Traveling along rivers and seas on ships has been known in history for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a sea vessel is a cargo, passenger or commercial large-sized watercraft, and a ship is a military one. The list of ships could take a long time. The most famous marine ones are sailboats and yachts, passenger liners and steamships, boats, tankers and bulk carriers. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.
Ship structure
Whatever type or class the watercraft belongs to, it has common design elements. First of all, of course, the hull, on which superstructures for various purposes, masts and deckhouses are installed. An important element All ships are engines and propulsors, in general, power plants. Devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and premises equipment are important for the life of a watercraft.
They are also equipped with spar and rigging.
The bow is the front end, the stern is the rear end of the hull, its side surfaces- sides. Sailors call the starboard side in the direction of travel the starboard, the left side the backboard.
The bottom or bottom is the lower part of the ship, decks are the horizontal floors. The hold of a ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and the lower deck. The space between decks is called a tween deck.
Ship hull design
If we talk about a ship in general, be it a warship or a civilian vessel, then its hull is a waterproof, streamlined body, hollow inside. The hull provides the ship's buoyancy and is the base or platform on which equipment or weapons are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.
The type of vessel determines both the shape of the hull and its dimensions.
The ship's hull consists of a frame and plating. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent to certain types of ships.
The sheathing can be made of wood, as in ancient times and today, plastics, welded or riveted steel sheets, or even reinforced concrete.
On the inside, to maintain the strength and shape of the hull, the hull and deck are reinforced by a set of beams, wooden or steel, rigidly fastened together, which are located in the transverse and longitudinal directions.
At the ends of the hull most often ends with strong beams: at the stern - with a sternpost, and at the bow - with a stem. Depending on the type of vessel, the contours of the bow may be different. Reducing resistance to the movement of the vessel, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness depend on them.
The underwater bow of the ship reduces water resistance, which means the ship's speed increases and fuel consumption decreases. And on icebreakers, the stem is strongly inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls onto the ice and destroys it with its mass.
Case set
The hull of any vessel must have strong connections in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions to withstand water pressure, wave impacts during any storm and other forces that act on it.
The underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom frame, the main longitudinal connection is installed, which absorbs the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs the length of the hull, connecting to the stem and sternpost, and its design depends on the type of vessel.
Bottom stringers run parallel to the keel along it; their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases towards the bow and stern, as the width of the bottom becomes smaller.
Often, to reduce the influence of the ship's sideways motion, side keels are installed; they do not exceed the width of the hull and have a different design.
Vertical steel plates, called bottom floors, are installed across the hull and welded to the keel and can be permeable or impermeable.
The side frame continues the bottom frame and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). The stem is considered the zero frame in naval shipbuilding, and the middle frame is the midship frame.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.
Ship shell
The shell of the vessel consists of outer bottom and side plating and deck plating. The outer cladding is made of horizontal separate belts connected in various ways: overlapping, end-to-end, smooth, herringbone.
The underwater parts of the ship must be the strongest, therefore the lower (tongue) plating belt is made thicker than the intermediate belts. The thickness of the plating belt, called shearstrak, on the beams of the upper continuous deck is also the same in thickness.
The deck flooring consists of the longest sheets that rest on the same deck structure and limits the top of the ship. The sheets are placed with the long side along the vessel. The smallest thickness of metal decking is 4 mm. can also be made from boards.
A deck is a combination of decking and decking.
Ship deck
The height of the ship's hull is divided into several decks and platforms. A platform is a deck that does not run the entire length of the ship, but only between several bulkheads.
Decks are named according to their location on the ship: lower, middle and upper. At the ends of the ship (bow and stern), platforms run below the lower deck and are counted from top to bottom.
The number of both decks and platforms depends on the size of the vessel, its purpose and design.
River vessels and mixed navigation vessels have one main or upper deck. Marine ones, such as a passenger ship, or rather a passenger ship, three decks.
