grille and individual strips
Asia. M., 1991)
Having assembled and rigidly fastened the lattice frame of the yurt (kirәgә, tirәҫ), we proceeded to assembling the dome of the yurt. Men helped here. First, on two special poles with pointed ends, 2-3 men raised a light-smoke wooden rim (Fig. 2). Women inserted sharp or faceted ends of poles into the ends of the rim. The lower end of the poles was attached to the crosshairs of the upper edge of the yurt lattices. Then the rest of the dome poles were successively fastened with straps to the lattice frame. As already mentioned, special holes were drilled at the lower end of these poles, through which rawhide straps were threaded and tightly tied in a knot so that their long ends remained free. With these ends, the lower ends of the poles were tied to the upper crosshairs of the lattice slats.
Rice. # 2. Assembling the yurt
(from the book of S.I. Vainshtein. The world of the nomads of the center
Asia. M., 1991)
After that, the wooden frame of the yurt was covered with felt sheets. At first, the side walls of the yurt were covered with four long rectangular pieces of felt. Then, the domed part of the yurt was covered with three trapezoidal pieces of felt so that the lower edges of the domed felt overhang 10-15 cm above the upper edge of the side walls of the yurt. After that, the side walls of the yurt were tied round with special 3-4 horsehair belts with a width of 2 to 10 cm. This also strengthened the frame of the yurt and tightly pressed the lower overhanging edge of the domed felt to the upper edge of the side walls of the yurt. Domed felt covers were also tightly tied crosswise with 4-6 hair lassos or ropes, the ends of which were tied to pegs nailed into the ground along the perimeter of the yurt. The dome of the light and smoke hole was covered with a special quadrangular felt mat (tunduk). The three ends of this felt mat were firmly attached with ropes to the body of the yurt, and a rope was attached to the fourth free corner, with which one could close or open the chimney in the dome of the yurt. The light and smoke hole was usually open, it was closed only in bad weather. Domed felt layers were usually thicker than lateral ones, and their edges were usually sheathed with horsehair for rigidity. The domed felt half was lifted with the help of special wooden poles 250-300 cm long, at one end of which there was a sharp metal nail, the other end was simply sharpened. The sharp end of a long pole was used to pry off the upper edge of the domed felt, the other end of the pole, resting on the ground, easily lifted the felt cover onto the dome of the yurt with two poles. In the cold season, the bottom of the yurt was additionally insulated with a wide felt belt, which was tied around with a rope. A groove was dug along the perimeter of the yurt in case of rains and melting snow, so that water would not flow into the yurt. Usually yurts on summer houses were covered with dark or gray felt. Wealthy pastoralists covered their homes with white felt. Wedding yurts were also covered with white felts. On solemn occasions, the side walls of the yurt were decorated with beautiful decorative fabrics, Chinese silk. The top of the yurt was also covered over felt covers with light silk.
Floor arrangement
The floors were usually covered with several layers of felt. Old, dark, gray felt was laid on the ground. Fresh, white felt coverings were usually laid over them. Beautiful hand-made mats were laid on them. Small mats were also spread in front of the exit and at the entrance. Wooden floors in yurts were usually not laid, since drafts were created in the gaps between the boards and the ground, while with felt bedding, the edges of the felt floors along the perimeter of the yurt were bent upward, thereby creating tightness and minimizing heat loss. In addition, debris, dirt, insects, and mice could accumulate under the wooden floors, which, according to the old people, negatively affected the inner comfort and aura of well-being and health inside the yurt.
These are the main stages and features of making a Turkic yurt with a spherical dome from traditional materials and in a traditional way. The yurt is easy to assemble and disassemble. 2-3 women can install it within one hour. Men help women only by lifting a wooden hoop of light and smoke. The yurt retains heat well, in the summer heat it is cool and comfortable. If it is very hot, the lower felts are raised and tied with ropes. Lined with lightweight decorative fabrics, the sidewalls keep out dust and debris. The main parameters of a 4-5-link yurt are as follows. Total weight with felt wall coverings and domes - 400-450 kg, without felt coverings - 150-200 kg. The circumference is about 16-18 m, the height is up to 3 m and more, the diameter is 8-10 m, the area is about 20 m². However, upon entering the yurt, all dimensions lose their meaning, and its interior space and decoration amaze you with their serenity, security and simple earthly happiness.
Literature
1. Bikbulatov N.V., Yusupov R.M., Shitova S.N., Fatykhova F.F. Bashkirs. Ethnic history and traditional culture. Ufa, 2002.
2. Levshin A.I. Description of the Kirghiz-Cossack or Kirghiz-Kaysak hordes and steppes. Almaty, 1996.
Mukanov M.S. Kazakh yurt. Alma-Ata, 1981.
Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1962.Vol. II.
Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.-L. 1955.
Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. M., 1984.
If in the northwestern agricultural regions most villages arose even before joining the Russian state, then in southern and eastern Bashkiria, where first nomadic, then semi-nomadic cattle breeding prevailed, settled settlements appeared only 200-300 years ago. They settled in clan groups of 25-30 households. Since the 20s of the nineteenth century. the administration began to redevelop the Bashkir auls like Russian villages.
All Bashkirs have houses, live in villages, use certain land plots, on which they are engaged in arable farming or other trades and crafts, and in this respect they differ from peasants or other settled foreigners only in the degree of their well-being. One thing that could give a reason for the Bashkirs to assign the name of a semi-nomadic tribe is the custom, with the onset of spring, to move to the so-called koshas, that is, to felt wagons, which they camp in their fields or meadows in the form of a camp.
In treeless places, these summer rooms are made of wooden gratings 2 yards high, covered with a circle of felt, and others are placed on them with a vault, putting them at the top in a wooden circle that is not closed with a felt mat, but forms a hole that serves as a pipe for smoke from the hearth dug in the middle of the kosh. However, such a felt tent is only the property of the rich, while the average state people live in alasyk (a kind of popular print hut) or in simple huts made of twigs and covered with felts. In places teeming with forest, summer premises consist of wooden huts or birch bark tents, which always remain in the same place.
In terms of external architecture, Bashkir villages are no different from Russian or Tatar villages. The type of hut is the same, as well as the layout of the streets, but for all that, an experienced eye will distinguish a village from a Russian one from the very first time, even if we do not take into account the mosque. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. among the Bashkirs one could find a wide variety of dwellings, ranging from a felt yurt and ending with log huts, which is explained by the complexity ethnic history people, characteristics of the economy and diversity natural conditions... Bashkir houses everywhere bear the imprint of some kind of incompleteness or half-destruction; they do not show that economic coziness and solicitude as in Russian houses. This, on the one hand, is explained by poverty, poor farming, on the other, by negligence, lack of homeliness and the love for his home, with which the Russian peasant dresses him up.
Modern rural dwellings of the Bashkirs are built from logs, using logging equipment, from bricks, cinder concrete, concrete blocks. The interior retains traditional traits: division into household and guest halves, bunk bed arrangement.