Large lake passenger ships have an intermediate deck, in addition to the main one, forming an interdeck space.
A cruise ship can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four of them, stretching along the entire length of the ship, two platforms that did not reach either the bow or the stern, one was interrupted at the bow, and one was located only in the front of the liner. The newest Royal Princess liner has nineteen decks .
The upper deck, also called the main or main deck, withstands the greatest stresses during transverse compression and longitudinal bending of the hull. The deck of a ship is usually made with a slight rise in the center towards the bow and stern and a convexity in the transverse direction, so that water that falls on the deck during rough seas flows more easily to the sides.
Ship superstructures
Deck superstructures are above-deck structures located across the entire width of the vessel. They form closed volumes that are used as office and residential premises. Side walls are called superstructures, the side walls of which continue the side of the ship. But most often the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat conventional division into the superstructures themselves, which are located over a fairly large length of the vessel, and deckhouses, also superstructures, but short.
Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections that have their own names, the same names are given to the superstructures located on them: forecastle or bow, stern or poop and middle. The forecastle - the bow superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.
The tank can occupy up to 2/3 of the length of the vessel. The elongated forecastle is used for cabins on passenger ships, and cargo tween-decks on cargo ships.
In the aft superstructure - poop or poop - living quarters for the crew are arranged.
Between the superstructures, the deck is fenced with bulwarks, which should protect the deck from flooding with water.
On sea vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, cuttings are carried out in several tiers.
On river boats Only the rooms containing the helm and radio are called deckhouses, and all other structures on the upper deck are called superstructures.
Ship compartments
The structure of a military or civilian ship implies the presence of watertight compartments, which increase its unsinkability.
The internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are made waterproof, dividing the internal volume of the ship into compartments along the length. They prevent water from filling the entire internal volume in the event of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.
The compartments of the ship, depending on their purpose, have their own names. The main power plants are installed in a compartment called the engine or engine room. The engine room is separated from the boiler room by a waterproof partition. Cargo is transported in cargo compartments (holds). The living quarters for the crew and passengers are called accommodation and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.
The rooms in the compartments are protected by light bulkheads. To allow access to the compartments, rectangular hatches are made in the deck flooring. Their sizes depend on the purpose of the compartments.
Marine propulsion system
The power plant on a ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.
The ship is driven by a main propulsion unit connected by a shafting.
Auxiliary mechanisms provide the vessel with electricity, desalinated water, and steam.
According to the principle of operation and type of main engine, as well as energy sources, the ship power point can be steam power or steam turbine, diesel, diesel turbine, gas turbine, nuclear or combined.
Ship devices and systems
The structure of a ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it also includes ship equipment, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Even people far from shipbuilding cannot imagine a ship without a steering or anchor device. Each ship also has towing, mooring, boat, and cargo equipment. All of them are driven and serviced by deck auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering gears, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.
Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, instruments and apparatus, with the help of which water is pumped out of holds or wastewater, drinking water or foam is supplied in case of fire, and heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.
The engine room mechanisms are served by a fuel system to power the engines, an air system to supply compressed air, and cool the engines.
Electrical equipment provides lighting on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant.
All modern ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment to determine direction of movement (course) and depths, measure speed and detect obstacles in fog or oncoming ships.
External and internal communication on a ship is carried out using radio equipment: radio stations, ultra-short wave radiotelephones, ship telephone exchanges.
Ship premises
Ship premises, no matter how many there are on the ship, are divided into several groups.
These are living quarters for the crew (officers' cabins and sailors' quarters) and for passengers (cabins of various capacities).
A passenger airliner is already a rarity today. Few people allow themselves to move at low speed over long distances. You can travel by air much faster. Therefore, passenger cabins are more of a property of cruise ships.
Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, are divided into several classes based on comfort. The simplest cabin resembles a railway carriage compartment with four shelves and virtually no furniture, often facing the inside of the hull and without a porthole or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner also provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.
A cabin on a ship, specifically on a military ship, is a rest room for the crew officers. The ship's commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.
Public premises are salons, cinema halls, restaurants, libraries. For example, the cruise ship Oasis of the Seas has 20 restaurants on board, a real ice rink, casino and theater, designed for 1380 spectators, night club, jazz club and disco.
Sanitary and utility premises include sanitary and hygienic (laundries, showers, bathrooms, baths) and household premises, which include kitchens, all kinds of storage rooms and utility rooms.
Passengers are usually prohibited from entering service areas. These are the rooms in which the ship is controlled, or where radio equipment, engine rooms, workshops, storerooms for spare parts and other ship supplies are located.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, solid or liquid fuel storage facilities.
Sailing vessel
Device sailing ship not much different from an ordinary ship. Only sailing equipment, spars and rigging.
Sailing rig - a set of all the sails of a ship. Spar - parts that directly support the sails. These are masts, yards, topmasts, bowsprits, booms and other elements familiar from books about pirates of past centuries.
Special gear, with the help of which masts, bowsprits and topmasts are fixed in a certain position, are called standing rigging, for example, shrouds. Such equipment remains stationary and is made of thick resinous, plant-based, or galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places, chains.
Movable gear, with the help of which the sails are set and removed, and perform other operations related to the control of a sailing vessel, are called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.
In all other respects, even in the number of decks, they are similar to their counterparts.
A multi-deck ship under sail appeared in the 16th century. Depending on the displacement, Spanish galleons could have from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, which contained living quarters for crew officers and passengers.
The structure of a ship, at least its main structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the vessel, be it sailing ships driven by the force of the wind, inflating sails, or paddle steamers with a steam engine as propulsion, cruise ships with a steam turbine unit, or nuclear icebreakers.
Classification and location of premises
On the ship
Classification ship premises
Ship premises are located in the main hull, superstructures and deckhouses (Fig. 178). The main hull includes all rooms and compartments formed by the outer plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and partitions located inside the hull.
Premises and compartments can be formed:
Main bulkheads, decks and platforms,
Fences and platforms in superstructures, deckhouses and in the main building.
The most important compartments of the main body include:
- forepeak- extreme nasal compartment;
- afterpeak- extreme aft compartment;
- double bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom;
- hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck;
twindeck- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull;
- deep tank– a deep tank located above the second bottom;
- rubber dam – a narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartment located between compartments or tanks for petroleum products and adjacent rooms;
- compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms,
- tunnel propeller shaft - on ships with MKO in the middle part of the ship, etc.
The presence of one or another of the above compartments on specific vessels is determined by the purpose and design of the vessel.
The superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the vessel, either from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the width of the vessel (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
The main superstructures on the ship are:
Nasal superstructure- tank- reduces deck flooding,
Aft superstructure- ut- increasing the freeboard in the stern, increases the reserve of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the trim of the vessel to the stern,
The middle superstructure increases the buoyancy reserve.
Fellings fewer extensions in width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into:
Special,
Service,
Public,
Household services,
catering unit,
Sanitary,
For medical purposes,
Workshops,
Ship stores and supplies,
Fuel, water, oil and water ballast compartments.
Special rooms, depending on the purpose of the vessel are used for:
Cargo stowage (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships;
Placement of special technological equipment (for processing fish on fishing vessels;
Laboratory locations are on research vessels.
Special ones also include hangars for placing helicopters on board ships and rooms for their maintenance.
Office premises are designed to ensure normal operation of the vessel as a floating structure. These include:
Premises of main and auxiliary mechanisms;
Premises for housing deck machinery and ship system machinery:
Tiller compartment,
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations,
Stations for remote measurement of cargo levels and management of cargo operations,
Fuel receiving and dispensing stations,
Fans,
Air conditioning rooms, etc.;
Control rooms, navigation rooms and posts - steering room, navigation room, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, fire and emergency stations, broadcast room, battery room, aggregate room, etc.;
Workshops:
Mechanical,
Locksmiths,
Electrical and radio engineering,
Welding post,
Workshops for the repair of fishing equipment, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.;
Administrative premises:
Ship's,
Machine,
Cargo office,
Administrator's Office,
Ship archive,
control room,
Printing house, etc.
Living spaces(cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and accommodation of passengers; Crew cabins are divided into cabins for command staff, crew and maintenance personnel, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew quarters designed to accommodate more than four people are usually called cubicles.
Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into luxury cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern airliners, classes II and III are usually replaced by one, so-called tourist class. On passenger ships of local lines, premises for seating are provided.
Public premises are used for organizing and holding various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for crew and passengers. This includes public areas for the crew and separate public areas for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through areas.
TO crew public areas include the wardroom, officers' and crew's salons, officers' and crew's canteens, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a study room, and a library. Large fishing and research vessels have cinemas; On ships with a small crew, films are usually shown in the dining rooms.
TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking, games, recreation), cinema and concert hall, gym, swimming pool, library with reading room, children's rooms.
Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.
TO passage rooms include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, closed promenade decks.
Consumer service premises are equipped on passenger and expedition ships and large fishing bases. These include; consumer service ateliers, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, storage rooms, etc.
The catering facilities are used for preparing and serving food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware.
Distinguish galley premises:
Galley for passengers,
Crew galley,
Bakery,
Supplies pantries for the galley and bakery,
- preparatory for cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry dishes and table linen.
Sanitary facilities are divided into:
- sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, storage rooms for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms, etc.),
- sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, baths, baths, sanitary inspection rooms, toilets, etc.).
Premises medical appointments include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's waiting room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other offices (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms, etc. Typically, a complex of medical service premises on ships is called a medical unit.
The ship's stores and supplies premises are used to store supplies of provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include:
- provision pantries- non-refrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerated chambers;
- utility storage rooms- for storing carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment, etc.;
- skipper's storerooms- skipper, painting, lamp, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing, chemical, etc.;
- navigation and navigation storerooms- navigation and navigation equipment, maps, etc.;
- linen and clothing storage rooms.
Compartments and tanks are used to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the main hull structures and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also have tanks for storing small consumable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called loose-leaf tanks).
All rooms on the ship are divided into 4 groups.
1. Crew accommodations necessary for rest, meals and other types of services for people on board the ship.
2. Service premises in which mechanisms, instruments and other equipment are located, as well as various supplies necessary for the operation of the vessel as a floating structure.
3. Special premises determined by the purpose of the vessel.
4. Ship communications premises that provide access to all other areas of the ship and communication between them.
Crew quarters.
Residential – cabins and block cabins;
Public - wardroom, dining rooms with accompanying premises, relaxation rooms, library, study room, sports cabin, smoking room, swimming pool room;
Household facilities - ship's office, catering department with provision storerooms, laundry room with associated premises, industrial clothing premises, fresh water tanks, storerooms for household equipment;
Sanitary and hygienic – washrooms, toilets, showers, bathhouse;
Medical premises – medical block or sanitary cabin.
Office premises
Premises of the main power plant - engine and main boiler rooms;
Control stations – central control station and main switchboard;
Premises of the auxiliary power plant and auxiliary mechanisms - ship power plant, premises of auxiliary and recovery steam generators (boilers);
Navigation rooms - wheelhouse and navigation room, radio room with accompanying rooms, broadcast room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, Suez searchlight room;
Rooms for ship systems and equipment - tiller compartment, chain boxes, thruster room, fire extinguishing station, air conditioning room, etc.;
Premises of ship energy reserves - fuel, oil and water tanks;
Ballast tanks;
Other tanks – waste water, dirty oil and fuel, bilge water;
General ship storerooms - cable, painting, skipper's, salvage equipment, carpentry;
Cofferdams and dry compartments.
Special rooms
Cargo spaces - tween decks and holds on dry cargo ships, tanks on liquid vessels, rooms for valuables and dangerous goods;
Rigging stores on dry cargo ships, hose rooms on tankers;
Special special rooms, on special-purpose vessels - rooms for fish processing equipment, scientific laboratories, etc.
Ship communications premises
Corridors, shafts, vestibules, emergency exit rooms.
Crew quarters
General provisions
When starting to design the location of crew quarters, it is necessary to establish:
Crew size, including division by position (number of command staff and crew;
Conditions of accommodation in residential premises (number of cabins and their capacity, availability of individual sanitary cabins, number of block cabins and the range of their premises);
Conditions for eating and resting of the crew (separately for command staff and crew or together);
Regulatory restrictions related to the calculation of areas or volumes of premises (minimum areas of cabins, public spaces, food pantries and fresh water tanks).
Regulatory restrictions include the prohibition by the Register Rules from placing crew quarters forward of the collision bulkhead and aft of the afterpeak bulkhead below the bulkhead deck.
In accordance with the Register Rules, the radio specialist's cabin must be located at a distance of no more than 20 m from the radio room.
TO general rules crew accommodations include recommendations to place residential, public and medical premises away from sources of noise and vibration, dining rooms and galley – separately from sanitary and hygienic common areas (toilet rooms, showers, baths) and some household premises (baths, laundry).
They try to locate cabins away from rooms with sources of noise and heat.
On cargo ships, living quarters are located in superstructures and deckhouses outside the main hull, thereby reducing the noise levels and running vibrations in them.
On modern cargo ships, all living spaces must have natural light. On passenger ships, it is allowed to accommodate part of the crew in the interior spaces.
Safe and, if possible, the shortest escape routes to life-saving equipment must be provided from the crew quarters.
The captain's cabin is usually located at the front wall of the superstructure on the starboard side, one tier below the wheelhouse.
The cabins of the remaining crew members are located near their workplaces: the navigational staff is near the wheelhouse, the mechanics are on the lower tiers of the superstructure, the sailors are near the exits to the upper deck.
As a rule, the premises for the command staff and the team are located separately from each other.
Living spaces
Cabins and block cabins. Cabins and block cabins are designed for rest and location of crew members during non-working hours.
On modern ships, cabins are usually single. This makes it possible to provide better conditions for recreation and reduces the possibility of conflict relations between crew members who are forced to stay among a limited circle of people for a long time.
The captain, chief engineer, as well as some other members of the command staff on large ships are accommodated in block cabins consisting of several rooms.
Cabin with sanitary cabin (Fig. 1).
The minimum areas and range of cabin furniture are regulated by the Sanitary Rules for sea vessels and range from 5.0 to 6.5 square meters. m depending on the tonnage of the vessel. In practice, the area of the cabins is 7.0 ÷ 12 square meters. m. It is recommended to equip the cabins with sanitary cabins, which significantly improve living conditions on the ship.
Mandatory equipment for a single cabin: a bunk, a sofa for lying or sitting, a wardrobe with two compartments - clothes and linen, a desk - one or two tables, a chair or armchair, 2 hooks for outerwear.
The sanitary cabin (an area of at least 2.3 sq. m) contains: a washbasin, a toilet, a shower tray or a platform with a deck scupper.
Rice. 1. Single cabin with sanitary cabin
Block cabin (Fig. 2) usually consists of a study, bedroom and bathroom. The block cabin of the captain of a large ship may include a salon with a serving area, as well as an entrance hall. The area of block cabins is not standardized and depends on the size of the vessel. Average area of block cabins:
Office – 14 ÷ 18 sq. m;
Bedroom – 6 ÷ 8 sq. m;
Salon – 15 ÷ 20 sq. m;
Bathroom – 4 ÷ 6 sq.m. m;
Hallway – 2 ÷ 2.5 sq. m.
Rice. 2. Captain's cabin
Placing furniture in residential premises
The placement of furniture and other equipment in the ship's premises has one feature that distinguishes the ship's layout from the shore layout - almost all the furniture is fixedly fixed in place in rooms with relatively small areas. The exception is chairs and armchairs, which are attached to the deck in their regular places only when there is strong pitching. At other times, they can be freely moved for ease of use.
The above feature forced the development of regulatory recommendations on the sizes of the most significant pieces of furniture and the minimum distances between them.
Sanitary rules for sea vessels establish the minimum internal dimensions of berths (1980x800 mm), dimensions for sofas for lying (1900x700 mm), and wardrobes with two compartments - clothes and linen (2x400x600 mm).
The distances between movable pieces of furniture are 50 mm on the sides, 70 mm between the chair and the table, 200 mm behind the chair.
The distance between the sofa and the table is 250 mm;
The width of the passages in the cabin is at least 700-1100 mm
The free deck area in front of the door opening inward is 800x900 mm (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Free area in front of the door.
The free area under the hooks for outerwear is 600x250 mm (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Free area under hooks for outerwear
The free area in front of the bed is at least 2/3 of its length and at least 500 mm wide. (Fig.5).
Rice. 5. Free area in front of the bed.
The free area in front of the washbasin in the sanitary cabin is 800x500 mm (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Free area in front of the washbasin.
Public premises
Wardroom– a room for eating by the ship’s command staff (Fig. 7). Equipped with tables and chairs. The total area of the wardroom is determined at the rate of at least 1 sq. m for one seat for 100% of the ship's command staff, since each person is assigned specific place at the table. Table linen is stored in a special closet. Next to the wardroom there is a pantry, in which food received from the galley is prepared for consumption (laying out on plates, preparing coffee and tea, etc.), tableware is stored and washed.
Rice. 7. Wardroom and rest room for command personnel.
Relaxation salon designed for collective recreation of command personnel, but is often used for meetings, meetings and technical training of the ship's command staff. Located next to or adjacent to the wardroom. Equipped with upholstered furniture and various household radio and video equipment.
Team canteen intended for eating by the ship's crew (Fig. 8). The total area of the dining room is determined at the rate of at least 1 square. m per seat for 2/3 of the team (about 1/3 is always on duty). Adjacent to the dining room there is a pantry with the same functions as the pantry in the wardroom.
Rice. 8. Team canteen.
Next to or adjacent to the dining room is the team lounge.
In the latter case, it is separated from the dining room by a sliding bulkhead, allowing, if necessary, to form one large room in which there will be enough space for the entire crew of the ship.
IN last years You can find ships on which common rooms are used for meals and rest for the command staff and crew.
Placement of furniture in dining rooms and lounges
For ease of use and safety, minimum distances between pieces of furniture in the wardroom, crew mess and lounges are standardized (Fig. 9).
Fig.9. Distances between pieces of furniture in public crew areas.
The length of the table per seat is 700 mm.
The distance between the chairs of adjacent tables when placed parallel is 400 mm;
The distance between chairs and tables is 70 mm.
The width of the main passages between tables or chairs is 900 mm.
The free deck area in front of the entrances to public spaces (in corridors) is door width + 2x200 mm x 1200 mm (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Free area in front of the door leading to a public space.
Library– a room for storing books and other printed materials intended for use by crew members for personal purposes. It is a small room (up to several square meters), equipped with fireproof cabinets.
Class room– a small workshop (up to 10 ÷ 15 sq. m), in which crew members can make something in their free time. Practice shows that many sailors enjoy spending their free time making various crafts. The training room is located away from living quarters to reduce possible noise.
Sports cabin– a room in which simulators and other sports equipment are concentrated, allowing crew members to compensate for the lack of motor effort (hypodynamia) characteristic of human life on a modern ship (see Fig. 15). On large ships, it is recommended to install a sports hall that occupies two tiers in height in the superstructure and allows playing team sports (volleyball, basketball). The average area of sports premises is 20 ÷ 40 sq. m.
Swimming pool room. On ships with a capacity of over 3,000, swimming pools must be provided for crew members. Open-type pools are located on one of the tiers of the superstructure in the stern of the vessel so that bathers are least exposed to headwinds. The pool is a rectangular bowl with a sloping bottom, which ensures good water drainage during drainage. Approximate dimensions 6 x 3 x 2 m. Desirable big side The pool should be located along the vessel to reduce splashing of water during rollover. The pool is surrounded on all sides by railings or other fencing at least 1 m high. Entry into the pool is carried out from the open deck along a vertical ladder, near which there should be a bathtub for washing feet and a shower (in the pool - sea water).
For an open type swimming pool, it is necessary to provide a room for the bowl in the underlying tier of the superstructure.
On ships intended for operation in northern latitudes (icebreakers, icebreaking transport ships, etc.), the pools are located in enclosed spaces.
Office premises
Service premises on a ship are premises in which the crew permanently or temporarily performs work on the operation of the ship: the engine room, navigation bridge, as well as service and utility rooms (lamp room, painting room, skipper room, carpentry room and some others).
Fig. 70 Navigation bridge o - semi-closed, b - closed
The service premises associated with the management of the vessel are located mainly on the navigation bridge deck.
Navigation bridge (Fig. 70). The navigation and wheelhouses are located on it - the place where the ship is controlled and the navigators keep watch. Modern ships usually have a closed bridge. Its open areas on each side are called wings.
An upper bridge is installed on the roof of the navigation bridge. This high-mounted and completely open bridge provides good visibility over the entire horizon and is used when maneuvering in narrow spaces, in ice, and for conducting navigational and astronomical observations.
The wheelhouse (Fig. 71) is a small enclosed space with a glazed forward bulkhead. The wheelhouse is equipped with a helm stand, a traveling magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, radar, engine telegraph and other necessary equipment.
Next to the helm is the chart room, equipped with a large table for storing and laying out charts, as well as several cabinets and shelves for storing navigational instruments and manuals. On ships with a large enclosed bridge, the charthouse and wheelhouse are often located in the same room, separated by a curtain.
It is quite common now for the wheelhouse to have a glazed and aft bulkhead to provide visibility to the stern.
A type of ship bridge is a transition bridge located above the upper deck for communication between superstructures or for transition from one side to another. Such bridges are installed on tankers due to the increased floodability of the deck and on fishing vessels, whose upper deck is occupied by a large number of deck and fishing mechanisms.
Rice. 72. General layout drawings: 1- radio room; 2- wheelhouse; 3- chart room; 4- cabin of the fourth navigator; 5 - third navigator's cabin; b, 7 - office and bedroom of the senior assistant; 8- cabin of the head of the radio station; 9- radio operator's cabin; 10, 11, 12 - office, bedroom and captain's bathroom; 13- pilot cabin; 14- insulator; 15- bathroom; 16- outpatient clinic; 17 - first mate's cabin; 18- doctor's cabin; 19-cabin electrician; 20, 21, 22 - office, bedroom and shower room for the chief engineer; 23 - second engineer's cabin; 24 office; 25 - reserve cabin; 26 - fourth engineer's cabin; 27 - third engineer's cabin; 28 - second navigator's cabin; 29- office of the second navigator; 30- buffet; 31- wardroom; 32- salon for the team; 33 - team canteen; 34- tiller compartment; 35- laundry, 36- tweendeck No. 4; 37 sailor cabins; 38-painting; 39-lantern; 40-skipper; 41- carpentry; 42 engine cabins; 43-ironing; 44- hold No. 4; 45- drinking water tank; 46- mechanical workshop; 47-electrical workshop; 48-tweendeck No. 3, 49-tweendeck No. 2, 50 - twindeck No. 1; 51-room for electrical appliances; 52-department of refrigeration units; 53-provision pantries; 54- lubricating oil tank; 55- ballast tank; 56- engine room; 57 - auxiliary boiler baffle; 58- fuel tanks; 59- hold No. 3; 60- hold No. 2; 61- hold No. 1; 62- propeller shaft tunnel
The radio room, if possible, is located on the navigation bridge deck, which ensures fast and reliable transmission of all received correspondence to the officer of the watch.
Service and utility premises. They are most often located in tank superstructures, which allows them to be isolated from other rooms.
Ship's equipment (cables, hooks, staples, blocks, etc.) is stored in the skipper's storeroom. In cases where the skipper's room is small, the upper part of the forepeak, separated from the ballast tank by a waterproof platform, is used to store equipment.
The lantern and paint rooms are designed to store lanterns and paints, as well as painting tools and a small supply of fuel for ship lanterns. These rooms are fire hazardous and therefore must have access to an open deck.
Metal bulkheads of office premises are made of fire-resistant material. In addition, structurally, these premises must always meet the highest fire safety requirements.
The design and location of office equipment must guarantee maximum ease of maintenance and the possibility of using general ship systems (fire extinguishing, irrigation, etc.).
The service premises also include the tiller compartment, which houses the steering gear. It is located in the stern.
General layout diagrams help to understand in detail the location of ship premises (Fig. 72).
Admiral's hour
- lunch break, during which sailors are allowed to sleep.
Tank
- bow ship (vessel).
Combat post
- a place with military weapons and technical equipment.
Warhead
- a unit of a ship's crew that performs specific tasks.
Combat service
- a form of daily operational activity of naval forces in peacetime.
"Combat leaflet"
- a type of handwritten wall leaflet containing information about successes in combat and political training of the personnel of the ship (unit).
"Combat number"
- a pocket book in which the duties of a sailor (foreman) are recorded in accordance with all ship schedules.
"Big Gathering"
- formation of the ship’s personnel when raising the flag, during naval parades, during meetings of officials, etc.
Brigade
- tactical formation of similar ships.
"Bull"
- commander of the combat unit of the ship.
"Shitholes"
- big, blunt-toed boots.
Gaff
- an inclined yard fixed in the upper part of the mast, used for raising and carrying St. Andrew's flag while moving.
Lip
- guardhouse.
Ship division
- the lowest tactical formation of similar ships of the third and fourth ranks.
Ship division
- a tactical formation consisting of ships of the first rank or brigades and divisions of ships of lower ranks.
Doc
-doctor (ship's doctor).
Oak trees
- ornament on the visors of the caps of senior naval officers.
Bubblegum-tack
- a unit for attaching the end of the anchor chain to the ship's hull. The phrase “to poison to the cud-tack” means to release anchor chain to end.
IDA-59
- individual breathing apparatus.
Cavtorang
- captain 2nd rank.
Galley
- kitchen on the ship (vessel).
Kaperang
- captain 1st rank.
Cook
- cook on a ship (vessel).
Coaming
- fencing of doors, hatches, necks, protecting against getting into interior space water.
Stern
- the back of the ship (vessel).
"Reds"
- Red color on the exercise plan indicates the actions of one’s own forces.
Cockpit
- accommodation for sailors on a ship (vessel).
Cap
- ship commander.
"Linden"
- deliberate deception.
Binnacle
- magnetic compass stand.
"Ocean"
- an electronic simulator designed to visually display the situation during an operational-tactical game.
Periscope
- an optical device for monitoring surface and air conditions from a submerged submarine.
Forecastle
- elevation of the hull above the upper deck at the bow of the ship.
PEJ
- post energy and vitality.
Sliding stop
- a device for reinforcing bulkheads or pressing the plaster tightly when sealing a hole in the side of a ship.
Locker
- a chest (locker) on the ship where the personal belongings of the crew are stored.
"Blue"
- blue color on the exercise plan indicates the actions of enemy forces.
Submarine
- Submarine.
"Shiloh" -
alcohol.
